Rinaldo (opera)
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| George Frideric Handel |
|---|
 |
| Wikipedia Book |
Handel composed the music for Rinaldo quickly. Much of it is borrowings and adaptations from operas and other works that Handel had composed during his long stay in Italy during 1706–10. In the years following the premiere, Handel frequently introduced new numbers, discarded others, and transposed parts to different voice ranges. Despite the lack of a standard edition, Rinaldo's spectacular vocal and orchestral passages make it one of Handel's greatest operas. Of its individual numbers, the soprano aria "Lascia ch'io pianga" has become a particular favourite and is a popular concert piece.
Handel went on to dominate opera in England for several decades. Rinaldo was revived in London regularly up to 1717, and a revised version was presented in 1731. The opera was also performed in several European cities. During Handel's lifetime, Rinaldo was the most frequently performed of all the composer's musical dramas.
After 1731, however, the opera was not staged for more than 200 years. Renewed interest in baroque opera during the 20th century led to the first modern professional production in Handel's birthplace, Halle, Germany, in 1954. The opera was mounted sporadically over the following thirty years. After a successful run at New York's Metropolitan Opera in 1984, performances and recordings of the work have become more frequent worldwide. The opera's tercentenary in 2011 brought a modernized production at the Glyndebourne Festival.
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[edit] Background
Handel began to compose operas in Hamburg, where he spent the years 1703–06; his principal influences were Johann Mattheson and Reinhard Keiser.[2][3] At that time, German opera as a genre was still not clearly defined; in Hamburg the term Singspiel ("song-play") rather than opera described music dramas that combined elements of French and Italian opera, often with passages of spoken German dialogue. The music was, in the words of historian Donald Jay Grout, "tinged with the serious, heavy formality of Lutheran Germany".[4] The first of Handel's early works in the German style was Almira, a considerable success when it was premiered on 8 January 1705.[5] Over the next three years Handel composed three more operas in the German style, but all of these are now lost. However, fragments of the music from these works have been identified in later operas.[6]
This sudden recognition led to eager competition for Handel's services.[12] Among those most keen to employ him was Prince Georg Ludwig, the Elector of Hanover and future King George I of Great Britain. In June 1710 Handel accepted the appointment of Kapellmeister to Georg's Hanover court, under terms that gave him considerable scope to pursue his own interests. On the basis of this freedom, in late 1710 Handel left Hanover for London, possibly in response to an earlier invitation from members of the English nobility.[13] By 1711, informed London audiences had become familiar with the nature of Italian opera through the numerous pastiches and adaptations that had been staged. The former Royal Academy of Music Principal, Curtis Price, writes that the popularity of these pieces was the result of a deliberate strategy aimed at the suppression of English opera.[14] Handel's music was relatively unknown in England, though his reputation from Agrippina was considerable elsewhere. A short "Italian Dialogue" he had written in honour of Queen Anne's birthday was well received when performed at St James's Palace on 6 February 1711.[15]
In London, by means which are not documented, Handel secured a commission to write an Italian opera for the Queen's Theatre in the Haymarket (it became the "King's Theatre" after King George I's accession in 1714).[16] This theatre, designed and built by Sir John Vanbrugh, had become London's main opera house; its manager, Aaron Hill, intended to mount the first Italian opera written specifically for London and had engaged an all-Italian company for the 1710–11 opera season.[15] Hill employed an Italian poet and language teacher, Giacomo Rossi, to write a libretto based on a scenario that Hill prepared himself.[17] As his subject Hill chose Gerusalemme liberata, an epic of the First Crusade by the 16th-century Italian poet Torquato Tasso; the opera was called Rinaldo, after the main protagonist.[15] Hill was determined to exploit to the full the opportunities for lavish spectacle afforded by the theatre's machinery; his aim, according to Dean and Knapp, was "to combine the virtuosity of Italian singing with the extravagance of the 17th century masque".[18]
[edit] Roles
| Role (in singing order) | Voice type (1711)[12] | Notes | Premiere cast, 24 February 1711 Conductor:[19] | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goffredo: leader of the First Crusade. 1096–99 | contralto | Tenor after 1731 revision | Francesca Vanini-Boschi | [20] |
| Rinaldo: a nobleman of the House of Este | alto castrato | Now often sung by a mezzo-soprano or countertenor | Nicolo Grimaldi ("Nicolini") | [20] |
| Almirena: daughter of Goffredo | soprano | Isabella Girardeau | [20] | |
| Eustazio: brother to Goffredo | alto castrato | This part was eliminated before the 1717 revival, and is often omitted from modern productions | Valentino Urbani | [20][21] |
| A herald | tenor | Bass in 1731 revival | "Lawrence" | [20] |
| Argante: Saracen king of Jerusalem | bass | Contralto in 1731 revival, now usually bass | Giuseppe Boschi | [20] |
| Armida: Queen of Damascus, Argante's mistress | soprano | Contralto in 1731 revival, now usually soprano | Elisabetta Pilotti-Schiavonetti | [20][22] |
| Two mermaids | sopranos | Not recorded | [20] | |
| A woman | soprano | In some productions the woman's lines are sung by a mermaid | Not recorded | [20] |
| A Christian magician | alto castrato | Bass from 1731 revival | Giuseppe Cassani | [20] |
| Mermaids, spirits, fairies, officers, guards, attendants | Non-singing parts |
[edit] Synopsis
- Place: in and around the city of Jerusalem during the First Crusade
- Time: 1099
- Act 1
The scene changes to a garden, with fountains and birds, where Rinaldo and Almirena are celebrating their love. They are interrupted as Armida appears, and wrests Almirena from Rinaldo's embrace. Rinaldo draws his sword to defend his lover, but a black cloud descends to envelop Armida and Almirena, and they are borne away. Rinaldo mourns the loss of his loved one. When Goffredo and Eustazio arrive they comfort Rinaldo, and propose they visit a Christian magician who may have the power to save Almirena. Rinaldo, left alone, prays for strength.
- Act 2
In Armida's palace garden, Almirena mourns her captivity. Argante joins her and, overcome by her beauty, confesses that he now loves her. He promises that as proof of his feelings he will defy Armida's wrath and secure Almirena's freedom. Meanwhile Rinaldo is brought before the triumphant Armida. As he demands that Almirena be set free, Armida finds herself drawn to his noble spirit, and declares her love. When he angrily rejects her she uses her powers to assume Almirena's form, but Rinaldo suspects trickery, and departs. Armida, resuming her own appearance, is furious at her rejection yet retains feelings of tender love. She decides on another attempt to ensnare Rinaldo, and transforms herself back into Almirena's shape, but then encounters Argante. Believing her to be Almirena, Argante repeats his earlier promises of love and freedom. Swiftly resuming her own form, Armida denounces his infidelity and vows vengeance. Argante defiantly confirms his love for Almirena and declares that he no longer needs Armida's help. She departs in a fury.
- Act 3
In the palace garden Armida prepares to kill Almirena. Rinaldo draws his sword, but Armida is protected from his wrath by spirits. Suddenly Goffredo and Eustazio arrive, but as they touch the garden with their wands it disappears, leaving them all on an empty plain with the city of Jerusalem visible in the distance. Armida, after a last attempt to kill Almirena, also disappears as Rinaldo strikes her with his sword. The remaining four celebrate their reunion, while Goffredo announces that the attack on Jerusalem will begin the next day.
In the city, Argante and Armida, in danger from a common enemy, become reconciled and prepare their troops for battle. Goffredo's army advances, and battle finally commences. After a struggle for supremacy, Jerusalem falls to Goffredo; Argante is overcome and captured by Rinaldo, while Armida is taken by Eustazio. Rinaldo and Almirena celebrate their love and forthcoming marriage. Armida, accepting her defeat, breaks the wand which is the source of her evil power and together with Argante embraces Christianity. Goffredo expresses his forgiveness to his beaten foes and sets them free, before victors and vanquished join in a chorus of reconciliation.
- Revisions, 1717 and 1731
[edit] Compositional history
Handel's speed of composition was assisted by his inclusion of arias and other numbers from his earlier Italian works, among them "Bel piacere" and "Basta che sol" from Agrippina, "Sibillar gli angui" from the dramatic cantata Aci, Galatea e Polifemo, and the mermaids' song "Il vostro maggio" from the cantata Arresta il passo.[18] Almirena's aria "Lascia ch'io pianga" had appeared in the oratorio Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno.[23] The suitability of some of these insertions has been questioned by later commentators; Dean and Knapp cite Argante's "Sibillar gli angui", with its references to the hissing snakes of Alecto and the howls of Scylla, as "ludicrously inappropriate" to accompany the king's grand Act 1 entrance. Many other numbers—Dean and Knapp estimate two-thirds of the arias—were adapted and partly recomposed from earlier sources.[18]
In the years between the 1711 premiere and the 1717 revival, Handel made various adjustments to the score and the vocal parts, often to accommodate the requirements of new singers. Details of these changes are difficult to establish since the performing librettos and scores for these years no longer exist. For 1717, more significant revisions were made; the role of Eustazio was merged with that of Goffredo, and Argante's part was rewritten to accommodate an alto voice. Thus in this revival all the principal parts were sung in high voice ranges.[21] Handel's revisions for the 1731 revival were even more radical, since they not only affected individual musical numbers but involved alterations in the plot. The production was advertised "With New Scenes and Cloathes", but many of the changes involved reducing or eliminating the pyrotechnics and special effects that had characterised the original production. The only significant new music in the 1731 production is a long accompanied recitative for Rinaldo, though other numbers are changed or cut. Goffredo becomes a tenor, Armida a contralto, the Herald and the Magician become basses. Dean and Knapp summarise the 1731 revisions as "a striking illustration of the seeming vandalism with which Handel could treat his works in revival".[25]
[edit] Performance history and reception
[edit] Early performances
The public's general enthusiasm for the opera was not shared by the writers Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, who used the pages of their new journal, The Spectator, to pour scorn and ridicule on the work.[30] Addison may have been motivated by his own failure, a few years previously, to establish a school of English opera with Rosamund, on which he had collaborated with the composer Thomas Clayton.[31] It was absurd, he wrote, that theatre audiences should be exposed to entire evenings of entertainment in a foreign tongue: "We no longer understand the language of our own stage".[30] Addison did, however, praise the singing of Nicolo Grimaldi, the celebrated alto castrato known as "Nicolini", in the title role. Steele compared the production unfavourably to a Punch and Judy show, particularly criticising certain bungled scene changes and the poor quality of effects such as thunder and lightning.[27] Hogarth made light of such comments: "Notwithstanding the influence which the Spectator influenced over the taste and manners of the age, its attacks ... seem to have had little effect in turning people from the entertainment".[26]
Some sources have suggested that the opera was performed in Dublin in March or April 1711,[32][33] though according to Dean and Knapp there is no record of such an occasion.[27] In November 1715 a version mainly in German was performed in Hamburg. This production, based on a translation by the playwright Barthold Feind, proved to be very popular and was revived in the city on numerous occasions during the 1720s. A pastiche of the opera, with additional numbers by Leonardo Leo, was presented by Leo at the Royal Court in Naples in 1718, with Nicolini singing his original role.[25]
After 1716–17, Rinaldo was not seen on the London stage until 1731, when it was revived in its revised form at the King's Theatre. During these years Handel's industry was such that he was producing a new opera for this theatre every nine months.[34] The 1731 production of Rinaldo received six performances, bringing the London total for the work to 53 in Handel's lifetime, the most for any of his operas.[27] After 1731 Handel had fewer stage successes, and performances of his operas became rarer. Changes in taste and style combined, as Grout concludes, to "thrust [the operas] into ill-deserved oblivion",[3] as a result of which Rinaldo was not staged anywhere for two hundred years.[23]
[edit] Modern revivals
The first 20th-century production of Rinaldo which can be specifically verified was a performance in London, in February 1933, by pupils of the Hammersmith Day Continuation School,[23] though Dean and Knapp mention a shortened version, in Czech, at the Prague Conservatory in 1923.[25] The first modern professional performance was at the Halle Opera House in June 1954, under Horst-Tanu Margraf, as part of the Handel Festival. On 17 May 1961 the Handel Opera Society, directed by Charles Farncombe, staged the work at London's Sadler's Wells Theatre, a production that was revived four years later.[23][35] The first American performance was a concert version at Carnegie Hall on 27 March 1972, given by the Handel Society of New York, with Stephen Simon conducting and Beverly Wolff as Rinaldo.[36] The first staging of the opera in America was at the Houston Grand Opera under Lawrence Foster, in October 1975, with Marilyn Horne in the title role, a part with which she would become particularly associated.[37]In July 1982 Horne sang the part alongside John Alexander's Goffredo and Samuel Ramey's Argante, in a National Arts Centre (NAC) production in Ottawa designed by Frank Corsaro. The performance, with Mario Bernardi conducting the NAC Orchestra, was applauded by Montreal Gazette critic Eric McLean for its fine music making and its displays of "architectural and sartorial splendour".[38] Eighteen months later, on 19 January 1984 Bernardi and Corsaro, with Horne, Ramey and Benita Valente from the Ottawa cast, brought the production to New York for the work's debut at the Metropolitan Opera. The production was loaned to the Met for its centennial season by the National Arts Centre of Canada "in deep appreciation of the many years during which Canadians have enjoyed opera from the Met – on tour, on radio and in New York".[39] Donal Henahan in The New York Times praised all the singers in turn, with a special mention for Valente's "plaintive and affecting" rendering of the popular aria "Lascia ch'io pianga". But, says Henahan, "the loudest cheers of the night went at last to the choreographer, Eugene Collins, and an incredibly nimble corps of tumbling warriors".[40] After ten performances at the Metropolitan Opera House the production was taken in May to Washington, D.C., and toured in the US before returning to New York in June for several outdoors performances.[39]
From the mid-1980s onwards, performances of Rinaldo became more frequent worldwide. In June 1989 it was staged at La Fenice in Venice, under John Fisher, again with Marilyn Horne. This production was criticised by critic and music scholar Stanley Sadie, in his review of the live recording, for straying too far from the composer's original intentions, particularly in the rearrangement of material and the extent of cuts. Singers were, Sadie says, allowed too much freedom to ornament their vocal lines; some of the cadenzas were "preposterous".[41] The opera reached Australia in 1999, at the Sydney Opera House under Patrick Summers,[42] and was performed there again in July–August 2005 under Trevor Pinnock, with Michael Chance as Rinaldo.[43] The new century saw a number of performances across Europe, including an appearance at the Göttingen International Handel Festival in 2004, with Nicholas McGegan conducting Concerto Köln. This production was well received by the public, but was criticised by Jochen Breiholz of Opera News for poor staging, indifferent singing and a substandard performance from the orchestra.[44]
Zurich Opera's 2008 production, directed by Jens-Daniel Herzog and conducted by William Christie, threw aside all convention by representing the action in a 21st-century airport lounge and conference centre, with Rinaldo dressed in a double-breasted navy blazer and needing a drink. "Characters go up and down on-stage escalators, and the set spins to show various areas of the lounge and terminal. There is a dissection of a small, white furry animal, a large snake, some allusions to Bond girls and character transformations. The Christians pull guns on the Muslims at a signing ceremony". It was, wrote Associated Press critic Ronald Blum, "outrageous – and entertaining".[45] A concert version of Rinaldo was given at the 2009 Edinburgh Festival, by the Bach Collegium Japan conducted by Masaaki Suzuki, with the Japanese soprano Maki Mori as Almirena.[43]
During the opera's tercentenary year in 2011, the Glyndebourne Festival mounted a new production directed by Robert Carsen, designed by Gideon Davey, and conducted by Ottavio Dantone with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment in the pit.[46] The production is set in a school where Rinaldo is a student, initially the victim of bullying, who enters into the world of the Crusades. The Glyndebourne Festival Opera brought a semi-staged version of this production to the 2011 Proms.[47]
[edit] Music
The music, Lang says, flows "beguilingly" from the spacious overture; the quieter, emotional passages are illustrated evocatively, while in the more spectacular moments Handel's innovative use of brass is exciting and inspiring.[48] The sudden blast of trumpets which announces the Act 3 March provides, say Dean and Knapp, "an effect of splendour and exhilaration that time has not dimmed".[49] The harpsichord solos which decorate "Vo' far guerra" in Act 2 were originally improvised on the keyboard by Handel during performances, and were extremely popular. They were remembered and written down by William Babell, and published later as separate pieces. Lang believes that in spite of the borrowings, and the hasty manner in which the work was put together, Rinaldo is one of Handel's great operas.[48] According to Dean and Knapp, no Italian opera heard in London to that point had been supported by such "majestic" orchestral forces.[49] Critic Anthony Hicks describes the music, overall, as both "varied and excellent".[23] Dean and Knapp's verdict is more equivocal. The music for the war and pageantry scenes, they say, is "brilliantly successful", but in depicting the scenes concerned with magic, Handel misses the mark; they suggest it was not until 1719, with Alcina and Orlando, that he was able to represent the supernatural convincingly in music.[18]
The opera begins in the key of F, and switches to G at the inception of the grove scene in Act 1. Act 2 starts in E minor and ends in G. The final act begins and ends in B minor.[20] According to Hicks the dominant character musically, except in Act 3 in which she barely sings, is Armida. Her entry cavatina "Furie terribili" gives, says Hicks, "an immediate impression of fiery passion", an energy and intensity demonstrated in her Act 2 "Ah crudel", and in her later vengeance aria which is the occasion of Handel's harpsichord cadenzas.[23] Armida's Act 3 duet with Argante was the last duet with bass part that Handel wrote for 30 years. Of the other set pieces, Dean and Knapp highlight Rinaldo's "Cara sposa" as an example of Handel's growing confidence with aria forms. "Or la tromba" is praised for the brilliance of its orchestration: 4 trumpets, drums, strings & oboes—the only aria Handel ever wrote for this combination. The melody for Almirena's "Lascia ch'io pianga" began its life as an Asian dance in Almira before appearing as an aria in the oratorio Il trionfo. From this simple tune and plain accompaniment Handel achieves an "intensely moving effect" in this, the best-known of all the arias.[50]
[edit] Arias and other musical numbers
[edit] 1717 libretto and subsequent amendments
The main musical numbers from the 1711 libretto are listed, together with changes and replacements from the two major revisions of 1717 and 1731. Minor changes, transpositions, and alterations to recitative sections are not shown. New numbers introduced in 1717 and 1731 are listed separately. Other arias not listed may have been sung in Rinaldo during the years 1711–17, but in the absence of contemporary evidence from scores or librettos the extent of such changes cannot be accurately ascertained.[21][25]
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[edit] Additions and replacements, 1717
- Act 1: "Sorte amor vuol che quest'alma" (Argante)
- Act 2: "Veni, O caro, che senza il suo core" (Almira)
- Act 2: "Ogni tua bella stilla" (Argante)
- Act 3: "Pregio è sol d'un alma forte" (Argante) (1731: cut)
- Act 3: "Si t'amo" (Almirena)
[edit] Additions and replacements, 1731
- Act 1: "Quel cor che mi donasti" (Almirena)
- Act 1: "D'instabile fortuna" (Goffredo)
- Act 2: "Arma lo sguardo" (Armida)
- Act 2: "Per salvarti, idolo mio" (Argante)
- Act 3: "Orrori menzogneri" (accompanied recitative, Rinaldo)
[edit] Editions
During the initial run at the Queen's Theatre the publisher John Walsh printed Songs in the Opera of Rinaldo, in mainly short score form. Apart from the overture, instrumental numbers were omitted, as were the recitatives. In June 1711 Walsh published a fuller version, which included instrumental parts; he continued to publish versions of individual numbers, with a variety of orchestrations, until the 1730s. In 1717 William Babell issued an arrangement for harpsichord of the overture and seven of the arias. Friedrich Chrysander published editions of the whole opera in 1874 and in 1894, based on a study of the existing published and manuscript material. In 1993 David Kimbell, for the Hallische Händel-Ausgabe (HHA), produced a full score of the 1711 version, together with rejected draft material and the additional numbers introduced in revivals up to 1717. HHA has also produced a complete score of the 1731 version.[52]
The libretto was published in London by the Queen's Theatre in February 1711, to coincide with the premiere, with Hill's English translation. Revised versions followed in 1717 and 1731 to reflect the changes introduced in those years; Rossi is believed to have prepared the Italian additions and revisions, with the 1731 English credited to "Mr. Humphreys". Feind's German versions of the libretto were published in Hamburg in 1715, 1723 and 1727.[53]
[edit] Recordings
Main article: Rinaldo discography
The first full recording of Rinaldo (an "excerpts" disc had preceded it by two years) was made in 1977 by CBS, with Carolyn Watkinson in the title role, Ileana Cotrubaş as Almirena, and Jean-Claude Malgoire conducting La Grande Écurie et la Chambre du Roy.[54] The work, recorded in a Paris church, was based on the 1711 score; Alan Blyth in Gramophone praised the standard of the singing, and despite reservations about the sound quality, called it one of the most enjoyable of available Handel opera recordings.[55] There was no further recording of Rinaldo available until 1990, when John Fisher's heavily cut version from La Fenice was issued.[41] Another decade passed before the appearance of Christopher Hogwood's 1999 Decca recording, again based on the original score, with the countertenor David Daniels as Rinaldo, Cecilia Bartoli as Almirena and Catherine Bott in the small part of First Mermaid. Gramophone's reviewer called this issue "a treat for Handel lovers - a rare recording of one of the composer's richest operas, with a strong and starry cast".[56] Since then several more versions have been made available: Harry Bicket's 2001 recording for Arthaus, which was later issued as a DVD;[57][58] René Jacobs with the Freiburg Baroque Orchestra for Harmonia Mundi in 2001;[59] and a performance by the Aradia Ensemble under Kevin Mallon, recorded in 2004 and issued under the Naxos label in 2005.[60][edit] References
- Notes
- ^ Anthony Hicks, "Rinaldo," Oxford Music Online accessed 22 May 2012. Much of the initial paragraph of this article is based on this source.
- ^ Grout and Weigel, pp. 184–85
- ^ a b Grout, p. 157
- ^ Grout, pp. 112-14 and pp. 116–20
- ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 64–65
- ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 69–77
- ^ a b Boyden et al., p. 56
- ^ Dean and Knapp, p. 84
- ^ Dean, p. 86
- ^ Lang, p. 91
- ^ Lang, p. 106
- ^ a b c Dean and Knapp, p. 181
- ^ Lang, p. 110
- ^ Price, p. 121
- ^ a b c Hicks, Anthony. "Handel, George Frideric: 4. Hanover, Düsseldorf and London". Oxford Music Online. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/. Retrieved 30 January 2011.(subscription required)
- ^ Lang, pp. 117–18
- ^ a b Dean, Winton. Rossi, Giacomo. Oxford Music Online. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/. Retrieved 30 January 2011.(subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g Dean and Knapp, pp. 171–74
- ^ It is suggested by Robert Hume in a biographical sketch of Aaron Hill that Handel conducted the orchestra. See Hume, Robert D. "Hill, Aaron". Oxford Music Online. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/. Retrieved 6 February 2011.(subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dean and Knapp, pp. 180–81
- ^ a b c Dean and Knapp, pp. 184–85
- ^ Dean and Knapp, p. 168
- ^ a b c d e f g Hicks, Anthony. "Rinaldo". Oxford Music Online. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/. Retrieved 28 January 2011.(subscription required)
- ^ Price, p. 125
- ^ a b c d e Dean and Knapp, pp. 186–91
- ^ a b Hogarth, p. 272
- ^ a b c d Dean and Knapp, pp. 182–83
- ^ Hicks, Anthony. "Handel’s Rinaldo – Character descriptions translated from the Italian version of the libretto". Academy of Ancient Music. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080930221050/http://www.aam.co.uk/features/9901.htm. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
- ^ Dean and Knapp, p. 156
- ^ a b Schonberg, Harold C. (26 September 1975). "Opera in English? No, Thanks". The New York Times: p. 133. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10B10FC395E16738DDDA10A94D1405B858BF1D3.(subscription required)
- ^ Lang, pp. 120–21
- ^ Lang, p. 120
- ^ See, for example, Anna Menichetti in the line notes to Nuova Era recording 6813/14, 1991
- ^ Steen, p. 47
- ^ Arts Council of Great Britain, Annual Report 1965–66. Arts Council of Great Britain. 1966. p. 59.
- ^ Henahan, Donal (29 March 1972). "Rinaldo Has Everything a Baroque Opera Needs". The New York Times: p. 37. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50F10FC3C5A137A93CBAB1788D85F468785F9&scp=1&sq=%22Rinaldo%22+%22handel%22&st=p.(subscription required)
- ^ "Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia". AmadeusOnline. http://www.amadeusonline.net/almanacco.php?Start=0&Giorno=&Mese=&Anno=&Giornata=&Testo=Rinaldo&Parola=Stringa. Retrieved 28 January 2010. (in Italian)
- ^ McLean, Eric (5 July 1982). "Festival Opera Gives Fine Account of Handel's Rinaldo". The Gazette (Montreal): p. D–3. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3gsvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-qQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1035,1436862&dq=rinaldo+handel&hl=en.
- ^ a b "Metropolitan Opera database". Metropolitan Opera. http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
- ^ Henahan, Donal (20 January 1984). "A Triumph for Handel". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/20/arts/a-triumph-for-handel.html.(subscription required)
- ^ a b c Sadie, Stanley (April 1990). "Handel: Rinaldo". Gramophone: p. 126. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/April%201990/126/734303/HANDEL.+RINALDO.+Marilyn+Home+%28mez%29+Rinaldo+Cecilia+Goodie+%28sop%29+Almirena+Ernesto+Palaclo+%28ten%29+Goffredo+Christine+Weidinger+%28sop%29+Armida+Natale+de+Carolis+%28bassbar%29+Argante+Carlo+Colombara+%28bass%29+Christian+Magician+Catarina+Calvi+%28sop%29+Siren+I+CosettaTosetti+%28sop%29+Siren+II+FabioTartari+%28bass%29+Araldo+Orchestra+of+the+Teatro+Is+Fenice%2C+VeniceJohn+Fisher.+Nuova+EraPinnacle+%C2%AE+ff1+68134+%28two+discs%2C+nas%3A+130+minutes%3A+ODD%29.+Recorded+at+performances+in+the+Teatro+La+Fenice%2C+Venice+during+June+1989.+Notes%2C+text+and+translation+included..
- ^ "Rinaldo". Opera: p. 55. January 2000.
- ^ a b "Rinaldo: Représentations". Opéra Baroque. http://operabaroque.fr/HAENDEL_RINALDO.htm. Retrieved 6 February 2011.(in French)
- ^ Breiholz, Jochen (September 2004). "Rinaldo: Göttingen Internationale Händel-Festspiele". Opera News 69 (3). http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=10078&terms=Rinaldo.
- ^ Blum, Ronald (20 June 2008). "Handel with care: Zurich `Rinaldo' set in airport". Associated Press. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jun20/0,4670,OperaRinaldo,00.html.
- ^ "Rinaldo: Glyndebourne Festival 2011". Glyndebourne. http://glyndebourne.com/production/rinaldo. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
- ^ "Prom 55: Handel—Rinaldo". BBC Proms. http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/whats-on/2011/august-25/64. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ^ a b Lang, pp. 119–20
- ^ a b Dean and Knapp, p. 179
- ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 176–78
- ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 191–94
- ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 197–205
- ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 194–96
- ^ Thomas, Christopher J (1985). "Rinaldo and Rinaldo highlights". Opera Quarterly 3 (3): pp. 183–88. DOI:10.1093/oq/3.3.183.
- ^ Blyth, Alan (February 1978). "Handel: Rinaldo". Gramophone: p. 125. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/February%201978/125/767481/HANDEL.+Rinaldo.+Cotrubas%2C+Scovotti+%28sops.%29%2C+Watkinson+%28sont.%29%2C+Esswood%2C+Brett+%28c.tens.%29%2C+Cold+%28bass%29%2C+Grande+Ecurie+et+la+Chambre+du+RoyMalgoire.+CBS+Masterworks+4079308+%28three+cassettes%2C+nas%2C+%C2%A312.99%29.+Discs+reviewed+1177..
- ^ "Handel: Rinaldo". Gramophone: p. 96. January 2000. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/January%202001/96/839428/Handel+0#header-logo.
- ^ Rohan, Michael Scott (May 2003). "Handel: Rinaldo". Gramophone: p. 85. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/May%202003/85/807986/+MEV+ALERT+AND+REWARDING%2C+BUT+THE+STAGING+RISKS+RENDERING+THIS+RINALDO+INCOMPREHENSIBLE#header-logo.
- ^ "Handel: Rinaldo. List of recordings". Presto Classical. http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/59387. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Sadie, Stanley (May 2003). "Handel: Rinaldo". Gramophone: p. 78. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/May%202003/78/807973/HANDEL#header-logo.
- ^ Quinn, Michael (September 2004). "Session Report: The Aradia Ensemble's Rinaldo". Gramophone: p. 11. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/September%202004/11/811332/SESSION+REPORT%3A+THE+ARADIA+ENSEMBLES+RINALDO#header-logo.
- Sources
- Boyden, Matthew, Kimberley, Nick and Staines, Joseph (2007). The Rough Guide to Opera. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-538-6.
- Dean, Winton (1980). "George Frideric Handel" in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Vol. 8, ed. Sadie, Stanley. London: Macmillan. pp. 85–138. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-333-32311-1|0-333-32311-1]].
- Dean, Winton; Knapp, J Merrill (1995). Handel's operas: 1704–1726. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978019816448|978019816448]]. Originally published in 1987
- Grout, Donald Jay; Weigel, Hermione (1947). A Short History of Opera, Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Grout, Donald Jay (1965). A Short History of Opera (One-volume ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
- Hogarth, George (1835). Memoirs of the Musical Drama, Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley.
- Lang, Paul Henry (1994). George Frideric Handel. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-29227-4.
- Price, Curtis (1987). "English Traditions in Handel's Rinaldo". In Sadie, Stanley and Hicks, Anthony. Handel: Tercentenary collection. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-8357-1833-6.
- Steen, Michael (2009). The Lives and Times of the Great Composers. London: Icon books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84046-679-9.
[edit] External links
- 1711 libretto in Italian, prepared by Haendel.it
- Chrysander's 1874 version of the 1711 score: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Chrysander's 1894 version of the 1731 score: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
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