The story is based on a historical event, the Sicilian Vespers of 1282 -- using material drawn from the medieval Sicilian tract Lu rebellamentu di Sichilia.[2]
While it was not Verdi's first grand opera for Paris (the first being his adaptation of "I Lombardi alla prima crociata" in 1847 under the new title of "Gerusalemme"), the libretto which Verdi was using had been written about 20 years before at the height of the French grand opera tradition, which means that Verdi was writing his first original opéra at a point at which the genre was in a state of flux.
The Italian libretto was prepared under Verdi's supervision by the poet Ettore Caimi with the title, Giovanna di Guzman.
It is impossible to place the story in Sicily, so it becomes Portugal in 1640 while under Spanish control.
This version was first performed at the Teatro Regio in Parma on 26 December 1855.
I vespri siciliani was first performed at the Paris Opéra on 13 June 1855.
Its success was not huge, and it suffered from the withdrawal of Sophie Cruvelli, who sang Hélène.
Because the original version never entered the established repertory, performances limped along until Verdi attempted to aid its revival at the Paris Opéra on 6 July 1863 by revising some of the roles for selected singers.
However, after a few performances, "I vespri siciliani" disappears and is replaced by the French version of Il trovatore.
Except for one revival in Paris in 1863 it vanishes from the Parisian stage altogether.
In Italy, with Verdi sanctioning the removal of the thirty-minute ballet (a ballet being customary in Paris at the time), the 1855/1856 season saw the Italian version of the opera performed nine times.
After 1861, in the new post-unification era, it reverted to its original name.
The UK premiere took place on 27 July 1859 at the Drury Lane Theatre in London.
On 7 November of that year, it appeared at the Academy of Music in New York.
In modern times, it is most often performed in Italian under the title I vespri siciliani.
The French version was given in 1994 as part of the Sarasota Opera's "Verdi Cycle" of all the composer's works.
In May 2011 French versions were presented at the Grand Théâtre de Genève and at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. [7]
Roles
| Role: . Italian translation with change of location and characters to Portugal. Post-1861: Italian translated versions after 1861, reverting to Italian versions of the names from the original French. | Voice type | French version: Premiere Cast, 13 June 1855[8] Paris Opéra (Conductor: Narcisse Girard ) | Italian version: Premiere Cast, 26 December 1855 Teatro Regio (Parma) (Conductor: Nicola De Giovanni[9]) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR: Guy de Montfort, Governor of Sicily under Charles d'Anjou, King of Naples IT: Michele de Vasconcello, a Portuguese quisling.[5] Post-1861: Guido di Monteforte | baritone | Marc Bonnehée | Francesco Cresci |
| FR: Le Sire de Béthune, a French officer Post-1861: Lord of Bethune | bass | Théodore-Jean-Joseph Coulon | Guglielmo Giordani |
| FR: Le Comte de Vaudemont, a French officer Post-1861: Count Vaudemont | bass | Jacques-Alfred Guignot | Angelo Corazzani |
| FR: Henri, a young Sicilian IT: Enrico Post-1861: Arrigo | tenor | Louis Guéymard | Antonio Giuglini |
| FR: Jean Procida, a Sicilian doctor IT: Don Giovanni Ribera Pinto, a Portuguese captain Post-1861: Giovanni da Procida | bass | Louis-Henri Obin | Giorgio Atry |
| FR: La Duchesse Hélène, sister of Duke Frederick of Austria IT: Giovanna de Guzman (originally Helena) Post-1861: Elena | soprano | Sophie Cruvelli | Caterina Goldberg Strossi |
| Ninette, her maid | contralto | Clarisse-Françoise Sannier | Teresa Lenci Marsili |
| FR: Daniéli, her servant Post-1861: Danieli | tenor | Jean-Jacques Boulo | Carlo Salvatore Poggiali |
| FR: Thibault, a French soldier Post-1861: Tebaldo | tenor | M. Aimes | Raffaele Giorgi |
| FR:: Robert, a French soldier Post-1861: Roberto | baritone | Mécène Marié de l'Isle | Raimondo Beffagni |
| FR: Mainfroid, a Sicilian, adherent of Procida Post-1861: Manfredo | tenor | Joseph Koenig | Giovanni Battista Garulli |
Synopsis
- Place: Palermo, Italy
- Time: 1282
Act 1
Palermo's main squareTebaldo, Roberto, and other French soldiers have gathered in front of the Governor's palace. As they offer a toast to their homeland, they are observed by the local Sicilians, unhappy with the occupation.
Elena enters dressed in mourning for her executed brother. Somewhat drunk, Roberto demands that she sing and she calmly agrees. Her song, about the perils of seamen and God's cry of "let dangers be scorned", (Deh! tu calma, o Dio possente / "Viens à nous, Dieu tutélaire" / "Pray, O mighty God, calm with thy smile both sky and sea"), only incites the Sicilians to rebellion against the occupiers. When the governor, Monteforte, enters the crowd calms down. Then Arrigo announces that he has been released from prison. Alone with Arrigo, Montforte offers him a position with the French as long as he stays away from Elena. He refuses, and immediately follows Elena into the palace.
Act 2
Beside the seaProcida lands on the shore from a small fishing boat. It is clear that he is returning from exile and he expresses his joy at returning to his native land and city: O tu Palermo / "Et toi, Palerme" / "O thou Palermo, adored land...". He is surrounded by Manfredo and other companions and he quickly orders his men to bring Elena and Arrigo to him (Nell'ombra e nel silenzio / "Dans l'ombre et le silence"/ "In darkness and in silence"). The three make plans for an uprising during the impending festivities leading to the marriages of a group of young people. After Procida leaves, Elena asks Arrigo what reward he seeks. Swearing that he will avenge her brother's death, he asks for nothing but her love.
Bethune arrives with an invitation from Monteforte to attend a ball. Arrigo refuses and is arrested and dragged off. Led by Roberto, a group of French soldiers arrive and Procida returns and sees that it is too late to save Arrigo, since the young people have come into the square and have begun to dance. As the dance becomes more lively, Roberto signals to his men, who seize many of the young women, dragging them off in spite of the protests of the young Sicilian men. The dejected young men witness a passing boat filled with French nobles and Sicilian women, all bound for the ball. Procida and others determine to gain entrance to the ball and seek their revenge.
Act 3
Scene 1: Montforte's palaceMontforte reads a paper from the woman whom he abducted, which reveals that Arrigo is his son: Si, m'abboriva ed a ragion! / "Yes, she despised me, and rightly!". Bethune tells him that Arrigo has been brought by force, but Montforte exalts in the fact that his son is close by: In braccio alle dovizie / "Au sein de la puissance" / Given over to riches, surrounded by honors, an immense, horrid void...". The two men confront one another and Arrigo is somewhat puzzled by the way he is being treated. Finally, Montforte reveals the letter written by Arrigo's mother. Taken aback but still defiant, Arrigo insults his father who reacts in anger as the younger man rushes out: Parole fatale, Insulto mortale / "Fatal word!, Mortal insult! The joy has vanished...".
Scene 2: A ball at Montforte's palace
When Montforte enters, he gives the signal for the ballet to begin. In the crowd, but disguised, are Elena, Arrigo, and Procida. Arrigo is surprised when the two reveal themselves and they declare that their purpose is to save the young man. However, he is disturbed to hear that they intend to kill Montforte and when the father approaches the son, there is a hint of warning given. As approaching assassins close in, Arrigo leaps in front of his father just as Elena approaches. The Sicilians are horrified to see that Arrigo is being spared as the ensemble contemplates the situation. Elena, Procida, Danieli and the Sicilians curse Arrigo as they are dragged away, while he wants to follow, but is restrained by Montforte.
Act 4
A prisonArrigo arrives at the prison gate and, on Montforte's orders, waits to be admitted. He contemplates the situation that his friends are in: Giorno di pianto / "O jour de peine"/ Day of weepeing, of fierce sorrow!". Elena is brought out and confronts him. Finally, he admits that Montforte is his father and she begins to be willing to sympathise: Arrigo! Ah, parli a un core... / "Arrigo! Ah, you speak to a heart already prepared to forgive." Not seeing Arrigo, Procida approaches Elena and reveals a letter telling him of awaiting freedom. But Montforte arrives and orders a priest and the execution of the prisoners while Procida is amazed to discover the truth of Arrigo's situation. Arrigo begs for mercy for his friends and Montforte confronts him with one thing: Dimme sol, di "Mio padre / "Say to me only, say "My father...". Arrigo says nothing as the executioner appears and the couple are led away, followed by Arrigo. Montforte steps in to prevent him from joining them. As Elena is led towards the executioner, Monteforte steps in and announces a pardon for the Sicilians. Furthermore, he agrees to the marriage of Elena and Arrigo and announces to the crowd: "I find a son again!". There is general rejoicing.
Act 5
The gardens of Montforte's palaceAs Knight and maidens gather, Elena gives thanks to all: Mercé, dilette amiche / "Merci, jeunes amies" /"Thank you, beloved friends". Arrigo arrives, exclaiming his joy: La brezza aleggia intorno / "La brise souffle au loin" / "The breeze hovers about...". He leaves to find his father, but Procida arrives, announcing a plan to outwit his enemies with their massacre to take place at the foot of the altar after the vows have been said. She is torn, the more so following Arrigo's return, between her love and her duty: Sorte fata! Oh, fier cimento! / "Fatal destiny! Oh, fierce conflict!". Finally, she can go no further and she tells Arrigo that they cannot be married. Both men are furious with her for her seeming betrayal. Then Montforte arrives, takes the couple's hands, joins them together, and pronounces them married as the bells begin to ring. This is the signal for the Sicilians to rush in and hurl themselves upon Montforte and the French.
Notable adaptations
Recordings
1855 French version: Les vêpres siciliennes
| Year | Cast (Hélène, Henri, Montfort, Procida) | Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra | Label [10] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Jacqueline Brumaire Jean Bonhomme Neilson Taylor Stafford Dean | Mario Rossi (Ashley Lawrence for ballet), BBC Concert Orchestra, BBC Chorus | Audio CD: Opera Rara Cat: ORCV303 |
[edit] 1861 Italian version: I Vespri Siciliani
| Year | Cast (Elena, Arrigo, Montforte, Procida) | Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra | Label[10] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1955 | Anita Cerquetti Mario Ortica Carlo Tagliabue Boris Christoff | Mario Rossi, RAI Torino Chorus and Orchestra | Audio CD: Walhall Eternity Series Cat: WLCD 0108 |
| 1975 | Montserrat Caballé Plácido Domingo Franco Bordoni Justino Diaz | Eve Queler, Teatro del Liceo Orchestra and Chorus | Audio CD: MRF Records Cat: MRF-128 |
| 1990 | Cheryl Studer Chris Merritt Giorgio Zancanaro Ferruccio Furlanetto | Riccardo Muti, Teatro alla Scala | Audio CD: EMI Cat: CDS 7 54043-2 |
| 2003 | Amarilli Nizza Renzo Zurlian Vladimir Stoyanov Orlin Anastassov | Stefano Ranzani, Teatro Verdi,Busseto | Video DVD: Dynamic Cat:33551 |
[edit] 1861 Italian version, with Act 3 ballet from the French version
| Year | Cast (Elena, Arrigo, Montforte, Procida) | Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra | Label[10] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | Martina Arroyo Placido Domingo Sherrill Milnes Ruggero Raimondi | James Levine John Alldis Choir, New Philharmonia Orchestra | CD Audio: RCA Victor Cat: RCA 63492 |
| 1990 | Cheryl Studer Chris Merritt Giorgio Zancanaro Ferruccio Furlanetto | Riccardo Muti, Teatro alla Scala | DVD: Image Entertainment Cat: ID4361PUDVD |
References
- Everist, p. 12
- Backman, p. 6
- "I shall...(change) the subject so as to render it acceptable for Italian theatres", Letter from Verdi to Ricordi, 29 April 1855, quoted in Budden, p. 238.
- ^ a b c d Budden, pp.238/240
- ^ Holden, p. 984
- ^ Operabase.com performance database
- ^ List of singers taken from Budden,p.168 (see below)
- ^ AmadeusOnline listing for Italian premiere
- ^ a b c Recordings of the opera from operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
[edit] External links
- Les vêpres siciliennes: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Synopsis from Naxos Records
- Libretto (in Italian)
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