| Giuseppe Verdi |
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"I lombardi alla prima crociata" is an operatic dramma lirico in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, based on an epic poem by Tommaso Grossi.
Its first performance was given at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan on 11 February 1843.
Verdi dedicated the score to Maria Luigia, the Habsburg Duchess of Parma, who died a few weeks after the premiere.
In 1847, the opera was significantly revised to become Verdi's first grand opera for performances in French at the Salle Le Peletier of the Paris Opera under the title of GIERUSALEMME.
The opera's British premiere took place on 12 May 1846 at Her Majesty's Theatre in London with Verdi in attendance.
(Verdi would visit the theatre in 1847 to present "I MASNADIERI". Note that the "Royal Italian Opera" only opened in 1847 -- The Haymarket Theatre was run by Benjamin Lumley Levy.
This "was the first of Verdi's operas to be heard in the United States, at Palmo's Opera House",[2] on 3 March 1847 in New York.
In modern times it has received few performances, although there was a run at the Royal Opera House in 1976 with Jose Carreras, Sylvia Sass and Nicola Ghiuselev.
Bergonzi and Plishka (along with Cristina Deutekom) appeared in the San Diego Opera's short-lived (1979 to 1984) summer "Verdi Festival" in June 1979 and it is claimed that this was a West Coast premiere.
I Lombardi was given its first performances as part of the Metropolitan Opera's 1993/94 season with Luciano Pavarotti, Aprile Millo, and Samuel Ramey in some of the major roles.
Sarasota Opera's "Verdi Cycle", which will conclude in 2016, featured the opera during its 2011 season. Teatro Regio di Parma produced it in January 2009 as part of a complete Verdi cycle. The Parma performance is preserved on a DVD.
In March 2013 the UCOpera company will give four performances of I Lombardi in the Bloomsbury Theatre in London.[5][6]
Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 11 February 1843[7] (Conductor: - Eugenio Cavallini) |
|---|---|---|
| Arvino, son of Lord Folco | tenor | Giovanni Severi |
| Pagano/Hermit, son of Lord Folco | bass | Prosper Dérivis |
| Viclinda, wife of Arvino | soprano | Teresa Ruggeri |
| Giselda, daughter of Arvino | soprano | Erminia Frezzolini |
| Oronte, son of Acciano ruler of Antioch | tenor | Carlo Guasco |
| Acciano, ruler of Antioch | tenor | Luigi Vairo |
| Sofia, wife of Acciano | soprano | Amalia Gandaglia |
| Pirro, Arvino's squire | bass | Gaetano Rossi |
| Prior of Milan | tenor | Napoleone Marconi |
| Villagers of Milan, palace guards, crusaders, pilgrims, nuns, cut-throats, harem women, warriors - Chorus | ||
Synopsis
- Time: 1096/97
- Place: Milan, in and around Antioch, and near Jerusalem
Act 1: La Vendetta
Scene 1: A square outside the church of Sant' Ambrogio in MilanThe two sons of Lord Folco, Pagano and Arvino, are reconciled, having previously feuded over which man would win the hand of Viclinda. Pagano, who once threatened the life of his brother, has returned from exile. A throng gathers in front of the church of Sant'Ambrogio to celebrate. Viclinda, now Arvino's wife, and their daughter Giselda are on hand to witness the reconciliation. A crusade to the Holy Land is announced and Arvino is to lead it. Pagano secretly vents his enduring frustration to Pirro, Arvino's squire: he still desires Viclinda (Sciagurata! hai tu creduto / "Wretched woman! Did you believe that I could forget you..."). As nuns sing in the background, Pirro and a gang of cut-throats agree to help Pagano take Viclinda for himself.
Scene 2: The Folco palace
Viclinda and Giselda are concerned about Pagano and his supposed reformation. Arvino asks them to watch his elderly father, Lord Folco, who is spending the night in Arvino's chambers. Giselda prays (Aria: Salve Maria / "Hail Mary!"). Pirro and Pagano and their assassins storm the palace. Pagano draws his sword and enters Arvino's chambers. He emerges with a bloody sword and with Viclinda in his custody. Arvino suddenly appears and Pagano is shocked to learn that in the darkness he has killed his father, not his brother (Orror! / "Horror! Dreadful monster of Hell..."). A throng calls for Pagano's death, but Giselda protests against more bloodshed. So Pagano is once again sent into exile.
Act 2: L'uomo della Caverna
Scene 1: Acciano's palace in AntiochAcciano and representatives from surrounding territories plot their continued resistance to the marauding crusaders. They have captured Giselda, who is now held captive within Acciano's harem. Sofia, Acciano's head wife and a secret Christian, enters with her son Oronte. Oronte has fallen in love with the captive Giselda (Aria: La mia letizia infondere / "Would that I could instill my gladness into her dear heart"). As Oronte sings of his love, Sofia sees Giselda as a means of converting her son to Christianity (Come poteva un angelo / "How could Heaven create an angel so pure").
Scene 2: A cave in the desert outside Antioch
A hermit waits for the arrival of the crusaders. A man appears at the cave and asks the hermit how he may receive forgiveness for his past sins. The man is Pirro, who has become a confidante of Acciano and now controls the gates of Antioch. The hermit counsels Pirro that he will achieve forgiveness if he opens the gates to the approaching crusaders. Thereafter, the crusaders, led by Arvino, appear at the cave. The hermit learns that Arvino's daughter has been captured by Acciano. The hermit assures them that they will succeed in taking Antioch.
Scene 3: Acciano's harem
The members of the harem sing of Giselda's luck in attracting the attentions of Oronte. As Giselda prays (Aria: Oh madre, dal cielo / "O mother, from heaven hear my lament") sudden shouts warn that the crusaders have invaded Antioch. Sofia rushes in to say that both Acciano and Oronte have been killed. Arvino enters with the hermit. Sofia identifies Arvino as the murderer of her husband and son. Giselda is horrified and recoils at her father's attempted embrace. She declares that this crusade was not the will of God. Arvino draws his sword and threatens to kill her for her blasphemy, but he is stopped by the hermit and Sofia. Arvino declares that his daughter has gone mad.
Act 3: La Conversione
Scene 1: The valley of Jehoshaphat; Jerusalem is in the distanceThe crusaders, joined by Christian pilgrims, sing of the beauty of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Giselda has wandered away from her father's camp. Suddenly, Oronte appears! He was merely wounded, not killed, by Arvino's sword. Giselda and Oronte decide to flee together (Duet: Oh belle, a questa misera / "O Lombard tents, fair to this unhappy girl, farewell!").
Scene 2: Arvino's tent
Arvino rages against his daughter's betrayal. Soldiers arrive to tell him that Pagano has been seen in camp and they call for his capture and death. Arvino agrees.
Scene 3: A grotto near the River Jordan
After a violin prelude, Giselda and Oronte appear. Oronte has been wounded and Giselda bitterly laments God's cruelty. The hermit appears. He tells Giselda and Oronte that their love is sinful but may be purified by Oronte's conversion and baptism. The hermit completes the baptism, and Giselda laments as Oronte dies from his wounds, promising to see her in heaven (Trio: Qual volutta trascorrere / "What wondrous pleasure I feel").
Act 4: Il Santo Sepolcro
Scene 1: A cave, near JersulamAs Giselda dreams, Oronte appears to her in a vision and tells her that God has granted his prayer: the crusaders will find strength in the waters of the fountain of Siloam (Aria: In cielo benedetto / "Through you, Gisleda, I am blessed in heaven"). Giselda wakes and sings of her miraculous vision (Aria: Qual prodigio . . . Non fu sogno! / "A miracle!... It was not a dream").
Scene 2: The Lombards' tents
The crusaders and pilgrims are despairing that God has abandoned them in the desert (O signore, dal tetto natio / "O Lord, Thou dids't call us"). Giselda rushes in, announcing the discovery of a spring of water. As all rejoice, Arvino assures his crusaders of his confidence that they will now take Jerusalem.
Scene 3: Arvino's tent
Dying from wounds, the hermit is brought in by Giselda and Arvino. The hermit reveals that he is really Pagano. In his dying moments, he confesses to Arvino his penitence for their father's murder and begs forgiveness. Arvino embraces his brother, and Pagano asks for a final view of the Holy City. As Jerusalem appears in the distance, Pagano dies, and the crusaders praise heaven (Te lodiamo, gran Dio di vittoria / "We praise Thee, great God of Victory").
Recordings
| Year | Cast (Arvino, Pagano, Viclinda, Giselda, Oronte) | Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra | Label[8] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 | Aldo Bertocci, Mario Petri, Miriam Pirazzini, Maria Vitale, Gustavo Gallo | Manno Wolf-Ferrari, Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro della Rai di Milano | Audio CD: Warner Fonit |
| 1969 | Umberto Grilli Ruggero Raimondi Anna di Stasio Renata Scotto, Luciano Pavarotti | Gianandrea Gavazzeni, Rome Opera Orchestra | Audio CD: Opera D'oro ASIN: B00000FBRS |
| 1971 | Jerome Lo Monaco Ruggero Raimondi Desdemona Malvisi Cristina Deutekom, Plácido Domingo | Lamberto Gardelli, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Ambrosian Singers | Audio CD: Philips Cat: 000942602 |
| 1996 | Richard Leech Samuel Ramey Patricia Racette June Anderson, Luciano Pavarotti | James Levine, Metropolitan opera Orchestra and Chorus | Audio CD: Decca Cat: 455 287-2 |
References
- Notes
- ^ Holden, p. 980
- ^ Andrew Porter, "Traces of Eternal Beauty", in the booklet accompanying the Phillips recording of I Lombardi, 1971 and 1998
- ^ Details from Royal Opera House, Covent Garden programme book for 25 May 1976
- ^ San Diego Opera's performance history
- ^ http://www.thebloomsbury.com/event/run/1766
- ^ http://www.ucopera.uclumusicsociety.org/currentproduction.html
- ^ List of singers taken from Budden, Vol. 1, p. 114
- ^ Recordings on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
- Sources
- Budden, Julian, The Operas of Verdi, Volume 1: From Oberto to Rigoletto. London: Cassell, 1984. ISBN 0-304-31058-1.
- Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
- I Lombardi sysnopsis and background on giuseppeverdi.it, in English
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