Tuesday, April 23, 2013

Roman History in Italian Melodrama

Speranza

Speranza



 
Alexander the Great who appears as a character in over seventy operas, including two by George Frideric Handel


This is a list of historical figures who have been characters in opera or operetta.
Historical accuracy in such works has often been subject to the imperatives of dramatic presentation. Consequently, in many cases:
  • historical characters appear alongside fictional characters
  • historical characters who never met, or whose lives did not even overlap, appear on stage together
  • historical events depicted are transported to earlier or later times or to different places
  • historical people are seen participating in entirely fictional events, or vice-versa
  • the actions of historical people are attributed to other persons
For the purposes of this list, Biblical characters are generally taken to be fictional, unless there is clear evidence of their historicity.
Operas appear in bold when the historical figure is also the title role.

[edit] List of historical figures

[edit] A

Abdisho IV Maron, Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church
Peter Abelard, French priest, scholar, theologian
John Quincy Adams, American President
Gabriele Adorno, fifth Doge of Genoa
*******************************************************************
    Flavius Aetius, Roman general
      Giuseppe Gazzaniga: Ezio
        George Frideric Handel: Ezio
          Gaetano Latilla: Ezio
            Giuseppe Verdi: Attila


              Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist, writer
              ****************************************
                Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Roman statesman and general
                Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman consul (32 BC)
                Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt
                3rd Duke of Alba, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
                Albert of Mainz, Elector and Archbishop of Mainz
                Buzz Aldrin, American astronaut
                ***************************
                  Alexander the Great, King of Macedon
                  (He appears in about 70 other operas set to the same text by Metastasio as used by Pacini, including one by Leonardo Vinci.)
                  Emperor Alexander Severus of Rome
                  Tsar Alexander I of Russia
                  Brigadier General Edward Porter Alexander, American military commander
                  Tsarina Alexandra of Russia, consort of Tsar Nicholas II
                  Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, son of Peter the Great
                  Saint Alexius of Rome
                  Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, husband of Lucrezia Borgia
                  Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
                  King Alfonso XI of Castile
                  King Alfred the Great, legendary Anglo-Saxon king
                  Dante Alighieri: see under Dante
                  Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, aka Almanzor, de facto ruler of al-Andalus
                  Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador
                  Amalasuntha, Queen of the Ostrogoths
                  Anacreon, Greek lyric poet
                  Jacob Johan Anckarström, Swedish military officer, assassin of Gustav III
                  Tommaso Aniello: see under Masaniello
                  Anna of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Rome and Bavaria
                  Queen Anne of Great Britain
                  Queen Anne (Boleyn), second consort of Henry VIII of England
                  Saint Anthony the Great
                  Susan B. Anthony, American women’s rights activist
                  Antiochus I Soter, King of the Seleucid Empire
                  Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, British socialite and sexual celebrity
                  Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, Finnish-Swedish diplomat, possible lover of Gustav III of Sweden
                  Arminius, Germanic chieftain
                  Artabanus of Persia, political figure
                  King Artaxerxes I of Persia
                  (He appears in over 40 other operas set to the same text from Metastasio's libretto Artaserse)
                  King Arthur, legendary king of Britain
                  Chester A. Arthur, American President
                  Ulrica Arfvidsson, Swedish fortune-teller
                  Emanuele d'Astorga, Italian composer
                  Atahualpa, Inca sovereign emperor
                  Attila the Hun
                  Atys, son of King Croesus of Lydia
                  Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor
                  Aurelian, Emperor of Rome
                  Pharaoh Ay of Egypt

                  [edit] B

                  Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian prince and general
                  Brigitte Bardot, French actress
                  Pyotr Fyodorovich Basmanov, Russian boyar
                  Daisy Bates, Irish-Australian indigenous welfare worker and anthropologist
                  Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I "The Thunderbolt"
                  Pierre Beaumarchais, French playwright
                  Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
                  Belisarius, Byzantine general
                  Augustin Daniel Belliard, French general
                  Belshazzar, Prince of Babylon
                  Olga Benário Prestes, German-Brazilian communist militant
                  Levin August, Count von Bennigsen, German general
                  Queen Berenice III of Egypt
                  Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Marshall of France
                  Joe Biden, Vice President of the United States
                  Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany
                  Harman Blennerhassett, Irish-American lawyer
                  Blondel de Nesle, French troubador
                  Boabdil, last Nasrid ruler of Granada
                  Francisco de Bobadilla, Spanish colonial administrator
                  Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer, poet
                  Simone Boccanegra, first Doge of Genoa
                  George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, brother of Anne Boleyn
                  Simón Bolívar, South American revolutionary
                  Caroline Bonaparte, Queen Consort of Naples and Sicily, sister of Napoleon
                  Pauline Bonaparte, Princess of France, sister of Napoleon
                  Lizzie Borden, American celebrity and possible axe-murderer
                  Jorge Luis Borges, Argentinian writer
                  Saint Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía, Spanish Superior-General of the Jesuits
                  Lucrezia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI
                  Saint Charles Borromeo, Italian cardinal
                  Đurađ Branković, Serbian despot
                  Prince Braslav of Pannonian Croatia
                  Gian Francesco Brogni, Italian cardinal
                  John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton, British memoirist and politician
                  John Brown, Sergeant of the Second Battalion, Boston Light Infantry Volunteer Militia
                  Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter
                  Antonín Brus z Mohelnice, Archbishop of Prague
                  Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, Roman politician, co-assassin of Julius Caesar
                  William Jennings Bryan, American Secretary of State, presidential candidate
                  George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English poet, statesman
                  Gautama Buddha
                  Johannes Bureus, Swedish scholar
                  William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman, adviser to Elizabeth I
                  Aaron Burr, third Vice President of the United States
                  Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron, wife of Lord Byron
                  Lord Byron, English poet

                  [edit] C

                  Cacamatzin, Aztec king
                  Alessandro Cagliostro (Giuseppe Balsamo), Italian adventurer and imposter
                  Maria Callas, American-Greek opera singer
                  Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet
                  Lorenzo Campeggio, Cardinal Protector of England
                  Canek, Aztec High Priest
                  Wolfgang Capito, German religious reformer
                  Carlos, Prince of Asturias, son of Philip II of Spain
                  Julian Carlton, American murderer of Mamah Cheney, mistress of Frank Lloyd Wright
                  Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor
                  Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer and libertine
                  Servilius Casca, co-assassin of Julius Caesar
                  Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician, co-assassin of Julius Caesar
                  Fidel Castro, Cuban leader
                  Inês de Castro, lover and lawful wife of King Peter I of Portugal
                  Empress Catherine I of Russia
                  Empress Catherine II "The Great" of Russia
                  Queen Catherine (of Aragon), first wife of Henry VIII of England
                  Queen Catherine (Parr), sixth and last wife of Henry VIII
                  Pierre Cauchon, French bishop
                  Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt, French general
                  Guido Cavalcanti, Florentine poet
                  Arthur Cecil, English actor, theatre manager
                  Benvenuto Cellini, Italian sculptor, goldsmith, artisan
                  Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman, protagonist of a famous murder trial
                  Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer
                  Lindy Chamberlain and Michael Chamberlain, Australian parents wrongly convicted of the murder of their daughter Azaria
                  Charles Chaplin, British actor
                  Charlemagne, King of the Franks
                  King Charles II of England
                  King Charles II of Spain
                  Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
                  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
                  King Charles VI of France
                  King Charles VII of France
                  King Charles XI of Sweden
                  Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy
                  Charles Martel, Duke and Prince of the Franks
                  Charmian, servant to Cleopatra
                  Thomas Chatterton, English poet and forger
                  Geoffrey Chaucer, English author, poet, philosopher, courtier and diplomat
                  Edwin Cheney, American electrical engineer
                  Mamah Cheney, wife of Edwin Cheney, murdered mistress of Frank Lloyd Wright
                  André Chénier, French journalist
                  Frédéric Chopin, Polish-French composer
                  Chou En-lai: see under Zhou Enlai
                  Christina, Queen of Sweden
                  Saint Christopher, revered but legendary saint
                  Tillius Cimber, co-assassin of Julius Caesar
                  Helvius Cinna, Roman poet
                  Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Roman consul
                  Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, French royal favourite of Louis XIII
                  Emperor Claudius of Rome
                  Cleitus the Black, Macedonian soldier
                  Pope Clement VII
                  Cleopatra VII, Pharaoh of Egypt
                  Henry Clifford, 10th Baron de Clifford, English military commander
                  Hillary Rodham Clinton, American First Lady, Senator, Secretary of State
                  Olivier de Clisson, Breton soldier
                  Cloelia, early Roman figure, possibly legendary
                  Howell Cobb, American political figure
                  Walter Cocking, dean at the University of Georgia, the focus of the "Cocking affair"
                  Horatius Cocles, Roman military officer
                  Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Roman consul, husband of Lucretia
                  Stefano Colonna (1265–1348), Roman political figure
                  Christopher Columbus, Genoese explorer of the New World
                  Anthony Comstock, American morals campaigner
                  Emperor Constantine I "The Great" of Rome
                  Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish scientist
                  Charlotte Corday, French Girondin revolutionary
                  Saint Corentin of Quimper, Breton patron saint of seafood
                  Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, legendary Roman leader
                  Catherine Cornaro, consort of James II of Cyprus
                  Giorgio Cornaro, Italian nobleman, father of Catherine Cornaro
                  Jeronimus Cornelisz, Dutch apothecary and merchant
                  Hernán Cortés, Spanish conquistador
                  Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury
                  Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman general and politician
                  Flavius Julius Crispus, Caesar of the Roman Empire
                  Croesus, King of Lydia
                  Oliver Cromwell, English Puritan leader
                  Cuauhtémoc, Aztec king
                  Sir Henry Cuffe, English politician
                  Cyrano de Bergerac, French dramatist and duellist
                  Cyrus the Great, King of Persia

                  [edit] D

                  Salvador Dalí, Spanish painter
                  Dalibor of Kozojed, Czech knight
                  Dante Alighieri, Italian poet
                  Georges Danton, French revolutionary figure
                  Jacques d'Arc, French farmer, father of Joan of Arc
                  King Darius III of Persia
                  Sir William Davenant, English poet and playwright
                  Louis-Nicolas Davout, Marshall of France
                  Gotse Delchev, Macedonian revolutionary figure
                  Marion Delorme, French courtesan
                  Camille Desmoulins, French revolutionary journalist, politician
                  Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Spanish conquistador
                  Jimena Díaz, wife of El Cid, ruler of Valencia
                  Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, "El Cid"
                  Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian Communist leader
                  Emperor Diocletian of Rome
                  Tsar Dmitri Ioannovich of Russia, the so-called "False Dmitriy I"
                  Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir
                  Dobrynya Nikitich, legendary Kievan bogatyr
                  Publius Cornelius Dolabella, Roman general
                  Saint Dominic, Domingo de Guzman, founder of the Dominicans
                  James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, Scots soldier, known as the "Black Douglas"
                  György Dózsa, Hungarian leader of peasant revolt
                  Sir Francis Drake, English adventurer, pirate, politician
                  John Dryden, English poet
                  King Duncan I of Scotland

                  [edit] E

                  Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Éboli, Spanish aristocrat
                  Nelson Eddy, American tenor, actor
                  King Edward II of England
                  King Edward III of England
                  Albert Einstein, German-American scientist
                  Emperor Elagabalus of Rome (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)
                  Eleanor of Austria, Queen Consort of Portugal and France
                  Eleanor of Guzman, mistress of King Alfonso XI of Castile and mother of Henry II
                  Elisabeth, Queen of Bohemia
                  Elisabeth Farnese, Queen Consort to Philip V of Spain
                  Elisabeth of Valois, daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, wife of Philip II of Spain
                  Elisiv of Kiev
                  Queen Elizabeth I of Castile see: Queen Isabella I of Castile
                  Queen Elizabeth I of England
                  Fanny Elssler, Austrian ballerina
                  Ninon de l'Enclos, French courtesan
                  Enzio of Sardinia, king of Sardinia
                  Erasistratus, Greek anatomist, physician
                  King Eric V of Denmark
                  José de Espronceda, Spanish poet
                  Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Elizabethan courtier and royal favourite
                  Frances, Countess of Essex, English noblewoman
                  Eufrosinia, daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Prince of Halych

                  [edit] F

                  Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice
                  Farinelli, Italian castrato singer
                  Fausta Flavia Maxima, Empress of Rome, second wife of Constantine the Great
                  Charles Simon Favart, French dramatist
                  Marie Favart, French opera singer, actress
                  Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
                  King Ferdinand I of León and Castile
                  Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
                  KIng Ferdinand II of Aragon (and Ferdinand V of Castile)
                  King Ferdinand VI of Spain
                  Roger de Flor, German-born soldier serving Aragon kings
                  Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice
                  Joseph Fouché, Duke of Otranto
                  Francesca da Rimini, contemporary and literary subject of Dante
                  Saint Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscans
                  King Francis I of France
                  Anne Frank, Dutch diarist
                  Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria
                  Fredegund, Merovingian Queen Consort
                  Frederick I "Barbarossa", Holy Roman Emperor
                  King Frederick II "The Great" of Prussia
                  Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
                  Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg
                  Jean Froissart, French chronicler
                  Georg von Frundsberg, South German knight
                  Tsar Fyodor II of Russia, son of Boris Godunov

                  [edit] G

                  Galileo Galilei, Italian scientist
                  Vasily Vasilyevich Galitzine, Russian statesman
                  Galla Placidia, Roman regent, daughter of Emperor Theodosius I
                  Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer
                  Count Peter Gamba, associate of Lord Byron
                  Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Indian freedom advocate
                  Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet and soldier
                  Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian freedom fighter
                  Margaret "Peggy" Garner, American slave who killed her own daughter rather than allow the child to be returned to slavery
                  Antoni Gaudí, Catalan architect
                  Paul Gauguin, French painter
                  King George III of the United Kingdom
                  Priscilla German Reed, English singer and actress
                  Thomas German Reed, English composer and theatre manager
                  Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer and murderer
                  Allen Ginsberg, American poet
                  Lisa del Giocondo, Italian woman, subject of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa
                  Salvatore Giuliano, Sicilian peasant
                  Godfrey of Bouillon, Frankish knight, leader of the First Crusade
                  Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia
                  Xenia Borisovna Godunova, daughter of Boris Godunov
                  Sir Eugene Goossens, English conductor and composer
                  • Drew Crawford: Eugene & Roie
                  Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, English harpsichordist
                  St Maria Goretti, 20th century Catholic martyr
                  Francisco Goya, Spanish painter
                  Princess Grace of Monaco, American-born actress (as Grace Kelly)
                  Antonio Gramsci, Italian political theorist
                  Urbain Grandier, French priest
                  Julia Dent Grant, American First Lady
                  Ulysses S. Grant, American President
                  Thomas Gray, English poet
                  Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer
                  Nina Grieg, Norwegian singer, cousin and wife of Edvard Grieg
                  Gen Leslie Groves, American military officer
                  Matthias Grünewald, German renaissance painter
                  Teresa, Contessa Guiccioli, Italian mistress of Lord Byron
                  Guinevere, wife of King Arthur of Britain
                  Francis, Duke of Guise, French nobleman
                  Günther von Schwarzburg, German king
                  Saint Guntram, King of Burgundy
                  King Gustav I of Sweden
                  King Gustav III of Sweden
                  Nell Gwyn, English actress, mistress of King Charles II

                  [edit] H

                  Hadrian, Roman emperor
                  Emma, Lady Hamilton, English mistress of Horatio, Lord Nelson
                  Sir William Hamilton, British diplomat, husband of Emma, Lady Hamilton
                  Hannibal, Carthaginian ruler
                  King Harald III of Norway
                  Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, British sea captain, commander of HMS Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar
                  Harold Godwinson (Harold II), Anglo-Saxon King of England
                  Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph
                  Hasdrubal Gisco, Carthaginian general
                  Wiebbe Hayes, Dutch soldier
                  Heloïse, French nun associated with Peter Abelard
                  Sally Hemings, American mixed-race slave owned by Thomas Jefferson
                  Henri, Prince of Condé, French noble
                  Henrietta Maria of France, queen consort of Charles I of England
                  King Henry II of England
                  King Henry III of Castile
                  King Henry III of France also as Henri de Valois, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania
                  King Henry IV of France
                  King Henry V of England
                  King Henry VIII of England
                  Henry the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, King of the Germans
                  Henry the Lion, German prince (Henry III of Saxony, Henry XII of Bavaria)
                  Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles, French revolutionary politician
                  Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia
                  E. T. A. Hoffmann, German author
                  Fanny Holland, English singer and actress
                  Clasina Maria "Sien" Hoornik (1850–1904), Dutch alcoholic prostitute, sometime lover of Vincent van Gogh
                  Pharaoh Horemheb of Egypt
                  Count Claes Fredrik Horn, co-conspirator with Anckarström in the assassination of King Gustav III of Sweden
                  Harry Houdini, Hungarian-American escapologist
                  László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman
                  Stig Andersen Hvide, Danish marshall, later an outlaw
                  Queen Hypsicratea of Pontus, consort of Mithradates VI

                  [edit] I

                  Muhammad al-Idrisi, Andalusian cartographer, traveller
                  Gwen Ifill, American television journalist
                  Saint Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish knight, founder of the Society of Jesus
                  Igor Svyatoslavich, Prince of Putivl, Novgorod-Seversk and Chernigov
                  Jaakko Ilkka, Finnish peasant leader
                  Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden
                  John Ireland, Dean of Westminster
                  Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen Consort of Charles VI of France
                  Isabel Moctezuma (Teutile), daughter of Moctezuma II
                  Queen Isabella I of Castile
                  Isabella of France, Queen Consort of Edward II of England and mother of Edward III
                  Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress, Queen Consort of Aragon and Castile
                  Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, "Ivan the Terrible"
                  Izumi Shikibu, Japanese poetess

                  [edit] J

                  Jack the Ripper, unidentified murderer of English prostitutes
                  King James II of Cyprus "James the Bastard of Lusignan"
                  King James V of Scotland
                  Lady Jane Grey, disputed Queen of England
                  Queen Jane (Seymour), third consort of Henry VIII of England
                  Thomas Jefferson, American President
                  Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia
                  Jesus of Nazareth and his apostles
                  Jiang Qing Chinese figure, 4th wife of Mao Zedong
                  St Joan of Arc, French saint
                  Joan I of Naples, Queen of Naples
                  Joanna of Castile, Queen of Castile and Aragon
                  Patriarch Job of Moscow, Russian Orthodox prelate
                  John, Prince of Asturias, Spanish prince, son of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
                  King John of England
                  Don John of Austria, Bavarian soldier in Spanish service, son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
                  John of Leiden, Dutch Anabaptist leader
                  Andrew Johnson, American President
                  Ben Jonson, English poet
                  Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
                  Joséphine de Beauharnais, Consort of Napoleon I
                  ********************************************************
                    Julia Caesaris,
                    daughter of Julius Caesar, 4th wife of Pompey the Great
                      Francesco Cavalli: Pompeo Magno
                    ******************************************************
                      Julius Caesar, Consul and Dictator of Rome
                      ****************************************

                        [edit] K

                        Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter
                        Christoph Kaufmann (or Kauffman), associate of Jakob Lenz
                        Grace Kelly: see Princess Grace of Monaco
                        John F. Kennedy, American President
                        Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, mathematician
                        Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky, "Taratui" (chatter box), Russian boyar
                        Edgar Ray Killen, KKK leader, murderer
                        Martin Luther King, Jr.
                        Henry Kissinger, American Secretary of State
                        Aleksis Kivi, Finnish writer
                        Leon Klinghoffer, American ship passenger murdered by terrorists
                        Vasily Kochubey, Cossack hetman, associate of Ivan Mazepa
                        Konchak, Polovtsian khan
                        Konchakovna, his daughter
                        Kublai Khan, Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire
                        Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian Field-Marshall

                        [edit] L

                        Ladislaus I of Poland: see Władysław I the Elbow-high
                        Ladislaus the Posthumous, Duke of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia
                        Lady Caroline Lamb, lover of Lord Byron
                        Anne Françoise Elisabeth Lange, French actress, known as "Mademoiselle Lange"
                        Adrienne Lecouvreur, French actress
                        (Eleanor) Agnes Lee, daughter of Robert E. Lee
                        Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of Robert E. Lee
                        General Robert E. Lee
                        François Joseph Lefebvre, Marshal of France, Duke of Danzig
                        His wife, née Cathérine Hubscher, later Duchess of Danzig
                        Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer
                        Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English courtier, favourite of Elizabeth I
                        Augusta Leigh, half-sister and incestuous over of Lord Byron
                        Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, German writer
                        Pope St Leo I "The Great"
                        Brother Leo, friend and confidant of Francis of Assisi
                        Leonidas of Epirus
                        (i) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman triumvir
                        (ii) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, heir to Emperor Caligula of Rome
                        Leszek I the White, High Duke of Poland 1194-1227
                        Li Bai or Li Po, Chinese poet
                        Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii
                        Abraham Lincoln, American President
                        Mary Todd Lincoln, American First Lady
                        Charles Lindbergh, American pioneer aviator
                        • Paul Hindemith and Kurt Weill: Der Lindberghflug (Lindbergh's Flight). This was later changed by removal of Hindemith's contribution, renaming it to Der Ozeanflug (The Flight across the Ocean), and removal of Lindbergh's name. The opening line was changed from “My name is Charles Lindbergh” to “My name is of no account”.
                        Judah Loew ben Bezalel, Bohemian Talmudic scholar
                        King Louis V of France
                        King Louis VI of France
                        King Louis XII of France
                        King Louis XIII of France
                        King Louis XIV of France
                        King Louis XV of France
                        King Louis XVI of France
                        Lucan, Roman poet
                        Lucretia, Roman noblewoman raped by Sextus Tarquinius (legendary)
                        Martin Luther, initiator of the Protestant Reformation

                        [edit] M

                        Douglas MacArthur, American general
                        Jeanette MacDonald, American soprano, actress
                        Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada
                        William McDougall, Canadian politician
                        Ralph McGill, American anti-segregationist journalist
                        Wilmer McLean, American Civil War figure
                        Colin McPhee, Canadian composer and musicologist
                        King Macbeth of Scotland
                        Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Roman general, natural father of Scipio Aemilianus
                        Gaius Maecenas, political adviser to Octavian (Caesar Augustus)
                        Saint Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney
                        Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer
                        Marion Mahony, American architect and artist, wife of Walter Burley Griffin
                        Giovanni Malatesta, husband and murderer of Francesca da Rimini
                        Malatestino Malatesta, Lord of Rimini
                        Paolo Malatesta, brother-in-law and lover of Francesca da Rimini
                        La Malinche, Aztec mistress of Hernán Cortés
                        Mao Zedong, Chinese leader
                        Madame Mao: see Jiang Qing
                        Jean-Paul Marat, Jacobin leader
                        Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer
                        Alexey Maresyev, Russian fighter pilot
                        Margaret of Anjou, Queen consort to Henry VI of England
                        Marguérite de Valois, consort of Henry IV of France/Henry III of Navarre
                        Maria Carolina of Austria
                        Sister Maria Celeste, Italian nun, illegitimate daughter of Galileo Galilei
                        Maria Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier, Infanta of Spain
                        Marie Antoinette, Queen Consort of Louis XVI of France
                        Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, wife of Napoleon I
                        Marie Louise Gonzaga, French Queen consort to 2 Polish kings
                        Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
                        Guadalupe Marín, Mexican model and novelist, second wife of Diego Rivera
                        Mark Antony, Roman politician and general
                        Auguste de Marmont
                        Martyrs of Compiègne, a group of French Carmelite nuns
                        Saint Mary of Egypt, patron saint of penitents
                        Mary, Queen of Scots
                        Queen Mary I of England "Bloody Mary"
                        Mary Tudor, Queen of France, sister of Henry VIII, husband of Louis XII
                        Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello), Neapolitan fisherman, revolutionary leader
                        Masinissa, first King of Numidia
                        Mata Hari, Dutch spy
                        Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
                        King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
                        Maurice, Elector of Saxony
                        Maurice de Saxe
                        Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius, aka Maximian, Roman ruler
                        Maximinian, co-Emperor of Rome
                        Ivan Mazepa, Cossack hetman, military leader
                        Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence
                        Giuliano de' Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent
                        Lorenzo de' Medici, "Lorenzo the Magnificent", Italian statesman
                        Lorenzino de' Medici, Italian writer and assassin
                        Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II
                        Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov, Russian statesman
                        Valeria Messalina, Roman Empress
                        Caecilia Metella Dalmatica, fourth wife of Lucius Cornelius Sulla
                        Cornelia Metella, Pompey's second wife
                        Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich
                        John Milton, English poet
                        Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto, Scottish diplomat, Governor-General of India
                        King Mithridates VI of Pontus
                        Marina Mniszech, Polish noble and Russian political adventurer
                        Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler
                        King Mojmír II of Great Moravia
                        Marilyn Monroe, American actress
                        Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola, Anglo-Italian condottiero
                        Thomas Moore, Irish poet, songwriter
                        Mordred, legendary Arthurian character
                        Thomas Morton, American colonist of New England
                        Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, Elizabethan figure
                        Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
                        Gaius Mucius Scaevola, Roman figure
                        Muhammad XII of Granada, aka Boabdil, last Nasrid ruler of Granada
                        Ottoman Sultan Murad II
                        Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish Baroque painter
                        John Murray II, British publisher
                        Eadweard Muybridge, English pioneer photographer

                        [edit] N

                        Emperor Napoleon I of France (Napoleon Bonaparte)
                        Emperor Napoleon II of France
                        Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara
                        Carrie Nation, American temperance advocate and vandal
                        Nebuchadnezzar II, ruler of Babylon
                        Nefertiti, wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt
                        Adam Albert von Neipperg, Austrian general
                        Frances Nelson, Lady Nelson, wife of Lord Nelson
                        Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, British admiral, naval hero
                        Emperor Nero of Rome
                        Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
                        Nitocris, Queen of Egypt, maybe legendary
                        Pat Nixon, American First Lady
                        Richard Nixon, American President
                        Rikard Nordraak, Norwegian composer
                        Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English politician, uncle to two of Henry VIII’s wives
                        Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, English nobleman
                        Rosaleen Norton, so-called "Witch of Kings Cross", Sydney occultist
                        • Drew Crawford: Eugene & Roie
                        Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English admiral and statesman

                        [edit] O

                        J. F. Oberlin, Alsatian pastor, philanthropist
                        Empress Claudia Octavia of Rome, consort of Nero
                        Octavia the Younger, fourth wife of Mark Antony
                        King Olaf I Tryggvason of Norway
                        King Olaf II of Norway (St. Olaf)
                        Aristotle Onassis, Greek shipping magnate
                        Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American First Lady, wife of John F. Kennedy, then of Aristotle Onassis
                        J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist
                        Sallustia Orbiana, wife of Emperor Alexander Severus of Rome
                        Pylyp Orlyk, associate of Ivan Mazepa
                        Pier Francesco Orsini, Italian condottiero
                        Emperor Marcus Salvius Otho of Rome

                        [edit] P

                        María de Padilla, mistress and secret wife of Peter of Castile
                        Niccolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer
                        Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer
                        Sarah Palin, American politician, Governor of Alaska, vice-presidential candidate
                        Papantzin, Aztec princess, sister of Moctezuma II
                        Johan Papegoja, Governor of New Sweden
                        Ely S. Parker, American Seneca native, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
                        Boris Pasternak, Russian novelist
                        Francisco Pelsaert, Dutch merchant, naval commander
                        Samuel Pepys, English diarist
                        Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland
                        Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Castilian nobleman, known as Guzmán el Bueno
                        Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer
                        Pericles, Athenian statesman
                        Saint Peter, Christian apostle
                        King Peter III of Aragon, "Peter the Great"
                        King Peter of Castile, "Peter the Cruel"
                        Tsar Peter I "The Great" of Russia
                        Peter the Hermit, priest and leader of the First Crusade
                        Gaius Petronius Arbiter, Roman courtier, writer
                        Michele Pezza, Neapolitan guerilla leader, known as "Fra Diavolo"
                        King Pharnaces II of Pontus
                        Phidias, Greek sculptor
                        King Philip II of Spain
                        King Philip V of Spain
                        Gaspare Pisciotta, Sicilian peasant
                        Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Roman senator
                        Pope Pius IV
                        Edgar Allan Poe, American writer
                        Poliziano (Angelo Ambrogini), Italian renaissance poet, scholar
                        Marco Polo, Italian adventurer
                        Saint Polyeuctus
                        Lorenz Truchsess von Pommersfelden
                        Madame de Pompadour, French courtier, mistress of Louis XV
                        Pompey the Great, Roman military and political leader
                        Empress Poppaea Augusta Sabina, consort of Roman Emperors Nero and Otho
                        Lars Porsena, King of Etruria
                        Porus, King of Paurava
                        Sister Helen Prejean, American nun, death penalty abolitionist
                        Přemysl, the Ploughman, first ruler of Bohemmia
                        John of Procida, Italian medieval physician and diplomat
                        John Proctor, a tavern keeper in 17th century Massachusetts who was hanged for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials
                        Chevalier de Prokesch-Osten
                        Marcel Proust, French novelist
                        Pharaoh Ptolemy IX Lathyros of Egypt
                        Pharaoh Ptolemy XI Alexander II of Egypt
                        Publius Valerius Publicola, Roman consul
                        Yemelyan Pugachev, Russian pretender to the throne

                        [edit] Q

                        Qin Shi Huang, first Emperor of unified China
                        Vasco de Quiroga, member of the second Audiencia in Mexico and first bishop of Michoacán

                        [edit] R

                        Nikolay Raevsky, Russian general
                        Elizabeth Raleigh, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh
                        Sir Walter Raleigh, English explorer and courtier
                        Raphael, Italian painter
                        Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic, confidant of Tsarina Alexandra
                        King Rastislav of Great Moravia
                        John Aaron Rawlins, American general, Secretary of War
                        Stenka Razin, cossack leader
                        Wilhelm Reich, Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
                        Count Adolf Ludvig Ribbing, co-conspirator with Anckarström in the assassination of King Gustav III of Sweden
                        Penelope Rich, Lady Rich, English noblewoman
                        King Richard I "Coeur de Lion" of England
                        King Richard II of England
                        King Richard III of England
                        Rafael del Riego, Spanish general
                        Louis Riel, executed Canadian rebel
                        Cola di Rienzo, Roman tribune
                        Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet
                        Arthur Rimbaud, French poet
                        Diego Rivera, Mexican painter
                        King Robert I of Scotland, "Robert the Bruce"
                        Robert I, Duke of Normandy
                        Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary figure
                        Robin Hood (legendary)
                        John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English writer, libertine
                        Roderic, Visigothic King of Hispania
                        King Roger II of Sicily
                        Rogneda of Polotsk, consort of Vladimir I of Kiev
                        Salvator Rosa, Italian painter and poet
                        Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great
                        Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
                        Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine
                        Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher
                        Lillian Russell, American actress and singer
                        Rustichello da Pisa, Italian writer

                        [edit] S

                        Hans Sachs, German meistersinger
                        Oliver Sacks, British neurologist, writer
                        Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French revolutionary figure
                        Ōtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume, Japanese poet
                        Antonio Salieri, Italian-Austrian composer
                        Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Elizabethan minister
                        Sappho, ancient Greek poet
                        Sardanapalus, king of Assyria
                        Girolamo Savonarola, Florentine heretic and book-burner
                        Diane Sawyer, American television journalist
                        Sylvester von Schaumberg
                        Hans and Sophie Scholl, sibling co-founders of non-violent resistance movement The White Rose
                        Kurt Schwitters, German painter
                        Scipio Aemilianus, aka Scipio Africanus the Younger, Roman general, nephew and adopted son of Scipio Africanus the Elder
                        Scipio Africanus, aka Scipio Africanus the Elder, Roman general
                        King Sebastian of Portugal
                        Seleucus I Nicator, King of Syria, founder of the Seleucid Empire
                        Seneca the Younger, Roman philosopher, dramatist
                        Sesostris, legendary king of Egypt
                        Sextus Pompey, Roman general, son of Pompey the Great
                        William Shakespeare, English playwright
                        Fyodor Shaklovity, Russian diplomat
                        Andrey Shchelkalov, Russian administrator, official
                        Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet
                        John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, English soldier
                        George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman
                        Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
                        George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, Albanian national hero
                        Bengt Skytte, Swedish official
                        Mark Smeaton, English courtier
                        Socrates, Greek philosopher
                        Solon, Greek philosopher
                        Sophonisba, Carthaginian noblewoman, daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco
                        Agnès Sorel, mistress of King Charles VII of France
                        Edmund Spenser, English poet
                        Arthur Stace, Australian citizen who over 35 years chalked the word "Eternity" over 500,000 times on the footpaths of Sydney
                        Stanisław I Leszczyński, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
                        Stateira, consort of Darius III of Persia
                        Gertrude Stein, American writer
                        King Stephen I of Hungary (St. Stephen)
                        Thaddeus Stevens, American politician
                        Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury
                        Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer
                        Stratonice, wife of Seleucus I Nicator, King of Syria
                        Johann Strauss I, Viennese waltz composer (father)
                        Johann Strauss II, Viennese waltz composer (son)
                        Giuseppina Strepponi, operatic soprano
                        Nikola Šubić Zrinski, Croatian general
                        Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
                        Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman general and dictator
                        Louis Sullivan, American architect
                        Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English aristocrat, poet
                        Ivan Susanin, Russian folk hero and martyr
                        King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia
                        King Svatopluk II of Great Moravia
                        Syphax, king of the Libyan tribe of Masaesyli
                        Erzsébet Szilágyi, Hungarian noblewoman, wife of János Hunyadi

                        [edit] T

                        Horace Tabor, American businessman, politician
                        Alexandre-Antonin Taché, Canadian Catholic prelate
                        Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer
                        Eugene Talmadge, Governor of Georgia
                        Tamerlane: see under Timur
                        Tancred, Prince of Galilee, Norman Crusade leader
                        Tannhäuser, Medieval German poet
                        Lucius Tarquinius, one of 3 kings of Rome
                        Sextus Tarquinius, son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome
                        Torquato Tasso, Italian poet
                        John Taverner, 16th century English composer
                        Dame Elizabeth Taylor, British-US actress
                        William Tell, Swiss national hero (disputed historical authenticity)
                        Edward Teller, Hungarian-American physicist
                        Beatrice di Tenda, Italian noblewoman
                        Saint Teresa of Ávila, Spanish mystic and theologian
                        Nikola Tesla, Croatian scientist
                        Themistocles, Athenian general and politician
                        James Thomson, Scottish poet
                        Virgil Thomson, American composer and critic
                        François Auguste de Thou, French magistrate
                        Thusnelda, wife of Arminius
                        Tigranes the Great, Emperor of Armenia
                        Timur, aka Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid dynasty
                        King Tiridates I of Armenia
                        Emperor Titus of Rome
                        Tiye, mother of Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt
                        Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist
                        Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae
                        Titus Manlius Torquatus, Roman dictator
                        François Leclerc du Tremblay, "Père Joseph", the original eminence grise
                        Olegas Truchanas, Lithuanian-Australian wilderness photographer
                        Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet
                        Wat Tyler, English leader of peasant revolution

                        [edit] U

                        Pope Urban VIII

                        [edit] V

                        Valdemar IV of Denmark, King of Denmark from 1340 to 1375
                        Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor
                        Theo van Gogh, Dutch art dealer, brother of Vincent van Gogh
                        Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter
                        Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general
                        Tsar Vasily IV (Shuisky) of Russia
                        Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer
                        Johannes Vermeer, Dutch painter
                        Lucius Verus, see Vologases IV of Parthia
                        Micaela Villegas, "La Perricholi", Peruvian actress and singer
                        François Villon, French poet and vagabond
                        Francesc de Vinatea, Valencian nobleman, opposed to Alfonso IV of Aragon
                        Gaius Iulius Vindex, Roman general
                        Filippo Maria Visconti, ruler of Milan, husband of Beatrice di Tenda
                        Vladimir I, Grand Prince of Kiev
                        Vladimir III Igorevich, Prince of Putivl and Halych
                        Vladimir Yaroslavich, Prince Galitsky, son of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Prince of Halych
                        Vologases IV of Parthia, king
                        Voltaire, French writer

                        [edit] W

                        Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
                        Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian military commander
                        Walther von der Vogelweide, Medieval German poet
                        Princess Wanda, legendary Polish queen
                        Andy Warhol, American artist
                        Daniel Webster, American statesman
                        Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
                        William the Conqueror (King William I of England)
                        William the Silent (William I, Prince of Orange)
                        Robert R. Wilson, American physicist
                        Władysław I the Elbow-high (aka Ladislaus I), King of Poland 1320-33
                        Wolfram von Eschenbach, Medieval German poet
                        Thomas Wolsey, English cardinal
                        Catherine "Kitty" (Tobin) Wright (1871–1959), American socialite, social worker, first wife of Frank Lloyd Wright
                        Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect
                        Samuel Joseph Wurzelbacher, aka "Joe the Plumber", American plumber, television celebrity

                        [edit] X

                        Malcolm X, African-American human rights activist
                        King Xerxes I "The Great" of Persia
                        Xiphares, son of Mithridates VI of Pontus

                        [edit] Y

                        Yaghi-Siyan, Governor of Antioch
                        Ōtomo no Yakamochi, Japanese poet, diplomat
                        Yaroslav I the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev
                        Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, Russian general
                        Yuri II, Grand Prince of Vladimir

                        [edit] Z

                        Emiliano Zapata, Mexican leader
                        Zeno, Byzantine emperor
                        Zenobia, Queen of the Palmyrene Empire
                        Zhou Enlai, Chinese political leader
                        Zoroaster
                        Venerable Zosimas of Palestine
                        Nikola Šubić Zrinski: see under Šubić Zrinski

                        [edit] Further reading


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