A HISTORY OF ENGLAND

Speranza

The genetic history of the British Isles is the subject of research within the larger field of human population genetics.

It has developed in parallel with DNA testing technologies capable of identifying genetic similarities and differences between populations.

The conclusions of population genetics regarding England and the British Isles, in turn draw upon and contribute to the larger field of understanding the history of humanity in the British Isles generally, complementing work in linguistics, archeology, history and genealogy.

Research concerning the most important routes of migration into the British Isles is the subject of debate.

Apart from the most obvious route across the narrowest point of the English Channel into Kent, other routes may have been important over the millennia, including a land bridge in the Mesolithic period, and also maritime connections along the Atlantic coast.

In addition, the periods of the most important migrations are also contested.

While the Neolithic introduction of farming technologies from Europe is frequently proposed as a period of major population change in the British Isles, such technology could either have been learned by locals from a small number of immigrants, or may have been put into effect by colonists who significantly changed the population.
Other potentially important historical periods of migration which have been subject to consideration in this field include:

-- the introduction of Celtic languages and technologies (during the Bronze and Iron Ages)
-- the Roman era
-- the period of Anglo-Saxon influx
-- the Viking era
-- the Norman invasion of 1066 and
-- the era of European wars of religion.

There are also similarly many potential eras of movement between different parts of the British Isles.


An international watershed in the publication and discussion of genetic evidence for ancient movements of people was that of

LUIGI LUCA CAVALLI-SFORZA

who used polymorphisms from proteins found within human blood (such as the ABO blood groups, Rhesus blood antigens, HLA loci, immunoglobulins, G-6-P-D isoenzymes, amongst others).

One of the lasting proposals of this study with regards to Europe is that within most of the European continent, the majority of genetic diversity may best be explained by immigration coming from the southeast towards the northwest or in other words from the Middle East towards Britain and Ireland.

Cavalli-Sforza  proposed at the time that the invention of agriculture might be the best explanation for this.

Later published studies used mitochondrial DNA to study the female line of descent.

It became possible to use Y chromosome DNA to study MALE descent.

As opposed to large scale sampling within the GENOME, Y DNA and mitochondrial DNA represent specific types of genetic descent and can therefore reflect only particular aspects of past human movement.

For England and Britain, major research projects aimed at collecting more data include The Oxford Genetic Atlas Project, also known as the OGAP, which was associated with Bryan SYKES of Oxford and more recently the People of the British Isles, also associated with Oxford.


Bryan Sykes produces an analysis of 6000 samples from the OGAP project in his book Blood of the Isles.

Later, Stephen Oppenheimer in his "The Origins of the British" used the data from Weale et al. (2002), Capelli et al. (2003) and Rosser et al. (2000) for Europe.

In opposition to Neolithic origin theories, which remain strong, Sykes and Oppenheimer argue for significant immigration from the Iberian peninsula into Britain and Ireland.

Much of this argument depended on Y DNA evidence.

However by 2010 several major Y DNA studies presented more complete data, showing that the oldest-surviving MALE lineages had mostly migrated to Britain from the Balkans, and ultimately from the Middle East, not from Iberia.

This, of course, confirms Oppenheimer's hypothesis, rather than contradicting it, because he explicitly states that the genetic evidence indicates that the British original populations came from Anatolia (middle east) along the north shore of the Mediterranean Sea (including the Balkans) and through Iberia to the British isles.

In a new twist, from a highly enlarged whole-genome mitochondrial database published in 2012, the authors concluded that the most archaic mtDNA lineages came from a Middle Eastern migration into Europe during the Late Glacial period, ~19–12 thousand years ago and not as late as the Neolithic as was previously proposed.

They argued that this population came from a previously contracted European population refugium on the Anatolian Plateau which spread to three further refugia:

-- Franco-Cantabria
-- ITALIA
-- the East European Plain.

From these three areas the lineages would then have repopulated Europe.

Another subject in the literature which has been widely discussed is whether genetics can show signs of Germanic or Teutonic or Gothic or Anglo-Saxon invasions particularly in England.

In a widely cited but not unanimously accepted article, Weale et al. (2002) went as far as arguing that the Y DNA data show signs of a racial "apartheid" in Anglo-Saxon England.

Oppenheimer, however, disputed this conclusion, emphasising the native element in British paternal inhertance.

That there are clear signs of Germanic influx in parts of Britain is accepted and has been shown in other studies such as Capelli et al. (2003).

However, the Capelli study makes two important observations:

-- that there was a continuing indigenous element to English paternal genetic make up

-- that North German/Frisian and Danish genetic frequences were indistinguishable, thus precluding any ability to distinguish between the genetic influence of the Anglo-Saxon source populations and the later, and better documented, influx of Danish Vikings.

A study into the Norwegian Viking ancestry of British people found that there is evidence of particular concentrations in several areas; in Shetland and Orkney, Western Scotland and the Western Isles including Skye in Scotland, Anglesey in Wales, the Isle of Man, and the Wirral, Mid-Cheshire, West Lancashire and Cumbria in England.


In Ireland, population genetic studies have been undertaken by a team under Dan Bradley, including surname studies.

Databases on Britain and Ireland, as well as on various surnames are being built up from personal DNA tests, for example at FamilyTreeDNA.

A widely reported article in this area was Moore et al. (2006), which provided Y DNA evidence that in some cases Irish surname groups were highly dominated by single MALE lines, presumed to be those of dynastic founders such as Niall of the Nine Hostages.

Recently use has been made of technologies which can test hundreds of thousands of possible mutation points (SNPs) in the rest of the human genome (the autosomal DNA).

The results of these large studies have shown that the main patterns of relatedness between European populations are simply geographical, meaning that the British and Irish are simply most genetically related to the people in neighbouring countries.

This has not yet led to any new theories concerning migrations.

It has been proposed that Y chromosome diversity tends to change more quickly than the overall population, because at least sometimes, some MALE lines move more quickly than the general population, meaning that the most common Y chromosomes in areas will reflect relatively recent "waves" of human movement.


Sykes breaks mitochondrial results into twelve haplogroups for various regions of the Isles.

He has given maps and proposals concerning ancient migrations for Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England.

Sykes and Oppenheimer have each given nicknames to various haplogroups to allow easier recognition, including the principal ones in the Isles.

Below the normal scientific names are given, followed by the popularized "clan names" of Sykes, and in some cases also of Oppenheimer:


mtDNA
Haplogroup H (mtDNA) Helena (Sykes), Helina (Oppenheimer)
Haplogroup I (mtDNA) Isha
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) Jasmine
Haplogroup T (mtDNA) Tara
Haplogroup V (mtDNA) Velda (Sykes), Vera (Oppenheimer)
Haplogroup W (mtDNA) Wanda
Haplogroup X (mtDNA) Xenia
Haplogroup U (mtDNA) Europa (Oppenheimer)
...and within U...
Haplogroup U2 (mtDNA) Uta
Haplogroup U3 (mtDNA) Uma
Haplogroup U4 (mtDNA) Ulrika
Haplogroup U5 (mtDNA) Ursula

Sykes found that the maternal clan (haplogroup) pattern was similar throughout England but with a definite trend from east and north to the south and west.

The minor clans are mainly found in the east of England.

Sykes found Haplogroup H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales.

A few differences were found between north, mid and south Wales.

There was a closer link between north and mid Wales than either had with the south.

Sykes found that 10% of the Irish population were in Haplogroup U5 he called "Ursula".

Sykes calculates a date of 7300 BC for the entry of this lineage into Ireland.

Similar dates were proposed for the other mitochondrial haplogroups, implying that mitochondrial lines in Ireland are far OLDER there than the arrival of Iron Age Celts.

Little difference was found between the maternal clans in the four provinces.


In 2007, Bryan Sykes produced an analysis of 6000 samples from the OGAP project in his book Blood of the Isles, designating five main Y-DNA haplogroups for various regions of the Isles.

As with mitochondrial haplogroups not only Sykes but also Stephen Oppenheimer chose to popularize the concept by giving them "clan names".

The following gives their normal scientific names.

Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA). Oisin (Sykes), Ruisko (Oppenheimer).

Oppenheimer attempted to divide this in 16 clusters.[17]
Haplogroup I (Y-DNA). Wodan (Sykes), Ivan (Oppenheimer). Oppenheimer was able to divide this into 3 clear clusters. The two most important were

I1 (Ian)
I2 (Ingert), now known as I2b[18]
Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA). Sigurd (Sykes), Rostov (Oppenheimer)
Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA). Eshu (Sykes)
Haplogroup J (Y-DNA). Re (Sykes)

The larger Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) is dominant in Western Europe, not only Britain and Ireland.

While it was once seen as a lineage connecting the British Isles to Iberia (where it is also common) opinions concerning its origins have changed, with estimates of age tending to go down from Palaeolithic to Neolithic or even younger and analysis of the branching within this line now being seen to support the view that at least concerning the majority of R1b in Europe, it has its roots in the Middle East and has spread northwestward from there.

The R1b types found in Britain and Ireland are dominated by R-P312, which on the continent is found mainly west of the Rhine but at least in England there is also a significant presence of R-U106, which is found east of the Rhine and also in North Sea areas such as Denmark and the Netherlands.


There are various smaller and geographically well defined Y-DNA Haplogroups under R1b in Western Europe.

Haplogroup I is a grouping of several quite distantly related lineages.

These may be the only pre-Neolithic Y lineages left in Europe.[19] Looking at the three main clusters, according to Rootsi et al.,[19] with up-dated nomenclature according ISOGG:[18]-
I1a in Rootsi et al., now known as I1, is mainly associated with Scandinavia in modern populations and is common in several parts of England.

I1b in Rootsi et al., now known as I2a is associated with the Balkans and are not common in Britain and Ireland.
I1c in Rootsi et al., now known as I2b is less clearly associated with any particular part of Europe.
Haplogroup R1a, a distant cousin of R1b, is most common from Eastern Europe to India. In Britain it is associated with probable Scandinavian immigration during periods of Viking settlement.[20]
Haplogroups E1b1b and J in Europe are regarded as markers of movements from southeastern Europe to northwestern and therefore as a potential markers of introduced technology such as farming.[21]

**********************************

Geneticists have found that seven men with a rare Yorkshire surname (suppressed due to privacy concerns) carry a genetic signature previously found only in people of African origin.

All the men had haplogroup A1, a Y chromosome genetic marker which is west African specific.

Haplogroup A1 is rare and has only ever been found 25 times, again only in people of African origin.

Haplogroup A1 is a subclade of Haplogroup A which geneticists believe originated in Eastern or Southern Africa.

The individuals had no knowledge of any African heritage in their family.

The researchers wondered if the presence of this haplogroup in Yorkshire could stem from the recruitment of Africans for the construction of Hadrian's Wall by the Romans or result from intermarriage with an African slave, some of whom rose quite high in society.

According to Sykes, some English people's genetics suggest that they are

"descended from north African, Middle Eastern and Roman clans", and that

"although the Romans ruled from AD 43 until 410, they left a tiny genetic footprint."


In the North Wales town of Abergele there is a very high percentage of haplogroup E1b1b1 (33%), which is thought to have dispersed around Europe mainly from the Balkans.

Geneticists have shown that former American president Thomas Jefferson, who might have been of Welsh descent, along with two other British men out of 85 British men with the surname Jefferson, carry the rare Y chromosome marker T which is typically found in East Africa and the Middle East.

Haplogroup T is rare in Europe but phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian T haplotype.

The presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type

See also[edit]
Prehistoric Britain
Prehistoric settlement of the British Isles
Historical immigration to Great Britain
Celtic settlement in Britain
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Nordic migration to Britain
British Isles DNA Project
List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures
Other locations:
Archaeogenetics of the Near East
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genetic history of Europe
Genetic history of Italy
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
Molecular Anthropology portal
Evolutionary biology portal


References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Cavalli-Sforza (1997)
Jump up ^ The People of The British Isles website
^ Jump up to: a b Sykes (2001)
^ Jump up to: a b Balaresque et al. (2010)
^ Jump up to: a b Myres et al. (2011)
^ Jump up to: a b Cruciani et al. (2011)
Jump up ^ Pala et al. 2012 Mitochondrial DNA signals of late glacial recolonization of Europe from near eastern refugia. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22560092/reload=0;jsessionid=Ex1l76DwTiCwb3huDcM9.6
Jump up ^ Oppenheimer (2006), pp. 413–416.
Jump up ^ Capelli et al. (2003), p.983
Jump up ^ Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England
Jump up ^ Goodacre, S; Helgason, A; Nicholson, J; Southam, L; Ferguson, L; Hickey, E; Vega, E; Stefánsson, K; Ward, R; Sykes, B (2005). "Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods". Heredity 95 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800661. PMID 15815712.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
Jump up ^ "Gene geography: Do you have Viking ancestry in your DNA?". Wellcome Trust. 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Branagan, Mark (30 January 2009). "'Time team' to seek out genetic secrets of Yorkshire's Viking past". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
Jump up ^ O'Dushlaine et al. (2010a); O'Dushlaine et al. (2010b)
Jump up ^ Chiaroni et al. (2009)
Jump up ^ ISOGG website
Jump up ^ See Campbell (2007) for an attempt to "deconstruct" these.
^ Jump up to: a b "ISOGG 2011 Y-DNA Haplogroup I". Isogg.org. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Rootsi et al. (2004)
Jump up ^ Bowden et al. (2008)
^ Jump up to: a b Cruciani et al. (2007)
^ Jump up to: a b King et al. (2007a)
Jump up ^ "Ancient Britons come mainly from Spain". Evening Standard. September 20, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ King et al. (2007b)
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Sykes, Bryan (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02018-2.
Michael E. Weale, Deborah A. Weiss, Rolf F. Jager, Neil Bradman & Mark G. Thomas (2002). "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (7): 1008–1021. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160. PMID 12082121.
Further reading[edit]
Bramanti et al.; Thomas, MG; Haak, W; Unterlaender, M; Jores, P; Tambets, K; Antanaitis-Jacobs, I; Haidle, MN et al. (2009). "Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe's first farmers". Science 326 (5949): 137–40. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..137B. doi:10.1126/science.1176869. PMID 19729620{{inconsistent citations}}
A study headed by Dr Bradley was published in the American Journal of Human Genetics. Geneticists find Celtic links to Spain and Portugal
Collard et al; Edinburgh, Kevan; Shennan, Stephen; Thomas, Mark G. (2010). "Radiocarbon evidence indicates that migrants introduced farming to Britain". Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (4): 866–870. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.11.016{{inconsistent citations}}
Gibbons, Anne (2000). "Evolutionary Genetics: Europeans Trace Ancestry to Paleolithic People". Science 290 (5494): 1080–1081. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1080. PMID 11185000{{inconsistent citations}}
Hill, C. Origins of the English
Hill et al. (2000). "Y-chromosome variation and Irish origins". Nature 404{{inconsistent citations}}
Jobling. "In the name of the father: surnames and genetics"{{inconsistent citations}}
Jobling; Tyler-Smith. "THE HUMAN Y CHROMOSOME AN EVOLUTIONARY MARKER COMES OF AGE"{{inconsistent citations}}
King; Jobling (February 2009). "Founders, Drift, and Infidelity: The Relationship between Y Chromosome Diversity and Patrilineal Surnames". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (5): 1093–1102. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp022. PMC 2668828. PMID 19204044{{inconsistent citations}}
King; Jobling (August 2009). "What's in a name? Y chromosomes, surnames and the genetic genealogy revolution". Trends in Genetics 25 (8): 351–360. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003. PMID 19665817{{inconsistent citations}} . Also here [1]
Malmström et al 2009
McEvoy; Bradley (2006). "Y-chromosomes and the extent of patrilineal ancestry in Irish surnames". Hum Genet 119 (1–2): 212–9. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0131-8. PMID 16408222{{inconsistent citations}}
McEvoy et al.; Brady, C; Moore, LT; Bradley, DG (2006). "The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y-chromosome admixture analysis". Eur J Hum Genet 14 (12): 1228–94. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201709. PMID 16957681{{inconsistent citations}}
McEvoy et al.; Richards, M; Forster, P; Bradley, DG (2004). "The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe". American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (4): 693–702. doi:10.1086/424697. PMC 1182057. PMID 15309688{{inconsistent citations}}
Miles, David. The Tribes of Britain,
Mithen, Steven 2003. After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,000-5000 BC. Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd.), London. ISBN 978-0-7538-1392-8
Stringer, Chris. 2006. Homo Britanicus. Penguin Books Ltd., London. ISBN 978-0-7139-9795-8.
Sykes, Bryan (2006). The Blood of the Isles. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05652-3{{inconsistent citations}}
Thomas et al.; Stumpf, M. P.H; Harke, H. (2006). "Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England". Proceedings of the Royal Society 273 (1601): 2651–2657. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3627. PMC 1635457. PMID 17002951{{inconsistent citations}}
Wilson et al.; Weiss, DA; Richards, M; Thomas, MG; Bradman, N; Goldstein, DB (2000). "Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles". PNAS 98 (9): 5078–5083. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5078W. doi:10.1073/pnas.071036898. PMC 33166. PMID 11287634{{inconsistent citations}}
Wright (2009). "A Set of Distinctive Marker Values Defines a Y-STR Signature for Gaelic Dalcassian Families". JOGG{{inconsistent citations}}
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British Isles

Terminology
Alba
Albion
Britain
Éire
Hibernia
Naming dispute


PoliticsSovereign statesIreland
United Kingdom (England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales)


Crown dependenciesGuernsey
Jersey
Isle of Man


Political cooperationPolitics in the British Isles
British–Irish Council
British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference
British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly
Common Travel Area



GeographyIsland groupsChannel Islands
Islands of the Clyde
Great Britain
Hebrides
Inner
Outer
Ireland
Isle of Man
Northern Isles
Orkney
Shetland
Isles of Scilly


Lists of islands ofBailiwick of Guernsey
Ireland
Bailiwick of Jersey
Isle of Man
United Kingdom
England
Scotland
Wales



HistoryIsland groupsBritish Isles
Ireland


Current statesIreland
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Guernsey
Jersey
Isle of Man


Former statesIrish Free State
Kingdom of England
Principality of Wales
Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Ireland
Kingdom of Scotland



SocietyModern languagesGermanic
English
Scots
Celtic
Cornish
Scottish Gaelic
Irish
Manx
Welsh
Romance
Auregnais
French
Guernésiais
Jèrriais
Sercquiais
Other
BSL
ISL
NISL
Shelta

PeopleBritish
Cornish
English
English Gypsies
Irish
Irish Travellers
Kale
Manx
Northern Irish
Scottish
Ulster-Scots
Welsh




Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles&oldid=605247667"
Categories:
Population genetics
Modern human genetic history
History of the British Isles