PHILOSOPHERS NAMED IN THE TEXT[All dates are
BCE unless indicated by CE]AENESIDEMUS 1st. cent., former Academic and founder
of Pyrrhonist revival at Rome.ANAXAGORAS early 5th. cent., pre-Socratic
enquirer into the ori-gin and nature of the cosmos.ANDRONICUS mid-first cent.,
Peripatetic; editor of Aristotle
’
sworks.ANTIOCHUS OF ASKALON early 1st. cent., Academic whoreverted to Plato
’
s dogmatism.
274THE ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
ANTIPATER OF TYRE 1st. cent., Stoic; teacher of Cato Uticensis.APOLLONIDES mid-1st. cent., Stoic; adviser of Cato Uticensis.APOLLONIUS OF TYANA 1st. cent. CE, Neopythagorean; a wan-dering guru and subject of a biography by Philostratus.APULEIUS OF MADAURUS ca.125
–
180 CE, orator and Platonicphilosopher, author of
Metamorphoses
.ARCESILAUS mid-3rd.cent., Academic sceptic, head of the NewAcademy.ARISTIPPUS OF CYRENE late-5th. cent., member of Socrates
’
circle.ARISTON OF CEOS 3rd. cent., Peripatetic and head of the Lyceum.ARISTOTLE 384
–
322, founder of the Peripatetic school.ARISTUS early 1st. cent., head of the Academy and teacher of Brutus.ARIUS DIDYMUS 1st. cent., philosopher and doxographer, adviserto Augustus.ARTEMIDORUS 1st. cent. CE, perhaps a Stoic; friend of Pliny theYounger and son-in-law of Musonius.ATHENODORUS KORDYLION of Tarsus, mid-lst. cent., Stoicand adviser to Cato Uticensis, in whose house he lived.ATHENODORUS SANDON of Tarsus, mid-first cent., Stoic andfriend of Cicero.ATTALUS 1st. cent. CE, Stoic; teacher of Seneca.AUGUSTINE 354
–
430 CE, Bishop of Hippo; orator, Neoplatonistphilosopher and one of the Fathers of the Christian church.BION OF BORYSTHENES ca. 335
–
245, Cynic philosopher (forthe most part) and popular teacher.BOETHIUS ca. 480
–
524 CE, philosopher and politician, with Stoicand Neoplatonist views; author of the
Consolation of Philosophy.
CARNEADES mid-2nd. cent., head of the New Academy; scepticand star of the Athenian embassy to Rome in 155.CHAEREMON OF ALEXANDRIA mid-lst. cent., CE, Stoic; tutorto Nero.CHRYSIPPUS ca. 280
–
206, head of the Stoic school from 232 andone of its most influential early figures.CICERO, M. TULLIUS 106
–
43, orator, statesman and leadingtransmitter of Hellenistic philosophy to Rome and RenaissanceEurope. Follower of the New Academy and pupil of Philo of Larissa.CLEANTHES 331
–
232, Zeno
’
s successor as head of the Stoicschool from 262 and, with Zeno and Chrysippus, one of the mostimportant figures in early Stoicism.
REFERENCES275
CLITOMACHUS late-2nd. cent., Sceptic and pupil of Carneades;head of the New Academy from 127.CORNUTUS OF LEPCIS 1st. cent. CE, Stoic; teacher and friend of Persius and Lucan.CRANTOR ca. 335
–
275, Academic, the first commentator on Plato,and an influential writer on grief.CRATES OF THEBES ca.365
–
285, Cynic, follower of Diogenes of Sinope and teacher of Zeno of Citium.CRATIPPUS mid-lst. cent., Peripatetic; friend of Cicero and Nigid-ius and teacher at Athens of Cicero
’
s son.CRITOLAUS first half of 2nd. cent., head of the Peripatetic schooland member of the Athenian embassy to Rome in 155.DEMETRIUS THE CYNIC 1st. cent. CE, friend of Seneca.DEMETRIUS THE PERIPATETIC mid-1st.cent., adviser of CatoUticensis.DEMOCRITUS OF ABDERA second half of 5th. cent., pre-Socratic philosopher and founder of atomism.DICHAEARCHUS OF MESSANA late 4th. cent., Peripatetic, pupilof Aristotle and prolific author.DIODOTUS first of 1st.cent., Stoic, teacher and friend of Cicero, inwhose house he lived.DIOGENES LAERTIUS first half of 3rd. cent. CE, doxographerand author of
Lives of the Philosophers
.DIOGENES OF APOLLONIA second half of 5th. cent., pre-Socratic philosopher and enquirer into the natural world; a source forSeneca
’
s
Naturates Quaestiones
.DIOGENES OF BABYLON mid-2nd. cent., head of the Stoicschool and member of the Athenian embassy to Rome in 155; teacherof Panaetius.DIOGENES OF OENOANDA late 2nd. cent. CE, Epicurean andpart-author of the inscription on the stoa which he caused to be set upin Oenoanda.DIOGENES OF SINOPE mid-4th.cent., founder of Cynicism.EPICTETUS OF HIERAPOLIS (in Phrygia) ca. 50
–
120 CE, Stoic,pupil of Musonius, an ex-slave and head of his own school at Nicopolis.EPICURUS 341
–
271, founder of Epicureanism and principal sourcefor Lucretius
’
poem.EUPHRATES late-lst. cent. CE, Stoic; student of Musonius andfriend of Pliny the Younger.FAVORINUS OF ARELATE (Aries), ca. 85
–
155 CE, philosopherof the Second Sophistic, friend of Plutarch and teacher of Fronto.
276THE ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
GALEN OF PERGAMUM late-second cent. CE, physician to Mar-cus Aurelius, medical writer and Platonist philosopher.HECATO OF RHODES early 1st. cent., Stoic, pupil of Panaetiusand member of circle of Posidonius.HERMARCHUS OF MYTILENE first half of 3rd. cent., pupil of Epicurus and his successor as head of the Epicurean school from 271;with Epicurus, Metrodorus and Polyaenus, one of
“
The Four Men
”
,founders of the Epicurean school.HIEROCLES early 2nd. cent. CE, Stoic philosopher and writer onethics.LAELIUS, GAIUS ca. 190
–
125, consul in 140; friend of ScipioAemilianus and Panaetius and called by Cicero the first Romanphilosopher.LEUCIPPUS second half of 5th. cent., co-founder with Democritusof atomism.LUCRETIUS first half of 1st. cent., Epicurean poet, author of
De Rerum Natura
.MANILIUS, MARCUS late-lst. cent. BCE and early-lst. cent CE,Stoic author of poem on astrology,
Astronomica
.MARCUS AURELIUS (M. Annius Verus), 121
–
180 CE, Romanemperor (161
–
180) and Stoic, author of
To Himself
, a private diaryknown also as
Meditations
.MENIPPUS OF GADARA first half of 3rd. cent., Cynic and satiri-cal author in prose and verse on philosophical subjects.METRODORUS OF LAMPSACUS ca. 331
–
278, friend of Epicu-rus and one
“
The Four Men
”
, founders of Epicureanism.MODERATUS OF GADES second half of 1st. cent. CE, Neopy-thagorean philosopher and numerologist.MUSONIUS RUFUS second half of 1st. cent. CE, Roman of Etr-uscan descent, Stoic; teacher of Epictetus.NIGIDIUS FIGULUS 1st. cent., Neopythagorean scholar and experton astrology.PANAETIUS OF RHODES ca. 185
–
109, Stoic, head of the Stoicschool from 129; influential at Rome, friend of Scipio Aemilianus andmajor source for Cicero
’
s
De Officiis
.PARMENIDES OF ELBA first half of 5th. cent., pre-Socraticphilosopher and poet, pioneer enquirer into the nature of
“
what is
”
.PATRON first half of 1st. cent., friend of Cicero and successor of Phaedrus as head of the Epicurean school.PHAEDRUS ca. 140
–
70, Epicurean philosopher admired by Cicero;head of the Epicurean school in the last years of his life.PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA first half of 1st. cent. CE, Jewish
REFERENCES277
philosopher, sympathetic to Stoic ethics and influential in the laterdevelopment of Neoplatonism.PHILO OF LARISSA ca.159
–
84, head of the New Academy, 110
–
88; the most influential of Cicero
’
s teachers.PHILODEMUS OF GADARA ca. 110
–
40, Epicurean philosopher;proteg
é
of Piso Caesoninus and an influence on Virgil and Horace;many of his fragmentary writings are preserved in the Herculaneumpapyri.PLATO ca. 429
–
347, founder of the Academy and disciple andinterpreter of Socrates.PLOTINUS 205
–
270 CE, Neoplatonist philosopher, perhaps anEgyptian but resident in Rome and Campania. The most important of 3rd. century CE philosophers and architect of the revival of Neoplatonism.PLUTARCH OF CHAERONEA (L.Mestrius Plutarchus) ca. 50
–
120 CE, Platonist philosopher, biographer and polymath.POLEMO died 270, Platonist and head of the Academy from 314.POLYAENUS OF LAMPSACUS died before 271, friend of Epicu-rus and one of
“
The Four Men
”
, founders of Epicureanism.POSIDONIUS OF APAMEA ca. 135
–
50, Stoic philosopher andhistorian, student of Panaetius and head of his own school in Rhodes,where Cicero heard him. The dominant figure in middle Stoicism,whose works encompassed the whole range of intellectual enquiry.PYRRHO OF ELIS ca. 365
–
270, the founder of Scepticism, whosedoctrines were revived at Rome by Aenesidemus.PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS 6th. cent., founder of Pythagoreanismand head of a community at Croton in S.Italy; he emphasized theimportance of number and proportion, and his doctrines included vege-tarianism and the transmigration of souls. He influenced Plato and hisphilosophy was revived at Rome by Nigidius Figulus and the Sextii.RUSTICUS, JUNIUS consul in 133 and 162 CE, Stoic; friend andteacher of Marcus Aurelius.SENECA, LUCIUS ANNAEUS, 4 BCE
–
65 CE, Stoic philosopherand politician; tutor, adviser and victim of Nero; prolific author of tragedies and philosophical treatises, including
Dialogi
and
Epistulae Morales
.SEVERUS, CLAUDIUS consul in 146 CE, Stoic friend and teacherof Marcus Aurelius, whose son married his daughter.SEXTIUS, QUINTUS mid-1st. cent., Neopythagorean, founder of the only genuinely Roman school of philosophy; admired by Senecafor his disciplined Roman ethos.SEXTUS EMPIRICUS late-2nd. cent. CE, Sceptic, author of philo-
278THE ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
sophical and medical works and critic of Stoicism; principal source forPyrrhonism.SIRO 1st. cent., Epicurean, teacher in Campania of Virgil.SOCRATES 469
–
399, iconic Athenian philosopher and one of themost influential figures in Greek philosophy; he wrote nothing but isthe central figure in Plato
’
s dialogues; admired by non-Academics,including the Stoic Marcus Aurelius nearly six hundred years after hisdeath.SOTION 1st. cent. CE, Neopythagorean, teacher of Seneca.SPEUSIPPUS ca. 407
–
339, Plato
’
s successor as head of theAcademy.TELES OF MEGARA second half of 3rd. cent., Cynic, author of diatribes on ethical subjects.THEOPHRASTUS 372
–
287, Peripatetic, successor to Aristotle ashead of the Lyceum from 322.VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS 116
–
27, Academic, Romanpolymath, author of works on language, agriculture, history and philos-ophy, as well as satires, and principal speaker in the later version of Cicero
’
s
Academica
.XENOCRATES OF CHALCEDON died 314, head of the Academyfrom 339.ZENO OF CITIUM 335
–
263, founder of Stoicism; originally a fol-lower of the Cynic Crates, he taught at Athens in the Stoa Poikile,which gave its name to his school.
ZENO
OF SIDON ca. 155’
sworks.ANTIOCHUS OF ASKALON early 1st. cent., Academic whoreverted to Plato
’
s dogmatism.
274THE ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
ANTIPATER OF TYRE 1st. cent., Stoic; teacher of Cato Uticensis.APOLLONIDES mid-1st. cent., Stoic; adviser of Cato Uticensis.APOLLONIUS OF TYANA 1st. cent. CE, Neopythagorean; a wan-dering guru and subject of a biography by Philostratus.APULEIUS OF MADAURUS ca.125
–
180 CE, orator and Platonicphilosopher, author of
Metamorphoses
.ARCESILAUS mid-3rd.cent., Academic sceptic, head of the NewAcademy.ARISTIPPUS OF CYRENE late-5th. cent., member of Socrates
’
circle.ARISTON OF CEOS 3rd. cent., Peripatetic and head of the Lyceum.ARISTOTLE 384
–
322, founder of the Peripatetic school.ARISTUS early 1st. cent., head of the Academy and teacher of Brutus.ARIUS DIDYMUS 1st. cent., philosopher and doxographer, adviserto Augustus.ARTEMIDORUS 1st. cent. CE, perhaps a Stoic; friend of Pliny theYounger and son-in-law of Musonius.ATHENODORUS KORDYLION of Tarsus, mid-lst. cent., Stoicand adviser to Cato Uticensis, in whose house he lived.ATHENODORUS SANDON of Tarsus, mid-first cent., Stoic andfriend of Cicero.ATTALUS 1st. cent. CE, Stoic; teacher of Seneca.AUGUSTINE 354
–
430 CE, Bishop of Hippo; orator, Neoplatonistphilosopher and one of the Fathers of the Christian church.BION OF BORYSTHENES ca. 335
–
245, Cynic philosopher (forthe most part) and popular teacher.BOETHIUS ca. 480
–
524 CE, philosopher and politician, with Stoicand Neoplatonist views; author of the
Consolation of Philosophy.
CARNEADES mid-2nd. cent., head of the New Academy; scepticand star of the Athenian embassy to Rome in 155.CHAEREMON OF ALEXANDRIA mid-lst. cent., CE, Stoic; tutorto Nero.CHRYSIPPUS ca. 280
–
206, head of the Stoic school from 232 andone of its most influential early figures.CICERO, M. TULLIUS 106
–
43, orator, statesman and leadingtransmitter of Hellenistic philosophy to Rome and RenaissanceEurope. Follower of the New Academy and pupil of Philo of Larissa.CLEANTHES 331
–
232, Zeno
’
s successor as head of the Stoicschool from 262 and, with Zeno and Chrysippus, one of the mostimportant figures in early Stoicism.
REFERENCES275
CLITOMACHUS late-2nd. cent., Sceptic and pupil of Carneades;head of the New Academy from 127.CORNUTUS OF LEPCIS 1st. cent. CE, Stoic; teacher and friend of Persius and Lucan.CRANTOR ca. 335
–
275, Academic, the first commentator on Plato,and an influential writer on grief.CRATES OF THEBES ca.365
–
285, Cynic, follower of Diogenes of Sinope and teacher of Zeno of Citium.CRATIPPUS mid-lst. cent., Peripatetic; friend of Cicero and Nigid-ius and teacher at Athens of Cicero
’
s son.CRITOLAUS first half of 2nd. cent., head of the Peripatetic schooland member of the Athenian embassy to Rome in 155.DEMETRIUS THE CYNIC 1st. cent. CE, friend of Seneca.DEMETRIUS THE PERIPATETIC mid-1st.cent., adviser of CatoUticensis.DEMOCRITUS OF ABDERA second half of 5th. cent., pre-Socratic philosopher and founder of atomism.DICHAEARCHUS OF MESSANA late 4th. cent., Peripatetic, pupilof Aristotle and prolific author.DIODOTUS first of 1st.cent., Stoic, teacher and friend of Cicero, inwhose house he lived.DIOGENES LAERTIUS first half of 3rd. cent. CE, doxographerand author of
Lives of the Philosophers
.DIOGENES OF APOLLONIA second half of 5th. cent., pre-Socratic philosopher and enquirer into the natural world; a source forSeneca
’
s
Naturates Quaestiones
.DIOGENES OF BABYLON mid-2nd. cent., head of the Stoicschool and member of the Athenian embassy to Rome in 155; teacherof Panaetius.DIOGENES OF OENOANDA late 2nd. cent. CE, Epicurean andpart-author of the inscription on the stoa which he caused to be set upin Oenoanda.DIOGENES OF SINOPE mid-4th.cent., founder of Cynicism.EPICTETUS OF HIERAPOLIS (in Phrygia) ca. 50
–
120 CE, Stoic,pupil of Musonius, an ex-slave and head of his own school at Nicopolis.EPICURUS 341
–
271, founder of Epicureanism and principal sourcefor Lucretius
’
poem.EUPHRATES late-lst. cent. CE, Stoic; student of Musonius andfriend of Pliny the Younger.FAVORINUS OF ARELATE (Aries), ca. 85
–
155 CE, philosopherof the Second Sophistic, friend of Plutarch and teacher of Fronto.
276THE ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
GALEN OF PERGAMUM late-second cent. CE, physician to Mar-cus Aurelius, medical writer and Platonist philosopher.HECATO OF RHODES early 1st. cent., Stoic, pupil of Panaetiusand member of circle of Posidonius.HERMARCHUS OF MYTILENE first half of 3rd. cent., pupil of Epicurus and his successor as head of the Epicurean school from 271;with Epicurus, Metrodorus and Polyaenus, one of
“
The Four Men
”
,founders of the Epicurean school.HIEROCLES early 2nd. cent. CE, Stoic philosopher and writer onethics.LAELIUS, GAIUS ca. 190
–
125, consul in 140; friend of ScipioAemilianus and Panaetius and called by Cicero the first Romanphilosopher.LEUCIPPUS second half of 5th. cent., co-founder with Democritusof atomism.LUCRETIUS first half of 1st. cent., Epicurean poet, author of
De Rerum Natura
.MANILIUS, MARCUS late-lst. cent. BCE and early-lst. cent CE,Stoic author of poem on astrology,
Astronomica
.MARCUS AURELIUS (M. Annius Verus), 121
–
180 CE, Romanemperor (161
–
180) and Stoic, author of
To Himself
, a private diaryknown also as
Meditations
.MENIPPUS OF GADARA first half of 3rd. cent., Cynic and satiri-cal author in prose and verse on philosophical subjects.METRODORUS OF LAMPSACUS ca. 331
–
278, friend of Epicu-rus and one
“
The Four Men
”
, founders of Epicureanism.MODERATUS OF GADES second half of 1st. cent. CE, Neopy-thagorean philosopher and numerologist.MUSONIUS RUFUS second half of 1st. cent. CE, Roman of Etr-uscan descent, Stoic; teacher of Epictetus.NIGIDIUS FIGULUS 1st. cent., Neopythagorean scholar and experton astrology.PANAETIUS OF RHODES ca. 185
–
109, Stoic, head of the Stoicschool from 129; influential at Rome, friend of Scipio Aemilianus andmajor source for Cicero
’
s
De Officiis
.PARMENIDES OF ELBA first half of 5th. cent., pre-Socraticphilosopher and poet, pioneer enquirer into the nature of
“
what is
”
.PATRON first half of 1st. cent., friend of Cicero and successor of Phaedrus as head of the Epicurean school.PHAEDRUS ca. 140
–
70, Epicurean philosopher admired by Cicero;head of the Epicurean school in the last years of his life.PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA first half of 1st. cent. CE, Jewish
REFERENCES277
philosopher, sympathetic to Stoic ethics and influential in the laterdevelopment of Neoplatonism.PHILO OF LARISSA ca.159
–
84, head of the New Academy, 110
–
88; the most influential of Cicero
’
s teachers.PHILODEMUS OF GADARA ca. 110
–
40, Epicurean philosopher;proteg
é
of Piso Caesoninus and an influence on Virgil and Horace;many of his fragmentary writings are preserved in the Herculaneumpapyri.PLATO ca. 429
–
347, founder of the Academy and disciple andinterpreter of Socrates.PLOTINUS 205
–
270 CE, Neoplatonist philosopher, perhaps anEgyptian but resident in Rome and Campania. The most important of 3rd. century CE philosophers and architect of the revival of Neoplatonism.PLUTARCH OF CHAERONEA (L.Mestrius Plutarchus) ca. 50
–
120 CE, Platonist philosopher, biographer and polymath.POLEMO died 270, Platonist and head of the Academy from 314.POLYAENUS OF LAMPSACUS died before 271, friend of Epicu-rus and one of
“
The Four Men
”
, founders of Epicureanism.POSIDONIUS OF APAMEA ca. 135
–
50, Stoic philosopher andhistorian, student of Panaetius and head of his own school in Rhodes,where Cicero heard him. The dominant figure in middle Stoicism,whose works encompassed the whole range of intellectual enquiry.PYRRHO OF ELIS ca. 365
–
270, the founder of Scepticism, whosedoctrines were revived at Rome by Aenesidemus.PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS 6th. cent., founder of Pythagoreanismand head of a community at Croton in S.Italy; he emphasized theimportance of number and proportion, and his doctrines included vege-tarianism and the transmigration of souls. He influenced Plato and hisphilosophy was revived at Rome by Nigidius Figulus and the Sextii.RUSTICUS, JUNIUS consul in 133 and 162 CE, Stoic; friend andteacher of Marcus Aurelius.SENECA, LUCIUS ANNAEUS, 4 BCE
–
65 CE, Stoic philosopherand politician; tutor, adviser and victim of Nero; prolific author of tragedies and philosophical treatises, including
Dialogi
and
Epistulae Morales
.SEVERUS, CLAUDIUS consul in 146 CE, Stoic friend and teacherof Marcus Aurelius, whose son married his daughter.SEXTIUS, QUINTUS mid-1st. cent., Neopythagorean, founder of the only genuinely Roman school of philosophy; admired by Senecafor his disciplined Roman ethos.SEXTUS EMPIRICUS late-2nd. cent. CE, Sceptic, author of philo-
278THE ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
sophical and medical works and critic of Stoicism; principal source forPyrrhonism.SIRO 1st. cent., Epicurean, teacher in Campania of Virgil.SOCRATES 469
–
399, iconic Athenian philosopher and one of themost influential figures in Greek philosophy; he wrote nothing but isthe central figure in Plato
’
s dialogues; admired by non-Academics,including the Stoic Marcus Aurelius nearly six hundred years after hisdeath.SOTION 1st. cent. CE, Neopythagorean, teacher of Seneca.SPEUSIPPUS ca. 407
–
339, Plato
’
s successor as head of theAcademy.TELES OF MEGARA second half of 3rd. cent., Cynic, author of diatribes on ethical subjects.THEOPHRASTUS 372
–
287, Peripatetic, successor to Aristotle ashead of the Lyceum from 322.VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS 116
–
27, Academic, Romanpolymath, author of works on language, agriculture, history and philos-ophy, as well as satires, and principal speaker in the later version of Cicero
’
s
Academica
.XENOCRATES OF CHALCEDON died 314, head of the Academyfrom 339.ZENO OF CITIUM 335
–
263, founder of Stoicism; originally a fol-lower of the Cynic Crates, he taught at Athens in the Stoa Poikile,which gave its name to his school.
–
75, head of the Epicurean school atAthens, where he taught Philodemus and was heard by Cicero.
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