GRICE ED ALFANDARI

  ARTURO ALFANDARI  R A P I D M E T H O D  OF  N E O  INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGE  COMPLETE COURSE  GRAMMAR, EXERCISES, CONVERSATION-GUIDE  PROSE READINGS AND POEMS  ENGLISH-NEO  and  NEO-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY  EDITIONS BREPOLS S.A. | "FRIENDS of NEO", A.s.b.l.  265, Avenue de Tervueren 36, Avenue Emile Duray  BRUXELLES 15 BRUSSELS 5 (Belgium)  6160148  TO A  FLOYD HARDIN  Pioneer and Promoter  Pioner e Promover  of the Auxiliary Language.  d' Adlinguo.  1583571 O H 3 H A A  ГОС. БИБЛИОТЕКА насстраинай литературы  © KOPOREK ARTURO ALFANDARI, Bruxel.  P r i n t a t Belgye.  © Copyright by ARTURO ALFANDARI, Brussels.  Printed in Belgium.  CONTENTS  T o all the friends of the English Language  Request to all our friends  List of Abbreviations  Short Introduction to the English Edition  N E O G r a m m a r in two pages  Part I. - G R A M M A R :  The A l p h a b e t  P r o n u n c i a t i o n  Variability of words  Stress  T h e A r t i c l e  T h e A d j e c t i v e  T h e A d v e r b  T h e N o u n . .  Pronouns  The Verb  Monosyllabic Verbs  Neo N u m e r a t i o n  T i m e  A g e  Ta b l e of t h e P r i n c i p a l Prepositions  Correlative Adjectives, Pronouns and Adverbs  T h e N a m e  Comparaison Degrees  Sentence Building  AFFIXES  E l i s i o n . . .  Compound Wo r d s  Geographical Names  Useful Idioms  Some More Colloquialisms and Idiomatic Phrases  P r o v e r b s  Part II. - ENGLISH-NEO CONVERSATION GUIDE:  F i r s t Contacts  The Restaurant. — The Cafeteria.  T r a i n T r a v e l  Customs ..  By Car. - By Coach. —  A n A c c i d e n t .  A t the Hotel  A i r T r a v e l  Shopping  At t h e S t a t i o n e r ' s . — A t the Bookseller's. -  At the Gentlemen's Hair-dresser's  At the Ladies' Hair-dresser's  At the Doctor's  Theatre, Concerts, Movies  Railway, Coach and Ship Excursions  THE FIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTED LANGUAGES  T h e L O R D ' S P R A Y E R  4  P a g e  9  10  12  12  12  12  13  13  14  14  4  7  18  19  2 2  2 4  24  2 5  27  27  28  2 8  33  34  35  37  63  67  69  70  73  7 4  74  76  77  78  79  80  81  8 2  82  85  87  88  89  -  Part III. - READING SELECTIONS :  I. - P R O S E  Page  9 0  92  THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT  9 4  « New York Herald Tribune». - « Requiem • of Verdi at Paris St.  A. ALFANDARI. — Antonio Fradeletto  A. — O p t i m i s m o r P e s s i m i s m Edmund GossE. — Wa l t W h i t m a n  102  104  104  1 0 6  Lytton STRACHEY. - Princess Charlotte of England  « The Times ». — Rediscovered Treasures of Prague Castle « New York Herald Tribune». - Maugham taken to hospital  • The Times ». - Mr. Stewart arrives in America • The Observer ». — World's Farewell to Churchill • The Times», — Fruitful or sterile politics ?  « The Times ». — Continental Bourses • New York Herald Tribune». — West Europe's growth slackening 116  A. ALFANDARI. - « Lettre à mes amis »  108  1 0 6  110  112  112  114  114  . 116  II. - POETRY. (Neo version in front of every poem)  G. APOLLINAIRE. - Le Pont Mirabeau (French)  120  Charles BAUDELAIRE. — L'invitation au voyage (French)  120  Robert BurNS. - Elegy on Captain Matthew Henderson (English) 122  Josep CARNER. —- Canço de vell (Catalan)  — . . . 124  Jean CocTEAU. — Le Cœur éternel (French)  1 2 6  DANTE. - Francesca da Rimini (Italian) 126  DANTE. - Vita Nova (Italian) 128  T.S. ELIot. - The rock (English)  128  Paul ELUARD. - Mon amour (French) 128  C. FLAISCHLEN. - Lege das Ohr... (German) 130  Paul ForT. - La Ronde autour du Monde (French) 130  Guido GEZELLE. - Gij badt op enen Berg (Dutch)  130  GOETHE. — Wanderer's Nachtlied (German)  1 3 0  GoETHE. - Wer nie sein Brot.. (German)  132  GOETHE. - Mignon (German) .. 132  Thomas HARDY. - In Time of « The Breaking of Nations » (English)  132  HEINE. - Im wunderschönen Monat Mai (German)  134  HEINE. - Lorelei (German) 134  Hugo von HOFMANNSTHAL. - Ballade des äusseren Lebens (German) 134  HORATIUS. - Carpe Diem (Latin) 136  Victor HuGo. — Mes vers fuiraient... (French) 136  Victor HuGo. - La fête chez Thérèse (French)  136  Victor Hugo. - Extase (French)  138  John KEATS. — La belle dame sans merci (English)  138  LA FONTAINE. - La cigale et la fourmi (French)  1 4 0  Manuel MACHADO. - Cantares (Spanish)  1 4 0  Lorenzo DE' MEDICI. — Quant'è bella giovinezza! (Italian) 142  Alfred DE MUSSET. — La chanson de Fortunio (French)  142  Herbert READ. - Day's aMrmation (English)  142  Pierre RONSARD. - Pour Hélène (French) 144  SoLoMoN. — The Song of Songs (From a French version)  144  SHAKESPEARE. — To be or not to be (English)  146  SHAKESPEARE. - Sonnet 71 (English)  146  5  Paul VALÉrY. — Le Vin Perdu (French)  Paul VA L É r y. - Le s y l p h e (French)  Paul VERLAINE. - E n Prison (French)  Paul VERLAINE. — Il pleure dans mon cœur (French)  Paul VErLAInE, - Green (French)  Paul VERLAINE. — Colloque sentimental (French)  VIRGILIUS. — Gallus (Latin)  Assia WErFEL-LACHIN. - Merci (French)  Walt WHITMAN. — Salut au Monde! (English)  A. — The old man's song (original Neo)  A. ALFANDARI. — Why do you feel so happy? (original Neo)  D.S.B. — T h e Motto (English)  D.S.B. — T h e Ta s k (English)  N E O ' S O P T I O N A L G E N I T I V E  ENGLISH-NEO DICTIONARY  NEO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. - Part I  Part II  Page  148  148  148  150  150  1 5 0  152  152  154  156  158  160  160  1 6 2  163  313  3 9 3  T O ALL F R I E N D S O F T H E E N G L I S H L A N G U A G E  No auxiliary language aspires t o be more than a "second language"  -one t h a t is u s e d for c o m m u n i c a t i o n when the two m o t h e r languages  differ too greatly for mutual comprehension. In e a c h country the national  language s soyeei baving nothing to fear from the rise of a "second  Far from constituting any threat to English, the auxiliary language is  a positive safeguard, since it preserves the essential integrity by sheltering  it f r o m the flood of neologisms that derive from different languages, and  which would reduce English to an impoverished „business Pidgin" such as  that spoken in Melanesia.  R E Q U E S T T O ALL O U R F R I E N D S  The present work is priced $ 3,00 or sh. 22/- (postage free).  encourage the movement by joining the „Friends of Neo", non-profit  legally i n c o r p o r a t e d Society.  Membership fees are as follows:  Active hershipp $ 2.— sh. 15/- a year  $ 0 . 6 0 s h .  4 / - a year  Goodwill Membership (symbolic) $  0 . 5 0  s h . 3 / 6 a year  Life Active Membership (single payment) $ 12,- $ 4/6/-  Cheques and Money-Orders should be sent t o "Friends of Neo",  B r u s s e l s 5 , B e l g i u m : P o s t a l M o n e y - O r d e r s o r  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS  ado.  arienture  Auxiliary Language Americanism  architecture  astronomis  Basie, binical  n  biology botany chemistry cinema  dialect  future  G r e e k SC  language  literary masculine  mathematics  m e a s u r e  m e c h a n i c s  • m e d i c a l  m i l i t a r y  m o t o r i n g  m u s i c  mythology  n o u n  nautical  negative  number, numeral  p a r t i c i p l e  pejorative  person, -al  philology  philosophy p h r a s e  physics  plural  poetry, -tical  politics  popular possessive  past participle prefix  preposition  present  present participle  printing pronunciation  pronoun Russtense  reflexive  relative religion  Roman  science  singular slang. Spanish subject subjunctive s u f l i x  technic(al) theatre  transitive  United States  usually  vulgar zoology  8  S H O R T I N T R O D U C T I O N  TO THE ENGLISH EDITION  The English edition of the "Méthode Rapide de Neo" (Brussels, 1965)  needed much more preparation and time than we had expected; the work  of translating the dictionary from French-Neo to English-Neo proved  to be particularly arduous; no doubt there are many imperfections;  for there is seldom an exact match between a term in one language and  a term in another; we hope readers will bring to our attention the errors  they happen to notice. The coverage is considerably greater than for  the Méthode Rapide, and we estimate the present size at about 20,000  words for either part.  The delay in publication of the English edition has provided the  opportunity of amending a few NEO words and grammatical usages -  without impairing the essential structure of the language. Language bas  to adapt itself to the needs of the day and to take account of advances  in technology; otherwise it runs the risk of being discarded like the Latin  that was left behind by its all too prolific progeny. We would have liked  to express our t h a n k s to Mr. D o u g l a s S. Blacklock who g ave freely of his  time for the early publication of this Rapid Method; but he too is well  aware of the imperfections that must attend any such compilation - and  o f t h e g r e a t d e b t w h i c h a l l l i n g u i s t i c e n g i n e e r s o w e t o t h o s e w h o h a v e  toiled in the same field before their time. So perhaps it would be invidious  to single out Mr. Blacklock or any other individual; all we can say is  that without him the book could not have been published in the year  after International Cooperation Ycar.  We wish to express to Mr. N. II. Divall, 5, Cliveden Road, London  S. W. 19, our warmest thanks for his help in the correction of the prin-  ting proofs.  9  NEO GRAMMAR IN TWO PAGES  PRONUNCIATION. Neo, like Spanish, is pronounced exactly as it is  spelt. No letter is silent. Every letter has one sound, always the same.  VOWELS. There are 5 vowels: a, e, i, o, u ; they may vary in length and  are indifferently s h o r t or long. They are pronounced as follows : a like  palm, f a t h e r ; e like b e t , bay, late, leather; i like bit, beet, in, if, easy;  o like on, oft, go, low; u like foot, rule, moon.  CONSONANTS: e and ch are pronounced like church, China; g like go,  g e t , g u n ; i like j e t , J o h n ; r l i k e r e d , rag, r o u n d , r a t ; s like s i t , sue, s o n ,  s u m m e r : z like z 0 0 ; x like axe,. box, excited (never z like example).  All other letters same as in English.  Definite article lo: the.  Ending o may be dropped before words beginning with a vowel: l'arbo,  P ' a r b o s the tree, t h e trees ;  when preceding an invariable word, ending s may b e  a d d e d : los S m i t h , l o s N e l s o n t h e Smiths, the Nelsons; it may be added  also when suggested by a want of clearness or euphony.  I N D E F I N I T E ARTICLE u n : a, an.  The ADJECTIVE ends with the letter a : bona good; forta strong.  the ADVERB deriving from an adjective ends with the letter e : forte  The NOUN ends with o (plural os) : frato, fratos brother, brothers;  s o r o , s o r o s sister, s i s t e r s ; g a r d e n o , g a r d e n o s garden, g a r d e n s ; t a b l o ,  t a b l o s t a b l e , t a b l e s ; l i b r o , l i b r o s book, books.  E n d i n g o is f r e q u e n t l y d r o p p e d IN T H E S I N G U L A R , so long as  N U M B E R S :  m i l m i l y o n m i l l i o n  All other numbers by compounding these 13 elements :  isun isdu i s t r e i s g a r isgin issit issep isot isnon duis duisun  11 12 15 16 2 0 21  o t i s  80  o t i s u n nonis nonisnon ek un ek sepisot duck  t r e c k  g a r e k  300  81  101 2 0 0 400  qinek s i t m i l o t m i l g a r e k  s e p m i l n o n i s g i n 7095  500 6000 8400  OR PoNt; NOERS wima, a ast; dud second; trea third;  PRONOUNS  S U B J E C T (1) OBJECT (1) P O S S E S S I V E  m i I m e m e m a m y ; mine  t u t e t a  y o u r ; y o u r s  il you l e l a  h i s  e l s h e l e (-y) h e r l a her; hers  i t i t le, it it l a i t s  oneself; one s e oneself s a his; one's  n o S w e n e u s n a  our ; ours  v u l v e y o u v a  y o u r ; y o u r s  Zi t h e y 2.0 t h e m t h e i r ; t h e i r s  zel  they (fem.) ze (-y)  them (fem.)  10  (1) I M P O RTA N T : After a preposition the p r o n o u n t a k e s a l w a y s t h e  "subject" form: mi gar kon il I go with him; Venar v u k o n nos ?  are you coming with us ?  (2) Example for possessive adjective: m a dom, m a d o m o s m y house,  my houses; possessive pronouns end with s in the p l u r a l : lo m a ,  l o m a s m i n e .  The VERB. Conjugation of the verb i (lo have) (same form for all persons)  P r e s e n t a r mi, tu, il, nos, vu, zi a r I  have,  have, he has  you  Past tense, Imperfect.. ir mi, tu, il, nos, vu, zi ir I h a d , you h a d  h e h a d we h a d  F u t u r e o r mi, tu, il, nos, vu, zi or I shall h a v e ,  y o u will h a v e  Conditional (3) . . . u r mi, tu, il, nos, vu, zi u r should have,  y o u w o u l d h a v e  Imperative, Subjunctive iu Iu d u l d o ! have patience! (pron i-u)  Past participle had ( m i a r a t I h a v e had)  Present participle a n d e h a v i n g ( a d j e c t i v e : a n d a )  Compound participle .. i n d e having had (adjective i n d a )  (3) The "conditional" tense may be ignored by beginners and by persons  who don't use this tense in their mother tongue.  This verb i is the pattern and the ending of ALL OTHER VERBS :  t o s e e ; n o s v i d a r we s e e ; el v i d o r s h e will s e e ; v i d i n d e h a v i n g seen ;  p r o m e n i to walk; zi p r o m e n i r they walked; el a r p r o m e n a t she has  t h e r e ; toye everywhere;  k o m p r e n i to u n d e r s t a n d ; p l i t o p l e a s e ; p i t o be a b l e : p a r v u ? c an you ?  po for; somo something; epe a little; dezi to wish; lente slowly; vit  quickly; speri to hope; k r a s to-morrow: oje to-day; yer yesterday;  fas almost; mul much, many; muy very.  Parlar vu Anglal ? No, mi xena. Do you speak English? No, I am  foreigner.  Mi k o m p r e n a r epe, mo no p a r I understand it a little, but I cannot  Miarur apreni an Neo. I should like t o learn Neo too.  s p e a k it.  N e o u n l i n g u o i z a e p l a z a .  Neo is an easy and pleasant language.  P a r m i fi s o m o p o v u ? Can I do something f o r y o u ?  P l i , p a r l u lente, m i no k o m p r e - Please, speak slowly, I don't under-  n a r . s t a n d .  M i s p e r a r v e vidi k r a s . I hope to see you to-morrow.  S a r vu of ik ? F a s s e m .  A r e  you  o f t e n  here ?  Almost  a l w a y s .  Bonid, Sir. Bonser, Madam.  Good morning, Sir. Good evening,  Madam.  Alvid, Damel Janin. Bonnox. Good-bye, Miss Jane. Good night.  After reading these two pages, you know all essential rules of Neo.  11  FIRST PART  G R A M M A R  The ALPHABET comprises 26 letters: 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and  21 consonants :  Letter N o u n in Neo Pronunciation Letter Noun in Neo Pronunciation  a a that, add n e n n o , n o n e  b e (bay) b e s t lot, n o t e  e  d  ce (chay) c h u r c h (1)  p e (pay)  p o o r , p e r s o n  de (day) day g  k u (koo)  queen, cook(2)  e ( a y ) bed, day, Neo  e r (air)  r e d , r o o m  e l f a t h e r  e s  sit, s i s t e r  g e ( g a y )  h e ( h a y ) geart, home u  te (tay)  t o o l , t e a  u (00)  tool, cook  i (ee) is, e a r  ve (vay)  v a i n , v o i d  je (jay)  w e ( w a y )  w e l l , w a y  k e (kay) X  x e ( k s a y )  a x ( n e v e r g z as  e x a m p l e  1 e l  m e m  mother 没 ye (yay)  yes, yet  z e (zay) z o o , r o s e  2) Ferte repron cations like sarisy its wound, just as the  sound of x is really ks. Rather than proper letters, q and x are convenient  signs to replace respectively ku (or kw) and k s ; both ku (or kw) and  k s a r e a v a i l a b l e if preferred. Letter q is always followed by a, e, i or o.  L e t t e r combinations sh and kh are pronounced same as in English.  P R O N U N C I AT I O N  Neo, like Spanish and Italian, is pronounced exactly as it is spelt.  No l e t t e r is mute.  E v e r y l e t t e r h a s o n e s o u n d , a l w a y s t h e s a m e .  mistakes are practically excluded.  tong and rare thy win simple and patie  VARIABILITY OF WORDS  An endings is added to nouns and pronouns in the plural.  Verbs are conjugated according to the list on page 17.  All other words are invariable.  STRESS fails on :  1) the last but one syllable of words ending with a vowel: lIbro book ;  t a b l e ; p A t r o f a t h e r ; m A t r o m o t h e r ; A l m o soul; k o r A g o  courage: k o r A g a courageous; k e m i o chemistry; s e r i o series; g e o g r a r l o  g e o g r A i a geographical; d i s t r i b o  so astribute; OAtma inanimous; unalmEso unanimity. d i s t r i b u t i o n ; d i s t r i b i  2) the last syllable of words ending with a consonant: a m O r love; a m i k  friend; g a r d E n garden; kanOn gun; a v e n t U r adventure; experimEnt  experiment; m i a m A r I l o v e ; vu venAr you come; zi vidOr they will  see; vu venUr you would come.  The s of the plural does not displace the stress: lEbros, tAblos, mAtros,  serlos, amikos, gardEnos, aventUros, experimEntos.  12  m o u r n i n g ,  Before another vowel, i always gets stress, even in words that already  have another stress: tollo madness; m o p i o shortsightedness; b i o l o g l o  Stress n e v e r falls on t h e vowel u in t h e combination g u o : lInguo  language; a m b I g u e ambiguously, or after a and e : p l A u d i to applause ;  kAuzo cause; klAuzo clause; Auto motor-car; nEutra neutral; rEumo  rheumatism; r E u m a rheumatic.  nineteen; department.  n O n c k n O n i s n O n 999; v I r v E s t d e p a r t m E n t I s n O n  men's-clothing-  THE ARTICLE  Definite article l o : the. Lo patro the father; lo patros the fathers; lo  matro the mother; lo matros the mothers; lo garden, lo gardenos the  garden, the gardens.  Ending o may be dropped before a word beginning with a vowel :  l ' a r b o , l ' a r b o s t h e t r e e , t h e t r e e s ; l i d e o , - s t h e i d e a , -s; l ' o k , -os t h e  eye, -s; l'uk, -os the corner, -s; l'aventur, -os the adventure, - s ; l'olda  vir, -os the old man, men.  In t h e plural, when preceding an invariable w o r d , e n d i n g s may be  a d d e d : los N e l s o n e x i r , los J o h n s o n  e n t r i r the Nelsons w e n t out,  the Johnsons came in; los sencesa k u r d'et infan me lasir this boy's  ceaseless "whys" tired me.  Ending s may also be added to give extra weight and when suggested  by a want of clearness or euphony.  There are no graphical (written) accents nor any diacritical signs in Neo.  T o m a r k t h e s t r e s s of f o r e i g n o r u n i v e r s a l w o r d s e n d i n g w i t h a s t r e s s -  c a r r y i n g vowel, a n a c c e n t is put o n t h i s v o w e l : p a s h a , p a p a . T h i s d o e s  "foreign" vorthe principle of accents' absence in Neo, as it only concerns  This accent may optionally be replaced by an apostrophe: pasha', papa'.  Indefinite article u n : a, an. Un v i r e u n f e m a man and a woman;  n o u n sol boy not a single boy.  Both definite and indefinite article may optionally be omitted, as is  normal practice in Russian, in Latin and in several oriental languages.  THE ADJECTIVE  The Adjective ends with the letter a : g r a n a large; leta small; forta  d e b l a w e a k ; i z a c a s y ; d u i a dificult; komoda convenient;  d e c e n t a d e c e n t ; b l o n d a b l o n d : b r u n a b r o w n .  When the adjective is used as a n o u n , e n d i n g s m u s t be a d d e d in the p l u r a l :  lo g r a n a s the large ones; lo l e t a s the small ones; l o b l o n d a s t h e blond  ones; lo b r u n a s t h e brown o n e s ; l ' a l b a s t h e white o n e s ; l o s k u r a s  the dark ones.  Ending a may OPTIONALLY be dropped when the adjective PRECEDES  the noun t o which it relates ( N E V E R W H E N I T F O L L O W S 11), s o long  as this elision does not create confusion, and so long a s after the elision  the adjective has no more than ONE syllable or at most T W O :  13  e t d o m (eta d o m ) t h i s h o u s e  u x n u s f e l e t ( u n n u s a f e l e t ) m i r i c i r v a b o n b r i t v a b e a u t i f u l  f l o w e r s  a pretty little girl  I received your good letter  u n gentil d a m venir (un gentila a nice lady came  d a m )  let d o m o s e k l e z o s grana (leta small houses and big churches  d o m o s )  il un gentil boy (gentila boy) he is a nice boy.  The ADVERB deriving from an adjective ends with the letter e : forta  strong, forte strongly; e n e r g a energetic, e n e r g e energetically, e k o n o m a ,  - o m e economic, -ically.  THE NOUN  The Noun ends with o (plural os) : frato, f r a t o s brother, b r o t h e r s ; s o r o ,  table, tables liters; ibras book, rachos gurden, gardens; tablo, tablos  table, tables; libro,  Ending o is frequently dropped IN THE SINGULAR, so long as the  ENDING oS IS N E V E R DROPPED.  Ending -in is used to design feminine nouns: doktor, doktorin doctor,  lady doctor; roy, royin (usual contraction: roin) king, queen; leon,  v e n d e r i n s e l l e r m ,  (m, f ) ; librer, librerin bookseller (m; f); biblioteker, bibliotekerin  (usual contraction: b i b l i o t e k i n ) l i b r a r i a n (m, f).  PRONOUNS  m i  (u (3)  i l  el  it  S O  N O S  v u (3)  z i  z e l  SUBJECT (1)  I  y o u ; t h o u  n e  s h e  it  o n e  w e  y o u  t h e y  they (fem.)  OBJECT (1)  m e me  t e you  le him  le, ley her  l e , i t  it  s e  oneself  n e  v e  us  y o u  z e  t h e m  ze, zey t h e m  POSSESSIVE (adj. and pron.)(2)  m a  l a  l a  l a  l a  s a  n a  v a  2 8  my; mine  your ; yours  h i s  her; hers.  h i s : o n e ' s , h i s o w n  our ; ours  Your; Yoeirs  14  1) I M P O RTA N T. After a preposition, the pronoun has always the  " s u b j e c t " f o r m : v e n a r t u k o n n o s ? are you coming with us ? m i e x a r  kon il I go out with him ;  For the indirect object pronoun, you may also say: a mi, a tu, a il and  so on ( t o me, to you, to him); in the third person, you may also replace  le by lu (fem. luy) and ze by zu (fem. zuy), (only for the indirect object) ;  When, in t h e same sentence, you have two object pronouns, the one direct  and the o t h e r one indirect, the indirect one is placed first: m i te it v e n d a r  I sell it to you; nos ve l e p r e z e n t o r we shall introduce him to you;  nos le (lu) ve prezentor we shall introduce you to him.  2) Examples: m a dom, m a d o m o s my house, my houses; possessive  pronouns e n d w i t h s in the p l u r a l : lo m a m i n e ; l o m a s mine (plural) :  There exists also a "rich" possessive, more expressive: m i a , t u a , i l a , ela,  ita, soa, nosa, vua, zia, zela: nosas plu shira gam vuas ours are more  expensive than yours.  T h i s " r i c h " p o s s e s s i v e u s u a l l y follows the name to which it refers and  a d d s e m p h a s i s : P a t r i o m i a ! My f a t h e r l a n d ( m i n e ) ! : P a t r o n o s a ! O u r  Father (ours) !  3) Several Neists suggest using tu when addressing a single person and  v u when addressing two persons or more, as was normal practice in  Latin.  S O M E O T H E R P R O N O U N S :  l o w h a t : l o k i m e p l a r w h a t a p p e a l s t o m e ; l o k e m i v a r i w h a t  I w a n t t o h a v e  (objeet k e n ) who (whom) : Ki v e n a r ? Who is coming ?; k e n v i d a r  v u ? w h o m do you s e e ? ; possessive k i a : k i a et l a p ? whose is  this pencil?  (object ke) relative pronoun: who (whom). L o v i r ki v e n a r the man  who is coming; lo v i r k e t u v i d a r the man ( w h o m you see.  Animals can be "he, she or it", as in English. When, in the same  sentence, o r in t h e same narrative, you have t w o pronouns, the one  relating to a h u m a n being, a n d the o t h e r one to a n animal, it is suggested,  in order to avoid confusion, to use il (or el) for the human being, and it for  t h e a n i m a l .  POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ma-, t a - , la-, el(a)-, sa-, na-, va-,  za-, zel(a)- are frequently used as PREFIXES :  maopine in my opnion; savole of his (own) free will; vadomye in your  house; raggin agthen conom ele and in decording to his conte after  maelte on my part, from me, on my behalf; navola decidos our free-will  decisions.  o h FEnglisa imsonal pronoun "it, this, that" (in Neo to or 1) is  e legala it h a s n o importance  it is all the same to me  me p a r a r strana it seems strange to me  nesar agi It is n e c e s s a r y t o a c t  s a r peria! that is all right!  o x i !  par bela oje this may happen!  it is fine weather to-day  15  But this pronoun may not be dropped when used as object or interrogat-  ively :  M i t r a r eto t o t e b o n a  Libar vu i t ?  Sar it posibla ?  I find this quite  D o  Still, y o u m a y s a y :  S a r v e c o a l a e s . . . ? Do you mind if... ?  because such a useful question cannot be confused for the statement.  Hider ai, zel mean also the one one we  the one who is coming  e l k e t u a m a r she whom you love  zi k i k a n t i r y e r s e r t h o s e w h o s a n g yesterday evening  i t k e v u b i l d i r the one you built  The pronoun zi has one rather special form ziel to denote a couple  (m, /) or a mixed-sex group.  E X E R C I S E  Mi te vidar, tu no me vidar. Va r vu exi kon mi ? Il d i c a r el no v e n o r. Mi te dor pan, tu me dor vin. Vo ta d o m ? em lo ma. Va kamos plu grana gam nas.  Ma dom plu leta gam ta. Mi no spar pri ko tu parlar.  Il parlar pril yera axident. El sem dicar to a sa matro. I see you, you don't see me.  Will you go o u t w i t h m e ?  H e s a y s s h e w i l l n o t c o m e .  I'll give you bread, you'll give me  w i n e .  W h e r e is your house ? Here is mine.  Your rooms a r e larger t h a n ours.  M y h o u s e  is smaller than y o u r s .  I d o n ' t k n o w w h a t y o u a r e s p e a k i n g  about.  H e is talking about yesterday's  accident.  She always says everything te her  m o t h e r.  Nos exor kon zi krasmatin. We'll go out with them to-morrow  m o r n i n g .  Lo vir ki venir e ke tu no libar. The man who came and whom you  d o n ' t l i k e .  Mi vur spi kia et bel dom. I would like to know t o whom this  b e a u t i f u l h o u s e b e l o n g s .  Sar forse lo del derker. It is perhaps the director's.  Mi no spar lo ke t u var fi. I don't know what you want to do.  Ken inkontrir t u etmatin ? Whom did you meet this morning?  Lo dam dey filyo tu konar. The lady whose son you know.  P ar mi ti m a libros i n ta k a m ? May I put m y b o o k s in your room ?  Ya, mo no tiu lo tas nir lo mas. Yes, but do not put yours near mine.  Ve r m i te vidir k o n t a t r a t . I s a w you yesterday with your  Yer fir bela, mo oje pluvar. Yestethey it was fine, but to-day  it is r a i n i n g .  No me vikar resti domye oje. I don't mind staying home to-day  THE VERB  T H E VERB i (to have) is conjugated as follows (same form for al  p e r s o n s ) :  Present a r mi, tu, il, nos, vu, zi a r I have,  y o u  h a v e , h e  h a s  Past tense, Imperfect . . i r  F u t u r e ml, tu, il, nos, vu, zir hehdayou had,  O r mi, tu, il, nos, vu, zi or I shall have,  Conditional (1) . • u r mi, tu, il, nos, vu, zi u r should h a v e ,  y o u w o u l d h a v e  Imperative, Subjunctive i u Iu duldo! have patience! (pron i-u)  P a s t p a r t i c i p l e Present participle a t a n d e had ( m i a r at I have had)  h a v i n g ( a d j e c t i v e : a n d a )  Compound participle . . i n d e h a v i n g h a d ( a d j e c t i v e i n d a )  Trustionte in their mother od y beginners and by people who  This verb i is the pattern and ending FOR ALL OTHER VERBS  (every verb consists of a stem, suffixed by one of the eight forms of  the verb i ) : Si to be; m i sar l a m ; il s i r he was; nos s o r we shall be ;  Sat been ; fi to do; t u far you do; vu fir you did; el fur she would do :  l a n d e d o i n g ; v i d i to s e e ; il v i d a r he sees; v u v i d o r you will s e e : m i  have s e e n ; p r o m e n i to w a l k ; zi p r o m e n i r they walked;  el a r p r o m e n a t she has walked.  The Imperative-Subjunctive of polysyllabie verbs ends with u instead  of iu : Miru et fem! Look at this woman!; Nos promenu um lo kastel!  Let us walk around the castle!  ACTIVE COMPOUND VERBS are as in English: mi ar s a t I have  been; vu ar fat you have done; nos a r vidat we have seen; el i r pro-  menat she had walked; v u ur pensat you would have thought; zi or  e n d a t they will have finished.  This "occidental", construction may be replaced by the Esperanto  modified in Neo i n t o i n d a (with a u x i l i a r y verb s i , to be) :  will have s e e n ; v u finda you have d o n e ; n o s v i d i n d a we have seen; el s i r  p r o m e m n d a she had walked; vu s u r p e n s i n d a you would have thought ;  zi s o r e n d i n d a t h e y will h a v e finished.  PASSIVE VERBS (auxiliary verb si) : mi (sar) b a t a t I am beaten ;  zi s i r b a t a t they were beaten; n o s s u r b a t a t we s h o u l d b e b e a t e n ;  vu s o r b a t a t you will be beaten; zi s i r vidat pe mulunos they were  seen by many people.  This construction may be replaced by the verbal suffix a t : m i batatar  I am beaten; zi b a t a t i r they were beaten; nos b a t a t u r we should be  beaten; vu b a t a t o r you will be beaten; zi v i d a t i r pe m u l u n o s they were  seen by many people; il shar si batat he ought to be beaten.  REFLEXIVE VERBS as in English: m i m e mirar I look at myself;  il se v u n a r he injures himself; il se kontrediear he contradicts himself.  This construction may be replaced by the verbal suffix is : m i mirisar  I look at myself; il v u n i s a r he injures himself; il k o n t r e d i c i s a r he  contradicts himself.  RECIPROCAL VERBS are conjugated with the verbal suffix ue: nos  a m u e a r we love each o t h e r ; zi k o n t i n u e o f e n d u e a r they continuously  offend each other; Amueu e vu sor ixa! Love each other and you will  be h a p p y !  16  you (are) a clever b o y ; m i p a r l a n d a I (am) talking ;  nos s i r l u d a n d a we were playing; van il venir, mi s i r lejanda when  he came, I was reading ;  mi ju fartor I am going to leave; nos ju arivor we are going to arrive;  i l ju a r i v a r h e is just arriving; nos ju udir we have just heard; nos  i r ju udat we had just heard ;  e t d o m l u k e n d a this house is t o let ; et kont v e r i f k e n d a this account  has t o be verified (checked, audited); y e n m u z e o v i d e n d a that museum  is worth seeing; ye mul rimarkenda kozos there are many remarkable  things.  E X E R C I S E  Dun tu dansar, mi laborar.  A s k u , so t e d o r .  Mi vendar e tu kofar.  El no bela, mo muy kleva.  D e z u r v u t r a v e l i e t s i z e ?  While y o u dance, I work.  will be given to you.  handsome, but very  intelligent. you like to travel in this  season ?  I l l e k t a r entide. He r e a d s all d a y long.  Kan kostar e t cap ? H o w m u c h d o e s this h a t cost ?  Ka lo presyo d'et cap ?  What is the price  E t o no m u y c i p a .  This is not very cheap.  Mi korespondar kon un Angla. I c o r r e s p o n d with an Englishman.  Mi lu s k r i b a r , il me rispar. I write him, he replies to me.  J u pluvor, dete mi no exar. It is going t o rain, that is why I  d o n ' t g o o u t .  Il ju venir da London e me aportir He has just come from London and  un bel libro. b r o u g h t m e a beautiful book.  M i s e m pensar a el, mo me I always think of her, but she has  Shendande dal tren, il kadir e Stepping out of the train, he fel  injured himself.  Si o no si, em lo gestyon. To be o r not to be, t h a t is t h e  Mi nur plezantar. Mi krar, tu me mokar.  I am on joe puling my lo6:  MONOSYLLABIC VERBS  The following monosyllabic verbs are the contractions of the forms  in b r a c k e t s :  i ( a v i t o h a v e p i ( p o s i ) to be able  bi (bevi) to drink pli ( p l a z i ) to please  di ( d o n i ) t o give s i ( e s i ) to b e  f i (fari) to do, to m a k e s h i ( s h a l i ) to have to  fli ( f u g i ) to fly s p i ( s a p i ) t o k n o w  g i ( g i ) t o g 0 s t i (esti) to stay, to be  j i ( i j i ) t o b e c o m e ti ( m e t i ) t o p u t  k r i ( k r e d i ) to believe t r i ( t r o v i ) to find  li (lati) to leave, to let vi (voli) to wish, to will  Both forms have exactly the same meaning; one may therefore optionally  use one or the other, according to one's t a s t e or t h e feeling.  Thus, you can choose either form: l'aglo f a r or Paglo flugar (the eagle  flies); mi no p a r fl eto, mi no posar fi eto, mi no par fari eto or m i no  p o s a r f a r i eto (I c a n ' t do this).  I t is suggested to use the dissyllabic ( t o syllable) form of these verbs  except for the auxiliary verb i) when addressing people in an international  meeting, i n which case it is also necessary (whichever language used) to  speak slowly, in order to make understanding easier.  18  NEO NUMERATION  CARDINAL NUMBERS :  100  m i l  1000  All other numbers by compounding these 12 elements :  tsun isdu istre isgar isgin i s issepisgt ison dais disun duise  duistre treis garis qinis sitis sitiolt ogis guis monismon elon  23 30 40 99  ekdu ekis duck treek qinek siteksitissit otek milun milis milekisun  1001 1010  d u m i l t r e m i l o t m i l treismil otismil duekmil ginekmil  2000 3 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 30000 80000 200000  500000  s i t e k m i l s i t e k s i t i s s i t  m i l y o n  t r e m i l s e p e k g a r i s t r e  6 0 0 6 6 6  m i l l i o n  3743  ginmil noneksitistre noneksitistre g a r e k s i t m i l 4 0 6 9 6 6  noneksitissit  m i l y o n (os) s e p e k n o n i s t r e m i l s i t e k s i t i s f r a n k o s : 46.793.660  g a r i s s i t f r a n e s .  Tokyo are is mil enos) abiteros: Tokyo hasad, ten milion inhabitants  (ab. = about)  S U F F I X E S . Ordinals: -a. U n a ( p r i m a ) first; u n e ( p r i m e ) firstly) ;  third; g a r a f o u r t h ;  tenth; isdua twelfth; duisa twentieth; duisnona 29 th; q i n i s a 50th ;  e k a 100th; m i l a 1000th.  M u l t i p l e s :  g a r i p l a fourfold; i s i p l a tenfold; isipli to  Cold; Piplae don, ls doubly deciple; -capia centupie;  e i p l i to —.  Fractions: -im. D u i m , d i m half; t r i m 1/3rd; q a r i m 1/4th; isim  1/10th; qinisim 1/50th; e l i m 1/100th; milim 1/1000th; milyonim  o n e m i l l i o n t h .  Order, class: Primala primary; duala secondary; isala ranking tenth.  Collective: -0. Isos tens; isduo dozen; ekos hundreds; milos thous-  Grouping: -ope. Unope one by one; duope two by two; isope in  groups of ten; ekope by hundreds; milope by thousands.  Ordinals are needed for :  I s g a r a S e k l o (14a s e k l o ) fourteenth century ;  D u i s a S e k l o ( 2 0 a s e k l o ) twentieth century.  Ordinals are not needed for :  ARITHMETIC.  B a s i c R u l e s :  division.  Adis addition; sotrak subtraction; multiplo multiplication; divid  19  2 + 2  3 - - 1  X  3  8  : 2  = 4  = 3  = 9  = 4  d u p l u d u far q a r  g a r min u n far t r e  t r e yes t r e far n o n  ot pe du f a r gar.  Big Numbers :  m i l y o n million (1.000.000 or 106)  m i l y a r d milliard (U.S. "billion") 1.000.000.000 or 109)  b i l y o n billion (U.S. one thousand billions) 1.000.000.000.000 or 1012  t r i l y o n trillion (one million european billions) (1018)  g a r i l y o n quadrillion (1024)  q i n i l y o n ' quintillion (1030)  Powers :  62 : sit d u p o s a (6/2ps)  8 5 : ot t r e p o s a (8/3ps)  1012 : is isduposa (10/12ps)  1024: is duisgarposa (10/24ps).  Roots :  2  \ 16: duradik de 16 (2rk/16)  1/27 : treradik de 27 (38k/27)  1/256: garradil de 256 (1rk/256).  Weights and Measures :  g m l i t r o  g r a m m e t r o  dag  d e k a g r a m  d a m d e k a m e t r o  d a l d e k a l i t r o  hg  h e k t o g r a m  hm h e k t o m e t r o hl h e k t o l i t r o  kg k i l o g r a m k m k i l o m e t r o d e c i l i t r o  d g d e c i g r a m d m d e c i m e l r o c l  c e n t i l i t r o  cg c e n t i g r a m c m c e n t i m e t r o Q  g i n t a l (100 Kg.)  ™ g m i l i g r a m m m m i l l i m e t r o I n  t o n y o (1000 Kg.)  i n c o : inch ; ped: foot; pundo: pound; milyo: mile ;  n o d y o : k n o t ; galonyo: gallon; lumanyo: light-year  parsek : parsec (3,26 light-years); m e g a p a r s e k : megaparsec (one  million parsecs).  International signs. Neo has adopted following international signs :  (kilo) No has adopted!  ( m i l i ) 10-3  M  G  T  ( m e g a ) 106  u ( m i k r o ) 1 0 - 6  ( g i g a ) 109  n ( n a n o ) 10-9  ( t e r a ) 1012  ( p i k o ) 10-12  Numbers Sit (6), Is (10) and Ek (100).  We long reflected before adopting these three terms instead of the more  international ones s i x , d e k a n d c e n t , w h i c h f i r s t n a t u r a l l y c a m e t o our  m i n d . O u r o p t i o n w a s d i c t a t e d b y r e a s o n s o f c l e a r n e s s a n d e u p h o n y .  H e r e are some examples of n u m b e r s c o m p o s e d w i t h sit, is a n d ek in  front of the same numbers composed with six, dek and cent :  s i t i s 60  s i x d e k  s i t i s s i t 6 6 s i x d e k s i x  s i t e k s i t i s s i t 6 6 6 s i x c e n t s i d e k s i x  qareksitisqin 4 6 5 g a r c e n t s i d e k g i n  q a r e k d u i s d u 4 2 2 g a r c e n t d u d e k d u  s i t m i l s i t e k s i t i s s i t  6 6 6 6 s i x m i l s i x c e n t s i x d e k s i x  s i t i s a  6 0 t h  s i t i s s i t a 6 6 t h  otekotisot 8 8 8  s i x d e k s i x a  o t c e n t o t d e k o t  20  These examples show that six often causes ugly alliterations; is and ek,  brief and clear and beginning with a vowel, compound themselves much  more harmoniously than dek and cent with other numbers  them. Nem mbers are those wanted by our age of radio and telephones  An expert's opinion :  Here is the opinion of Mr. F. J . K r ü g e r , Interlinguistics Counsellor of  A m s t e r d a m U n i v e r s i t y ' s L i b r a r y ,  p r o m m e n t p o l y g l o t , w h o k n o w l e d g e o f all m a j o r c o n s t r u c t e d l a n g u a g e s , a n d a l s o o f a h a s g r e a t a w i d e  n u m b e r  of natural, living or dead, languages :  " N e v e r , in w h i c h e v e r l a n g u a g e , h a v e i m e t n u m b e r s t h a t s o u n d  a s c l e a r l y a n d a s h a r m o n i o u s l y a s N e o n u m b e r s . "  SHORT VOCABULARY: num number; numa numeral, numerical;  nume numerically; n u r i to number; numazo numbering; numado,  n u m i o n u m e r a t i o n ; n u m o z a n u m e r o u s ; n u m o z e n u m e r o u s l y ; n u m o z o  numerousness; numon big number, great number; sennuma numberless;  n u m b e r l e s s l y ; m u l m a n y ; m u l u n o s many people; mulo  g a n t o q u a n t i t y ; g a n t a quantitative ( a l s o : " q u a n t a " ) ; q a n t i to  quantify; q a l q u a l i t y ; q a l a qualitative; g a l i , galifi to qualify; g a l a z o  qualification; q a l i a qualifying, qualificative; galat qualified.  zer(o) zero, nought; n i l o nothing; nix nothing at all, naught; nil ..  no ...; nili to annihilate; nilazo annihilation; nula worthless; nule in  n o w a y .  adisi to add up; sotraki to substract; multipli to multiply; multiplo  m u l t i p l i c a t i o n ; m u l t i p l a l  plicand; m u l t i p l e r multiplier; m u l t i p l e s o multiplicity; m u l t i p l i b l a  multipliable; d i v i s i o n ;  mutaniable disishiti; onidend ditdend, divizon division (mil).  m a t e m a t , - a , - e mathematics, a r i t m e t i o , -ical, -metist arithmetic, -ically; -ist m a t h e m a t i c i a n ;  --etician; g c o m e t r i o ,  m m e w a ，  - m e t r i s t geometry, - i s t a l g e b r a ,  - a i c ,  equation; s e n e n d i m a i n f i n i t e s i m a l ;  d i f f e r e n t i a l ; k a l k u l c a l c u l a t i o n ; calculate; kalkulil,  k u l i n g o calculating machine; a d i s i l , a d i s i n g o a d d i n g m a c h i n e ; k o n t  a c c o u n t : k o n t i t o c o u n t , t o r e c k o n ; s t a n d e l balance (of account).  For DATES, t h e day's number is generally p u t before t h e m o n t h :  u n j a n a r January first; i s g i n n o v e m November 1 5 t h ; t r e i s u n decem  D e c e m b e r 3 1 s t . ; k a d a t o o i e ? w h a t is t o - d a y ' s d a t e ? ; k a i d d e l m e s  of July; mi n a s i r je duisnon lebrar I was born on February 29th.  EXERCISE  Ke vur tu fi oje ? What would you like to do to-day?  M i shar gi shel librer e kof tre I must go to the bookseller's and buy  l i b r o s . t h r e e books.  A r t u s u f d e n g o ? Have you e n o u g h money ?  Mi a r d u e k g i n i s f r a n k o s .  I h a v e  2 5 0  f r a n e s .  S h a k libro k o s t a r sepis f r a n k o s . Each book costs seventy francs.  L o s t r e k o s t o r d o n k d u c k i s f r a n k o s . The three will then cost 210 francs.  Ve restor qaris frankos. Y o u will h a v e 4 0 f r a n c s l e f t .  L o d u i s t r e m a r s or un bel On March 23, we will have a fine  concert.  Ka lo presyo del plasos ? What is the price o f the seats?  Mi n o s p a r ; l a s t y e s nos pagir ek I don't know; last time we paid  g i n i s f r a n k o s lo p l a s . 150 francs a seat.  21  Ke for tu krasmatin ? What are you going to do to-morrow  Mi sperar gi kinye kon ma frat. I hope to go to the movies with my  Kom gar ta filyo ?  Il studar jus universitye e laborar He studies la an hendersity and  Ma m a t r o me dar un libro. he is working very well.  Ta dom me plar mul.  My mother gives me a book.  Vur vu veni ne vidi etser ?  Mi vur, mo no par; mi no frida. I would like to, but I cannot ; I am  Te miru nel spek: ta vizo lura. Look a t yourself in the mirror;  Sar un inka flek. Kom fir tu it ? It Tsan ink biot. Hoy did you do it ?  Mi no spar; forse dun mi skribir et I don't know; perhaps while I was  writing this letter t o my mother.  Cu tu vidinda l'iv ki flir tan vit? Have y o u s e e n t h e  was yvins so fist airplane that  Vo tir tu lo lapos ke mi te dir? Where did® you put the pencils  I gave you ?  Mize tir ik, mo nun mi no par ze I putt her here, but now I cannot  Aponu ta mant, nos  Put on your overcoat, we are soon  Pardonu, Madam, ve fir mi mal? I beg your hert yor pardon, Madam, did I  No dey, vu me fir nil mal. Don't mention it, you did not hurt  Mi no ir vidat vu sir ik. I had not seen you were here.  I was twice in F r a n c e .  Mi ik primyese. This is the first time I am here.  Kanyes gir vu kinye van vu Lon-  How many times did you go  t h e movies when you were in  Mi ye sir plulyes. I was there several times.  Unyes mi ye inkontrir va gefratos. Once I met there your brother(s)  and sister(s).  Dim d ' e t f o r t u n te  Ka ma standel, pli pertenar.  Half of this fortune belongs to you.  Mesense vu  ritirir t r e e k issit;  qinek treisgar S.  had £ 850; you drew out £ 316;  n o w y o u h a v e £ 534.  Ekos perar shakmes in rutaxidentos. Hundreds (of persons) perish every  i n r o a d - a c c i d e n t s .  grek filosof vivir yo This great Greek philosopher lived  t h o u s a n d s of years ago.  VOCABULARY: sekund second; m i n u t minute; oro hour; ordim  half a n h o u r ; o r g a r i m q u a r t e r of a n h o u r ; i d o d a y ; n o x n i g h t ; m a t i n  morning; m i d noon; ser evening; minox midnight; vek week: vekend  m o n t h ; b i m e s t w o months; t r i m e s quarter, three  months; sitmes half-year; anyo year; seklo century; milanyo thousand  years, millenary; domid afternoon  alter to morrow; sem always; xi  neye late; sa, save e p sidago; fra within; inye within; fru early;  day: min t a Sung; VeRan do May day, Sad Tuesday; Mirko Wednes-  J a n a r J a n u a r y ; F e b r a r F e b r u a r y ; M a r s March; A p r i l April; Mey  May; Jun(yo) June; Jul July; Agost August; Septem(bro) September ;  Oktob(ro) October; Novem(bru) November; Decem(bro) December.  Primaver, Lenso Spring; Zom Summer; Erso, Autumno Autumn ;  Y e m W i n t e r  t e m p o t i m e ; s i z o s e a s o n ; p e r i o d p e r i o d ; d u r i t o l a s t ; p a s i t o go b y,  t o p a s s ; pas- l a s t ; n a r - c o m i n g , t o c o m e ; d u n w h i l e .  W h a t time is it ?  Kaore venor vu ? At what time are you going to  Mi venor fra du oros. S a r is m i n g a r i m .  S a r is e q a r i m .  I'll be here a t 5 (o'clock).  I t i s now three o'clock.  I'll come within two hours.  It is late, it is already ten.  It is q u a r t e r t o t e n .  It is quarter past ten.  It is five m i n u t e s t o ten.  Sar is min is.  Sar non min duis.  Sar isun e duisgin.  It is ten minutes to ten.  It is twenty minutes to nine.  It is 11.25.  It i s almost half past eleven.  It will soon be eight.  Sar ja ot min sep.  It is already seven minutes to eight.  I have been here since six o'clock.  Mi arivir yo sit oros.  Mi ik d e p d u oros.  I a r r i v e d s i x h o u r s a g o .  I h a v e b e e n h e r e f o r t w o h o u r s .  At what time is the departure ?  Lo ship departar a i s exakte. T h e ship leaves exactly at ten.  We'll be here in a quarter of an hour.  Kan departos ar vu nok inye mes ? How many departures have  N o k qar d e p a r t o s : du departos Four m o r e departures : two de-  Mi no par giti pre un bivek. I cannot leave before a fortnight.  Zomoro. Yemoro.  T r e m a t i n e .  At any time (of the day).  S u m m e r t i m e . Wi n t e r time.  T h r e e o ' c l o c k in t h e m o r n i n g .  Every hour (adv.).  By n o w ; b y this time.  Il a t e n d a r sa oro. Il pagat treisqin frankos ore. He bides his time.  thirty-five francs an  Suplemtempo pagat sitis frankos Overtime is paid sixty francs an  Il astir e arivir justore. m a d e h a s t e a n d a r r i v e d a t  the right time.  a treedim domide lo On June fifteen, at half past three  in the afternoon the t r e a t y  p e a c e w a s s i g n e d .  Narzome n o s departor Fransye. Next summer we'll leave for France.  Septembre mi sor Italye. I n September I'll b e i n Italy.  M i libar J u n a long idos. I l o v e J u n e ' s l o n g d a y s .  Mi sor Londonye nartud a is sere. I'll be in London next Tuesday at  Mi sir Swisye pasyeme. I was in Switzerland last winter.  𥧌  (dun jinge  T u k a n a j a ? - Mi isot.  Mi sun isot. - Mi nonok duis.  Ma patro ja ginis.  I l aspar apene qaris.  @inanya, sitanya, Qarisanya, qinisanya.  Sitisanya, sepisanya.  AGE  How old are you ? - I am eighteen.  I'll soon be eighteen. - I am not yet  My father is already fifty.  H e h a r d l y looks f o r t y.  six, ten years old.  Quadragenarian,  (in h i s f o r t i e s , in h i s fifties).  Sexagenarialioies).  septuagenarian (in  Octogenarian, nonagenarian (in his  烹 窮  Otisanya, nonisanya.  Centenary (anniversary).  Jubilee (50th birtday),  Nasid; anyid; Birthday; anniversary; Saint's Day.  Pasanye nos celebrir lo garekado Last year  Shexpir-naso,  kespeare's birth.  Naranye nos celebror na nodependo Next w e will c e l e b r a t e o u r  independence jubilce.  Pasanye na granpatro  samany g o a t dei easy, Last sate m a n ather became  the centenary  y e a r of the  Lo pov nonisanyin kadir e vunisir T h e poor ninety y e a r s o l d w o m a n  fell and injured herself badly.  Sor l'endo de ta adol, tu sor adulta. It will be the end of your adolescen-  ce, you will be an adult.  TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL PREPOSITIONS  a (al) t o (1)  les according to  a b from, beginning with  l o n g a l e . a l o n g , a t t h e s i d e of  a k o n t r e  c o n t r a r i l y t o  m e d e a m i d s t  a n t e  ( a n t e l ) before (space) (2)  m e z e b y m e a n s of  a p s e ( a p s e l ) n e x t to  n i r n e a r  d a ( d a l ) from  o b e above, up  c i s on this side  o n  d e (del) of  p e  pe) byover  d o ( d o l ) a f t e r (time)  ( p o l ) f o r  dorse rear, back of  на с п и н я po  p r e ( p r e l ) before (time)  d r e ( d r e l ) b e h i n d  p r i (pril) about, concerning  d u n during, w h i l e  p r o for, in favor of, per  e s k e ( e s k e l ) except  r e k t e l e o v e r l e a f  e x e out, out of  r i r b e h i n d  f a c e facing fra  r i s p e in r e p l y t o  H e r in spite of  v i t r e  b e h i n d  s e n  w i t h o u t  i m e i n s i d e  s h e a t , t o  i n l o k e i n s t e a d of  s u b u n d e r  i n f o l g e f o l l o w i n g  sube (subel) under, below  inte (intel) between, among  i n t r e ( i n t r e l ) inside  i n y e (inyel) within  j e ( j e l ) t o , i n , f o r, by, near (3)  ( k a u z e l ) because o f  k o n ( k o l ) w i t h  k o n f o r m e according k o n t r e ( k o n t r e l ) to  against  s u r over, above  s u r e a b o v e  t r a , t r a n s  t r u ( t r u l ) through  u (ul) at, in possession of (4)  u m a r o u n d  u n t e ( u n t e l ) down  u s u n t i l  ver to, towards  (continues on page 26)  24  CORRELATIVE ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS  A D V E R B S  PRONOUNS  ADJECTIVES  (locative : -ye)  (individual: -un) (1) (thing : -0) (mode : -e)  ka which, what  e t t h i s  yen that  k a u n which one  e t u n this one  y e n u n that one  k a o (usu: ko) what  (complement : k e )  e t o t h i s  y e n o t h a t  kae ( u s u : k o m ) how | k a y e (usu : vo)  w h e r e  e t e t h u s  y e n e in that way  etye (usu : i k ) here  y e n y e u s u  ye)  t h e r e  2 5  o s a other (2)  s o m s o m e  s h a k each, every  t o t all  s e r t a c e r t a i n  o s u n a n o t h e r o n e  t o t u n o s (usu : tos)  (plural) all,  all people  s e r t u n s o m e o n e  t h i n g something  o s e o t h e r w i s e  s o m e s o m e w a y  o s y e s h a k o e a c h t h i n g  s h a k e in e a c h w a y  t o t o (usu : to)  tote quite, wholly  s e r t o a certain thing  e l s e w h e r e s o m y e s o m e w h e r e  s h a k y e in each place  t o t y e ( u s u toye)  everywhere  s e r t e in a certain s e r t y e in a certain  a n y w h e r e  t a l y e in such a place  nowhere  somewhe-  nilosye nowhere else  k e l a n y  t a l such  kelun anybody  t a l u n s u c h one  a n y t h i n g  t a l o s u c h a thing  k e l e a n y h o w  thus,  k e l v e nil no  etosa this other (2)  n i l u n nobody  e t o s u n t h i s other  n i l o  e t o s o nothing  t h i s o t h e r  a w a y  n i l e no wise  n i l y e s o m o s a o t h e r  n i l o s a (2) n o s o m e  o t h e r (2)  o n e  s o m o s u n s o m e o n e  e l s e  nilosun nobody else  thing  s o m o s o e l s e  n i l o s o something  n o t h i n g else  s o m o s e in s o m e  o t h e r w a y  n i l o s e  in n o o t h e r  s o m o s y e r e else  w a y  (1) feminine: kain, etin, yenin, osin, somin, shakin, totinos, sertin, kelin, talin, nilin, etosin, ete.  (2) the adjectives osa, etosa, somosa, nilosa can never be elided.  C O R R E L AT I V E S are o f t e n used as P R E F I X E S : k a o r e ? at what t i m e ( h o u r ) ? ; k a i n t e n t e e x i r il ?  with w h a t i n t e n t did he go o u t ? kaskope v e n i r i l ? for what purpose did he come ? ; nilkaze in no case ;  kelkaze in any case; etoxe in this occasion; talkondise in such conditions; kelvede whatever the weather.  Vo?  Unde  Vas  Lom  Кі ?  212  1010  2  Kur? (1) Neo very often contracts the preposition with the definite article  as given in brackets a b o v e ) : al to the ; a n t e l before t h e ; a p s e l next to  the; d a l from the ; del of the ; dol after the ; eskel except for the ; grel in  k o n t r e l against the ; nel in the ; ol on, over the; pel by the ; prel before  the ; p r i l concerning the; subel under the; trul through the ; ul at the  in possession of t h e ; u n t e l down the :  Il dir sa dengo al pov vir.  Prel m a r l o de ma  f r a t .  Antel fenso un tablo. M a frat marlir prel guer. Dol g u e r ecos prosperir. El gir al garden kol filin  sener.  Zi parlar pril tertrem. He gave his money to the poor man.  Before my brother's marriage.  A t a b l e ( i s ) before the w i n d o w .  M y b r o t h e r m a r r i e d before the w a r .  After the war business flourished.  del en- She went to the garden with the  t e a c h e r ' s daughter.  T h e y a r e talking about the earth-  2) The terminal 1 of the contraction does not shift the stress from the  first syllable: Antel, Apsel, Eskel, kOntrel, kAuzel, etc.  3) je has all sorts of meanings and is used whenever doubt is felt regard-  ing use of other prepositions.  4) the preposition u (replaced i n Latin with the dative) corresponds  to the Russian u : u mi libro I have, I possess a book (Latin: est mihi  liber; Russian: u menyà kniga).  P R E P O S I T I O N S AND ADVERBS a r e frequently used as P R E -  FIXES, as well for adjective as for adverbial use :  p r e - w a r ; p r e g u e r e before the w a r ; p r e n a s a  b e f o r e t h e b i r t h ; p r e e x i s t a preexistent;  existence; d o s k o l a after-school; d o s k o l e after school; d o g u e r a  a f t e r- w a r ; d o g u e r e after the w a r ; semviva always living; nokviva  n i u d a t never h e a r d ; n i v i n k a t n e v e r v a n q u i s h e d ; m a n a m e e n a m e m a  t r a t in m y name and in my brother's name.  EXERCISE.  Vo lo dom de t a profesor ?  Lo dom del profesor drel kiezo. The professor professor's house ?  professor's  h o u s e b e h i n d  t h e church.  Mi j u v e n a r dal klezo. I h a v e just come from the church.  Perdinde lo klil del pordo, il entrir entered through  the kitchen's  El skribir un libro pril guer. She wrote a book about the war,  I'll go o u t e i t h e r with you or w i t h  venir etmatin. Vur tu i somoso ?  N o b o d y  else c a m e this morning.  Wo u l d else you like to have something  Dank, mi nesar niloso. Thank you, I don't want anything  e l s e .  Et labor endenda inyel vek. This work is to be finished within  t h e w e e k .  S a r lo libro ol t a b l o ? Is the book on the table ?  U il du filyos e un filin. He has two sons a n d a daughter.  N o fexu kontre destin! D o n ' t struggle against destiny!  Nel mensocar vi par edi kelore. In t h e dining-car you can eat at  Vidir vu somun nel dom del l i b r e r ? Did y o u s e e a n y b o d y a t t h e b o o k -  seller's h o u s e ?  Ye sir sa filin kon la spozo. There was his daughter with her  husband.  26  п о ч е м у  L'ensener parlar al alevos.  Il parlar kon u n alevin.  1l parlar pril libro de la patro.  Il p a r l a r pri sa libro.  T h e t e a c h e r t a l k s to t h e p u p i l s .  H e is t a l k i n g w i t h a (girl) p u p i l .  He is talking about  He is talking about his (own) book.  The man with the grey gloves.  l o s v e n i r k u n e k o l n u v v e s t o s . All came t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e new  Kelo il dicar, no Whatever he says, d o n ' t b e afraid.  Mi p r e n a r e t u n ; t o t o s u n o s po vu. I take this one; all others are  Eto me plar, yeno no. This pleases me, that does n o t .  Mi fonir al doktor; somosun rispir. I called the doctor; somebody else  Venu kon mi shel doktor, ose mi Come with me to the doctor's;  otherwise I will not go.  Rispe v a brif, nos glada v'informi In reply t o your letter, we are glad  Es vu par atendi us kras, mi vole  the book y o u a r e looking for.  wait u n t i l t o m o r r o w,  I'll willingly go out with you.  THE NAME  Ka ta n a m ? - Ma nam J a n . Skolye tos me namar Net.  Sar it u n s u r n a m ? E t o n u r lo minifa de Jan. Somyes zi me surnamar Nux. your n a m e ? - My name  Al school, everybody call me Net.  I s t h i s a n i c k n a m e :  Jan's diminutive.  s o m e t i m e s  nickname Nuts.  T e n u g a r e t o ? D o e s this bother you ?  N o , m i n o ize a r g a . No, I do not get angry easily.  Tu r a g a ; tu b o n k a r a k t a . E t e tu sor  sem ixa. natured; thus you will always be  Mi m e dicar : ridelu, osunos te I s a y t o myself: smile, others will  smile at you.  Ka ta fanam (familnam) ? names, your family name (sur-  Pli, Madam, ka va felnam? If you please, Madam, what is your  H a v e y o u a nom-de-plume ?  adoptir lo pseudonim "Sen- I adopted the pseudonym  p i n t e r ? Mi l e konar Do you know this painter ?  pel nam; il parar i bon fam. a good repation seems to have  Mi sur glada le koneli.  r e p u t a t i o n .  a c q u a i n t a n c e .  Mi inkontrir ye mul ma konelos. I m e t t h e r e m a n y a c q u a i n t a n c e s of  Maname e name tot membros de In my name and in t h e name of all  na Socado, mi dezar ve feliciti. members o f our Society,  t o congratulate you.  Il ju namadat ambaser Parisye. H e has j u s t b e e n a p p o i n t e d a m -  bassador i n Paris.  Il certe meritir et namado. Н е certainly deserved this ap-  pointment.  Il as grana as vu.  Il y u n i r a  gam vu.  Il min exijema gam vu.  COMPARISON DEGREES  He is as big a s y o u .  H e is y o u n g e r t h a n y o u .  H e is less exacting than you.  27  Grana, granira, granega (muy gra- Large, larger, very large;  n a ) ;  fen, bro, genest (doyeran. Bremely lage, the largest one.  belega ( m u y bela); Beautiful, beautiful, very  beautiful ;  belisima, lo belesta (lo plu bela).  Leta, letira, letega (muy leta) ; S m a l l , extremely beautiful; most beautiful.  s m a l l e r , v e r v s m a l l :  letisima, l o letesta (lo plu leta). extremely small, the smallest (one).  Olda, oldira, oldega (muy olda) ; Old, older, v e r y o l d ;  oldisima, l'oldesta (lo plu olda). extremely old; the oldest (one).  Un oldun, un oldin. An old man, a n old woman.  SENTENCE BUILDING  Sentence building is very free in Neo.  The English student may freely  copy the order that comes naturally to him, according to the rules of his  own language.  The adjective may be placed before or after the word to which it relates,  and similarly for the object pronoun and for the adverb. You may say :  M i v e a m a r as well as M i a m a r v e (I love you).  COMPLEMENT'S TRANSPOSITION. Especially in poetry, one  before the subject.  patron libir f l y o = filyo libir patro the son loved the father  Ion mint patre t a t e i n t o the tern fooked at the girl  femon m i r i r lo fel = lo iel m i r i r lo fem the girl looked at the woman.  This ending n may be used only in case of transposition; beginners  may totally ignore it.  For Neo's O P T I O N A L G E N I T I V E see page 162.  AFFIXES  PREFIXES:  1)  ad-deputy, assistant, under-, sub-  adsekrerunder-secretary ;adderkersub-manager ;  a d r o y v i c e r o y ; a d k o l n e l  lieutenant-colonel ;  a d l i n g u o auxiliary language.  a m b - both  a m b e l t a of b o t h s i d e s ; a m b e l l e o n b o t h s i d e s ;  a m b - d e z o both side's wish; a m b d e c i d e by both  side's decision.  3)  ante- before (place)  a n t e k a m antechamber; antegardo vanguard:  a n t e c e n i r o centre-forward;  a n t e k o r t e l fore-  c o u r t ; a n t e b r a s o fore-arm  anti- contrary, anti-  antialkola anti-alcoholic; antiatoma anti-atomic ;  a n t i k o l o n y i s m o a n t i - c o l o n i a l i s m ; a n t i f e b r a  antipyretic; a n t i p r o t e k i s m o antiprotectionism ;  a n t i k o n s t i t u a a n t i c o n s t i t u t i o n a l .  5  6)  a r e i - higher degree,  most, extreme,  bi-, du- two-, bi-  a r c i d u x a r c h d u k e ; a r c i r i k a e x t r e m e l y rich ;  areikolma overcrowded; areivesko archbishop ;  a r c i v e s k a archiepiscopal  b i l i n g u a bilingual; dalimes nimon languages:  bimetala bimetallic; bimesa bimonthly (of  ¥ ）  m o n t h s )  8 )  b i s - twice, double  bo- kinship by  m a r r i a g e  b i s v e k a t w i c e - w e e k l y ; b i s m e s a twice-monthly;  biside twice a day; bisanye twice a year.  b o p a t r o father-in-law; b o m a t r o mother-in-law;  b o f r a t brother-in-law;  b o s o r s i s t e r - i n - l a w :  bofilyo son-in-law;  b o f i l i n daughter-in-law;  b o e l t r o s parents-in-law  28  9) di-  1b) do-  privative,  d i f to undo; diarmo disarmament; d i v a n t a g i  to disadvantage; d i p o e z i to depoetize  d o m i d  d o m i d e a f t e r n o o n ; in d o m i d a a f t e r n o o n ;  afternoon; d o g u e r a postwar;  d o g u e r a p r e s y o s postwar prices; d o s k o l a after-  s c h o o l  I1) dui-  difficult  d u f p l e k i b l a diflicult  to t o  d u f l e k t i b l a difficult t o e x p l a i n ; d u i v e n d i b l a  s e l l ; d u f k a p i b l a  difficult  g r a s p :  dificult to read; d u f u d e r a  h a r d o f  h e a r i n g  12) ex- ex-, former  e x r o y ex-king ; expresident ex-president;  e x s p o z o f o r m e r  h u s b a n d  13) ge- of both sexes  14) in- entering,  15) inter- between  16) intra- i n t e r i o r  g e s i r o s l a d i e s a n d g e n t l e m e n ; a n d s i s t e r s ; g e s p o z o s h u s b a n d  g e i r a t o s b r o t h e r s  a n d wife (Gesp.  M r. a n d M r s . )  i n m i x i  t o interfere; inkasi to encash; inkesi  t o encase; involvi to envelop  i n t e r v e n intervention; interlini to interline;  i n t e r n a s y o n a i n t e r n a t i o n a l  i n t r a v e n y a i n t r a v e n o u s ; i n t r a m u s k l a i n t r a -  muscular; intraderma intradermic; intracelula  intracellular  17 ize-  e a s y  i z e p l e k i b l a easy to explain; i z e d i c i b l a  easy  to s a y ; i z e k o m p r e n i b l a  e a s y u n d e r s t a n d  18) in-  just  ¡ u m a r l a t j u s t m a r r i e d : j u p a r s a t just p u b l i s h e d ;  j u n a s a t n e w b o r n : j u a r i v a t j u s t a r r i v e d ; j u r i c a t  j u s t received  19) mal- pejorative  m a l l a m a ill-famed, malformation; m a l i x luck ; m a l o n e s t a  d i s h o n e s t ; m a l a b i o a w k w a r d n e s s  20 mis- badly  m i s i n i o r m o m i s i n f o r m a t i o n ; m i s p o s a l mis-  f e a s a n c e ; m i s t r a t i mishandle ; m i s p r o n u n c o  m i s p r o n u n c i a t i o n  30 mul- many, poly, m u c h  m u l f o r m a multiform; m u l d e n g a having m u c h  money; mulsilba polysyllabic; mulsorta artiklos  many s o r t s of articles  31 nar- next, to come  n a r v e k next week ; n a r i e s next m o n t h ; n a r m e s a  32 ni-  33 по -  34) pas-  35 pre-  36 re-  n a r s a b a n e x t S a t u r d a y ' s ; n a r y e s  n a r o x e on the next occasion  n e v e r  n i u d a t never heard, unheared-of; n i v i d a t never  seen; nivinkat unconquered, never vanquished  n o p o s i b l a i m p o s s i b l e ;  n o e n d a t unfinished;  n o v e r a not t r u e ; n o v o l e unwillingly; n o k r i b l a  unbelievable; nonegibla undeniable; nonoposibla  last, past  not impossible p a s m i r k o last Wednesday; p a s v e k last. week;  p a s v e k a l a s t week's;  p a s y e m a  last w i n t e r ' s ;  p a s a n y a last year's  before (time)  p r e i s t o r a p r e d a n k i orchistorie, in trevance;  t h a n k  preistor  predestination; p r e l a s t a last b u t o n e  repetition  refi to do again; renuvi t o renew; relekti to read  again; reinstal reinstallation; r e p r i n t reprint,  reimpression; r e m a r l o remarriage; redici to say  again  3 7 ri-  cinship replacement  3 8 r i n ー  rear, back  задний  назад  r i m a t r o s t e p m o t h e r ;  ripatro stepfather ;rifrat-  by r e m a r r i a g e ;  stepbrother,  h a l f - b r o t h e r : r i s o r s t e p s i s t e r , h a l f  sister; r i p y e s o s spare p a r t s ; r i r o t s p a r e wheel;  r i g u m o n spare t y r e ; r i f o l y o s refills (sheets)  r i r s h o p back-shop; r i r g a r d o rearguard ; r i r s i z o  late season: r i p e n s o hidden motive; r i r a k t i v a  retroactive; r i r i g i to go into reverse  2 9  конец созона  3 9 ) s a m -  9 0 ） s e m i - hall-  41) s e n -  42) s u l - under  similarity,  equality  samlandan fellow-countryman; s a m t e m p e at  t h e same time; s a m k o l o r a o f t h e s a m e color;  ideas ; s a m i d e a n ,  samidein a man, a woman having the same ideas.  semivege half-way ( a d v. ) ; s e m i t e r p , - e  half-lime ; s e m i l o n g o half-length; semimorta  h a l f - d e a d ; s e m i b a k  lack  s e n m o v a i m m o b i l e ; s e n m o v o i m m o b i l i t y ; seno-  d o r a odourless; s e n k o n d i s a unconditional; s e n -  p o s o powerlessness; sendulda impatient; s e n -  d u l d o impatience  s u b t e r a underground (adj.); s u b m a r a submarine  (adj.); s u b m a r i o r s u b m a r i n e (ship) ; s u b s u o l  subsoil; subdevolva under-developped; substimi  t o u n d e r r a t e When preceding a vowel, sub- may be replaced by  s u - suagent, sub-agent, sub-agency;  s u e v a l u i undervalue; s u o f i c e r n o n - c o m -  missioned Officer  43)  over, super s u r o m superman; s u r o m a s u p e r h u m a n ; s u r s t i -  m a d i t o overvaluate ; s u r k o t i t o  44) 10.  s u r a b o n d o s u p e r - a b u n d a n c e  all-, any- multi-coloured ;  anyhow; tosorta of all sorts; tosorta jensos all  s o r t s of p e o p l e  45) tri, tre-  t h r e e  t r i m e s  t h r e e months, q u a r t e r ; t r i m e s a ,  q u a r t e r l y : trigon t r i a n g l e ; t r e b e d a k a m bedroom with 3 beds. t r i p e d  tripod;  46) tris- three times,  t h r i c e  trismese three times a month; trisanya periodik  periodical published thrice yearly  47) un-  one, mono-  u n a l m a , - e u n a n i m o u s , -ly; u n a l m e s o u n a n i m -  i t y ; unelta, -eso unilateral, - i t y ; unkolora  o n e - c o l o r e d ; u n d e r k a v e o o n e - w a y  street ;  unsilaba monosyllabic  48) y 0 - a g o yolong long time ago; yopok a short time ago;  y o v e k w e e k a g o ; y o v e k o s s o m e w e e k s ago;  yoanya koronazo the coronation of a year ago  Neo also uses Greek and Latin prefixes poli-, p a r a - , m o n o - , qasi-,  p e n t a - , e x a - , e p t a - ,  S U F F I X E S :  - a C pejorative v i r a c o bad man, ruffian; b o y a c o bad, nasty boy,  g u t t e r s n i p e ; l i b r a c o b a d b o o k ; v e r k a c i to bungle,  亿  -ad a c t i o n  d u m a d o n o n s e n s e ;  T a n f a r o n a d o f a n f a r o n a d e ;  s h e n a d o s t a g i n g ; s h e n a d e r s t a g e - m a n a g e r : m o -  v a d i to move on  function,  office  b l o w  -al language  3)  botanic family  order, class  p u n c h ; p e d a d o k i c k ; p e d a d i to k i c k  Carmal Parisian slang;"  spanch; spanisa;  lang, Grekaya modern  G r e k : R u s a l R u s s i a n : N e d a l  Dutch; Polnal Polish; Cimal chinese, Japonal  r o z a l ( - o s ) rosaceac; c i p r e s a l cupressaceae; v e r-  b e n a l ( - o s )  t e r t i a r y ; p r i m a l u n a p r i m a r y - s c h o o l p u p i l , a m a n  o f primary culture; u n d a l i ú n a secondary-school  schoolgirl  30  - a l d o chief,  p r i n c i p a l l  stasyonaldo station-master; partedaldo party-  leader; o r k e s t r a l d o orchestra-leader,  s t a t a l d o  c h i e f of s t a f t  member of  c i v a n , c i v i n c i t i z e n ( m , 1 ) ; f e l d a n , f e l d i n p e a s a n t ,  p e a s a n t w o m a n ; s a m r i l i g a n , - g i n c o r e l i g i o n i s t  (m, 1) bovan(-os) bovidea; r u m i n a n r u m i n a n t ;  s h a l a n ( - o s ) o v i d a e ; o v a n  oviparous  - a r o  edaro refectory; pransaro dining-room; ludaro  p l a y i n g p l a c e ; p r e g a r o  chapel  - a r y o  destinaryo addressee; latadaryo legatee; bene-  t i c a r y o beneficiary  - a v a  firava ferriferous; k u p r a v a cupriferous; a u r a v a  a u r i e r o u s ;  n i l a v a  h a v i n g nothing, devoid,  -ayo  material thing  d e s t i t u t e edayo food, victuals, feed; bevayo drink ; dorayo  something hard, callosity; medikayos medecines,  -azo action  f o r m a z o formation; l u s t r a z o polishing; s a p o n a -  -eg large, big, much,  very  ( 2 -el vaguely connected  w i t h t h e r o o t  very l a rg e ; t o r t e g a  particular meaning; only a n indeter-  minate relation b e t w e e n the word finishing  corresponding H a m e l (from  f l a m flame) will-o'-the-wisp; fansel (from fanso  fancy) gadget  - e I n  good-natured;  w h e e d l i n g : s o n y e m i t o  - e n d a  15) -ensi  16\-er  17) -eso  1 8 - e s t  - e t  20) - e y o  21) -grat O  22) -ia  23) -ibl  24) -ia  25)-le  26) -18 b e m e n d e d : v e r i f i k e n d a t o b e  verifica; l u k e n d a  vidend a valensee B; lakena do besent back;  a g e n d a a g e n d a (things to be done)  s k u r e n s i to d a r k e n ; k l a m e n s i to s t a r t s c r e a m i n g ;  p l o r e n s i to s t a r t weeping  vender seller; kofer  b u y e r ; o p r e r workman;  workwoman ; tennisman;  tenis(er)in tennisplayer(woman);  b o n e s o (contraction of prudenteso) prudence;  whiteness; n e r e s o  b e l e s t a  most beautiful; g r a n e s t a the largest;  b o n e s t a the b e s t ; m a l e s t a the worst  b o y e t little b o y ; f e l e t l i t t l e girl; d o m e t small  h o u s e ;  to sip  o m e y o h u m a n i t y ; y u n e y o y o u n g p e o p l e ; n o b l e y o  nobility (noble people); K r i s t e y o Christendom  g e o g r a l g e o g r a p h e r ; g e o g r a t a g e o g r a p h i c : g e o -  g r a t i o geography; b i o g r a i biographer; b i o g r a f a  biographical; -flo -aphy  kia whose; nilunia nobody's; tosia everybody's;  l o p o v i a v i v the poor man's life  i b l a available; p o s i b i a possible; v i d i b l a visible;  v e n d i b l a saleable; l e k t i b l a readable; n o p o s i b l a  i m p o s s i b l e  d e s c e n d a n t  Eraklid Heraclidan; Israelid Israelite; latinida  o f l a t i n o r i g i n  c a u s e  kie for what reason, w h y ; e t i e f o r t h i s r e a s o n ;  n i l i e for no reason; kelie for any reason; s o m i e  f o r s o m e r e a s o n  determining, c a u s i n g  d o r m i l a  soporific ; e x i t i l a exciting;  b e n i l a  helpful, beneficial; l e z i l a prejudicial  31  27) - i g 8) -i¡  29) -il  to go  to become  i n s t r u m e n t ,  t o o l  3 0 -in feminine  31) - i n d having done  32) -inil small container  33) -ingo machine  34) - i o (pron. i - o ) art,  trade; a whole,  a set  bedigi to go to bed; dormigi to go  t e n s i g i to go to the window; laborigi to go to  d o r m i j i t o fall a s l e e p ; o l d i g t o g r o w o l d ; v i d i b l i j i  t o b e c o m e v i s i b l e ; b e l i j i to grow b e a u t i f u l  o r i l clock, watch;  nutcrackers ;  a p p a r a t u s ; s u k r i l sugar t o n g s ; d e n t i l tooth pick ;  d e k t o r i n lady doctor; roin queen; venderin  salesgirl; p i n t e r i n  seamstress; leonin lioness; tigrin tigress  vidinde having s e e n ; r i c i n d e h a v i n g r e c e i v e d ;  o l d i g i n d e having grown old; o l d i j i n d a who has  s u g a r bowl; s a l i n i l salt-  l a v i n g o w a s h i n g - m a c h i n e ; p l a t e n i n g o w a s h i n g - u p  medicine; p a n i o bakery, baker's shop; i n d u s t r i o  industry; oldio old people; old things; socio  49) -д уо (р г : : и-уо)  container, small  place or book  - у е place (1)  -yer, -eyer plant,  s i g a r e t u y o cigarette-case; o k i l u y o spectacle-  c a s e : totuyo hold-all, bin; garduyo sentry-box ;  o r d u r u y o  r e c t o r y ; t r e n u y o  time-table; fonuyo call-box, t e l e p h o n e b o o t h :  o r u y o  f o n a d r e s u y o telephone directory  klezye at church, to church; kinye at the movies,  to the movies; Londonye in London, to London;  B r u x e l y e  a t Brussels, to Brussels; skolye al,  to s c h o o l ; d o m y e h o m e , a t h o m e ; t o y e  e v e r y - n o w h e r e  w h e r e ; s o m y e somewhere; nilye  apple-tree; r o z y e r r o s e - t r e e ; t r u l y e r  peach-tree; pirseyer pear-  tree; fragyer strawberry plant  so a n y times; d u y e s twice; e k y e s  h u n d r e d d a y s t i m e s ; i d y e s ; o n e d a y ; p a s i d y e s a g o ; n a r i d y e s o n e o f t h e s e c o m i n g s o m e  d a y s .  to Paris; Fransye in, lo France; Romye in, to Rome; Italye in, to  or when speaking of places in general :  Mi gar klezye I am going to church; mi gar al San Paul klezo I am  going to St. Paul's Church; el gar skolye she goes to school; el g a r al  N o r m a s k o l s h e g o e s t o t h e N o r m a l S c h o o l ; il s u n g o r a l I n g e n e r s k o l  he will soon go t o t h e E n g i n e e r i n g S c h o o l ; m i U n i v e r s i t y e  the Universily; i l g o r s k o l y e xenye he will go to school a b r o a d ; il g o r  a u n x e n a skol b e will g o to f o r e i g n s c h o o l ; il g o r s k o l v e d o r i v e  he will go to school in the village; il g o r al d o r i o s k o l he will go to the  village school.  35) -ior m e a n s of  fishing-boat; destroyer; ivior  transport aircraftcarrier;  36) - i r comparative  a l t i r a t a l l e r, h i g h e r ; granira larger;  •smaller; f o r t i r a s t r o n g e r ; k l e v i r a more clever;  37) -is reflexive  o f i r a m o r e f r e q u e n t ; o f i r e more often  seirist to loke takesh munisi to punish one-  38) -ism, -ist doctrine,  p a r t i s a n  39) - i l i l l n e s s ,  med. affection  40) - l o g , -a, -io science,  art (pron. : i - o )  4 - o l young animal  412) - o n d g o i n g t o ;  to c o m e  k o m u n i s m o , -ist(a)  ciner diphtheria; epit hepatitis; uremit urae-  dermolog, - a , - i o dermatologist, -ogical, -ogy ;  nel m e s o s v e n o n d a in the  d e p a r t o n d a the ships that are  4 3 -orio (pron. : i - o ) factory  b i s g i t o r i o biscuit f a c t o r y ; t e l o r i o linen manu-  factory; k o r d o r i o rope-making, rope-manufactory.  44) -oyo ( p r o n . : o - y o )  skriboyo desk, writing-table; klozoyo cupbora,  T u r n t t u r e  wardrobe; frigoyo refrigerator, cooler  45) -oz a b u n d a n c e  rikozo great richess; r i k o z a very rich; lumoza  luminous; l u m o z o effulgence, sheen, glare  46) -ue r e c i p r o c i t y  l i b u c i to love e a c h o t h e r : l i b u c u ! love e a c h o t h e r ! :  m u t u a l a i d ; b o n b o y o s e l p u e a r good  47) -ul tiny  boys help one a n o t h e r  o m u l h o m u n c u l e ; i n f a n u l t i n y t o t ; m a n u l tiny  h a n d ; p e d u l tiny foot; k a t u l kitty (cat)  i n d i v i d u a l  lo v u n u n t h e wounded m a n ; lo v u n i n the wounded  (fem. : -in) w o m a n ; m a l u n  m a n ; m a l i n  p r i z u n prisoner; p r i z i n woman prisoner  ELISION  One m a y O P T I O N A L LY (never obligatorily), a n d SO LONG A S T H I S  D O E S N O T I N T E R F E R E W I T H E U P H O N Y A N D C L A R I T Y, elide  following words:  1) the article lo before a word beginning with a vowel :  P a r b o ,  l ' a r b o s the tree, the trees  l'eldo, l ' e l d i n o s l ' a v e n t u r o s the hero, the heroines  d ' A r t u r A r t h u r ' s a d v e n t u r e s  2) t h e preposition d e and the word ke ( p r o n o u n or conjunction), and  also the object pronoun, before a word beginning with a vowel:  l ' a v e n t u r d ' e l boy this boy's adventure  l ' o r e l o s d ' u n a s n o a n a s s ' s e a r s  l ' o k o s d ' u n f e m k ' i l v i d i r the eyes of a w o m a n he saw  m ' a m a r tu a s m i l ' a m a r ?  do you love me as I love you ?  il d i e a r k ' i l V a m a r he says t h a t he loves you  3) the two-syllable (one syllable after elision) or at most three-syllable  (two syllables a f t e r elision) A D J E C T I V E , w h e n P R E C E D E S the  noun to which it relates, NEVER WHEN IT FOLLOWS IT :  e t (a) dom  t h i s h o u s e  yen (a) floros t h o s e f l o w e r s  n u s ( a ) l e t ( a ) k a m o s nice little r o o m s  un gran(a) bel(a) klezo a big b e a u t i f u l c h u r c h  mi ricir ta gentil(a) brif I received your kind letter  let(a) domos c klezos g r a n a S m a l l h o u s e s a n d l a r g e c h u r c h e s  4) the ending o of the NOUN, but ONLY IN T H E SINGULAR..  plural's designation os MAY NEVER BE ELIDED (see "NOUN",  page 14) 33  mele n u r e  ら は ？  0 2 0 4  5) the ending at of the past participle, when used as a noun suffixed with  in (feminine) :  l a k u z a t ; l'akuzin ma l i b a t ; ma libin ma benamat; ma benamin the accused ( m ; 1)  my beloved (m; f)  my much beloved (m; /)  6) t h e sullix er and other suffixes, to reduce the length of a few feminine  nouns (ef. 5) above) :  biblioteker; bibliotekin librarian ( m ; /)  m a t e m a t i s t ; m a t e m a t i n m a t h e m a t i c i a n ( m ;  korespondent; korespondin c o r r e s p o n d e n t m ;  か か  a n y word may be elided, when this is suggested by the  r h y t h m or b y T h e poet is of course granted  extra freedom in this matter, as his muse may suggest to bim.  COMPOUND WORDS  C o m p o u n d words are very frequent in Neo. They a r e f o r m e d by  simple joining, b u t a h y p h e n can always be used to help the r e a d e r who  is new to Neo, and when the resulting compound word seems too long :  b o n a good, k o r h e a r t ; b o n k o r good-heartedness; b o n k o r a good-hearted  D o n a g o o d ; v o l w i l l ; b o n v o l g o o d w i l l ; b o n v o l a , - e goodwilling, -ly  mala bad, ill; malkore illnaturedly; malvol ill-will  Skol school, m a e s t r o t e a c h e r ; s k o l m a e s t r o schoolmaster  d o r i o village,  k l e z o c h u r c h ; d o r i o k l e z o village c h u r c h  a r t a r t ; i s t o r history; a r t i s t o r art-history; A r t i s t o r - S k o l Art-History  e n t a whole; k o r heart; e n t a k o r e whole-heartedly  a m o r l o v e : p e n sorrow; amorpen love-sorrow  menso dining; car c a r ; mensoear dining-car  When writing compound words, it is suggested, as soon as the word  seems too long, or as soon as there is a danger of confusion, we separate  the composing words with a hyphen: skol-maestro, art-istor, dorio-  m e n s o - c a r .  its or sund was have t o r are sister, sach, smoisestro. ceping  English compound words as "cigarette-holder", "cross-bearer", "pen-  "pen-wiper", "windscreen-wiper" are translated in Neo either  directly (with e n d i n g -er for a person, ( s i g a r e t i l ) , kruz-porter, plum-tenil, t o o l ) : s i g a r e t - p o r t i l  v i t r e l - s h u g i l ,  o r by using t h e infinitive: p o r t i - s i g a r e t , p o r t i k r u z , t e n i p l u m ( p l u m i l ) ,  Shugiplum,  The English idiom "from day to day",  from year to year", and so on,  is shrunk in Neo t o single words comprising the initial syllable and the  This useful device can be extended to adjectival (ending -a) and to  verbal ( e n d i n g - 1 , etc.) u s a g e : l e t l e t a s m a l l e r c o m e s m a l l e r a n d s m a l l e r ; l a d l a d a u g l i e r a n d a n d s m a l l e r ; l e t l e t i to u g l i e r : o l d o l d i t o be-  g r o w  older and older.  So k o n s t a t a r un idida melazo.  E t land far ananya progres.  Viv ye shirshira.  Nun il melmelar.  Il melar idide.  A d a y to day improvement is  ascertained.  T h i s c o u n t r y  is m a k i n g a year  t o y e a r  p r o g r e s s .  L i f e is there more a n d more ex-  pensive. He is now doing better and better.  He is getting better from day to day.  34  El n u s n u s a r idide. She is growing prettier and prettier  f r o m day to day.  Nos adsir al orora pizazo del situo. We witnessed t h e h o u r to h o u r  deterioration of the situation.  " t h e m a n w i t h t h e g r a y g l o v e " ,  word: lo nerkapla fel, lo grizganta vir, lo verdroba d a m .  GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES  Geographical names have been arbitrarily established in Neo. They  a r e s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e s , a c c o r d i n g to l o c a l p r e f e r e n c e o r t a s t e , o r for o t h e r  unaccountable reasons. The changes may be no less arbitrary than the  c a r l i e r forms.  H e r e is a list of s o m e of t h e s e n a m e s :  Country name Inhabitant (7)  l a n g u a g e  fashion, manner  and adjective  B r i t , b r i t a B r i t a , B r i t i n Great Britain, B r i t i s h  Briton, Britisher,  B r i t i s h w o m a n Anglo, a n g l a A n g l a , A n g l i n  A n g l a l England, English Englishman,  English E n g l i s h w o m a n F r a n s o , -a F r a n s a , -in F r a n s a l France, French Frenchman, F r e n c h  F r e n c h w o m a n  I t a l i o , - a l a I t a l a , - i n I t a h a n , I t a l a l I t a l i a n  I t a l y, I t a l i a n I t a l i a n w o m a n B e l g o , - a  B e l g a , B e l g i n (2)  b r i t a n a , -e a , ado  a f t e r  t h e B r i t i s h  m a n n e r ( s t y l e )  a n g l a n a , - e after  t h e E n g l i s h  m a n n e r  t r a n s a n a , -e  a f t e r the French  m a n n e r  i t a l a n a ,  -e t h e I t a l i a n  m a n n e r b e l g a n a , - e  a f t e r  Belgium, B e l g i a n , - w o m a n  D e c l a n d , d e u c a D e u c a , Deucin D e u c a l d e a u c a n a , -e  German (1) German, - w. G e r m a n  R u s i o , r u s a  R u s a , R u s i n R u s a l r u s a n a , - e  R u s s i a  Russian, - w.  R u s s i a n  Cin, c i n a China, C i n a , C i n i n C i n a l  c i n a n a , -e  C h i n e s e  Chinaman, - w. Chinese  Ned(o), n e d a Neda, Nedin N e d a l Nedana, -e  Netherlands, Dutchman,  D u t c h  ( H o l l a n d ) D u t c h Dutchwoman  S U R S , s u r s a Sursa, - i n s u r s a n a , -e  U. S. S. R.  G r e k i o , g r e k a Greece, Greek Graka, -in G r e k a l m o d e r n  Greek mod creekrekana, -e  G r e k )  E u r o p , -a E u r o p a , - i n  e u r o p a n a , - e  Europe, A m e r i k , - a Amerika, - i n A m e r i k a l (3) a m e r i k a n a , -e  A m e r i c a ,  Azyo, a z y a Azya, -у і п a z y a n a , - e  Asia, -jatic  A f r i k , a f r i k a A f r i k a , -in afrikana, -e  USA (USIO), usa Usa, -in Usal, Amerikal usana, - e  U.S.A., American (3)  A u s t r a l y o , - y a Australya, -yin australyana, - e  Australia (4)  Austro, austra Austra, - i n austrana, -e  Austria, - i a n  85  Japon, -a Japan, Japona, -in  Japanese  A r a b i o , a r a b a Arab, -in  Arabia, - l a n  T u r k i o , t u r k a Tu r k ( a ) , - i n T u r k e y , Swis, a Switzer" S w i s a , -in  land, Swiss  O c e a n y o , -ya Oceanya, - i n  Oceania, - i a n (5)  Mexik, - a Mexico, Mexixa, -in  -an  Mexico, Mexil- Mexikurba, -in  u r b o , - a M e x i - Mexikoa, -oin  co-City A l g e r y o , - y a Algerya, -yin  A l g e r i a , - i a n  A l g e r a , -a A l g e r a , -in  A l g i e r s , o1 -  T u n i s y o , -ya Tunisia, - i a n  T u n i s , - a T u n i s y a , Tunisa, -in  -yin  Tunis, of -  L o n d o n , l o n d o n a L o n d o n a , - i n  London, Londonian  Paris, -a P a r i s a , -in  Paris, -ian  R o m a , - a Rome, R o m a , - i n  R o m a n  Japonal  japonana, -e  A r a b a l  a r a b a n a , - e  T u r k a l  turkana, -e  swisana, -e  o c e a n y a n a , - e  m e x i k a n a , - e  mexikurbana, -e  algeryana, -e  algerana, -e  t u n i s y a n a , -e  tunisana, -e  L o n d o n a l (6)  l o n d o n a n a , - e  P a r i s a l (7)  p a r i s a n a , -e  R o m a l (8)  r o m a n a , - e  1) G e r m a n i o means Old Germany (history) (germana, German, -in ;  g e r m a n a n a , - e ) .  2) Belgal might mean "French as spoken in Belgium"; same, Swisal  3) Ameraland Osal rand Amerin (inguage) or „English as  3) A m e r i k a l and U s a l mean  spoken i n America (in t h e United States").  4) "australa" (belter "Suda"), would mean "austral, southern".  5) o c e a n means " o c e a n " ( o c e a n a oceanic).  6) L o n d o n a l m e a n s : London slang, Cockney; P a r i s a l : Parisian argot ;  R o m a l R o m a n dialect.  7) Inhabitants may also be called : Britun, -tin; Anglun, Anglin;  Fransun, Fransin; etc.  For the languages, there are verbal, adjective and adverbial deriv-  a t i o n s :  a n g l a l a , - e in English ; a n g l a l i to speak, to k n o w English ;  t r a n s a l a , - e i n F r e n c h ; t r a n s a l i to speak, to know French ;  rusala, -e in Russian; rusali to speak, to know Russian.  C u s o m u n ik f r a n s a l a r ? D o e s a n y b o d y s p e a k F r e n c h h e r e ?  E t a n g l a l a t r a d u k This English translation is not good.  M i b a d u k o r et l i b r o r u s a l e . I'll t r a n s l a t e this book i n t o Russian.  R u s s i a n t e a c h e r w h o  l a r p e r t e . knows English perfectly.  glishman.  Zi a r un t r a n s a anglala klavin. They have a French girl-typist for  English correspondence.  Old, classic, or constructed languages don't need the suffix -al : Latin  Latin; G r e k ancient Greek (modern Greek: grekal); S a n s k r i t Sanskrit;  Esperanto Esperanto; Neo Neo.  I l l a t i n a r m o no g r e k a r .  El esperantar e near.  He knows Latin b u t he does not  k n o w a n c i e n t G r e c k .  She knows Esperanto and Neo.  36  USEFUL IDIOMS  There is nothing so difeult as translating idioms from one language  into another.  When an English idiom does not appear clear enough in a  word for  word translation, try and give this idiom its real meaning in quite simple  l a n g u a g e .  Here are some attempts to translate the true meaning of some English  idioms :  So great a m a n .  Un t a n gran vir.  A certain Mr. Smith.  S e r t S r  Smith.  To set a n example.  Di l'exemplo.  What a surprise you are giving me! K a s u r p r e n vu m e d a r !  I am coming in a f e w minutes. Mi v e n a r fra p o k m i n u t o s .  Three shillings a head. Tre shilingos pro cet.  To go a-hunting. Gi yagi (yagigi).  To a b a n d o n oneself to... A b a n d o n i s i  T a k e n a b a c k ,  Tre paid for ki acaried, aghast. Disckurati saton a s t o n o c a .  W h a t ' s the m a t t e r ? К а m a t ?  In broken a c c e n t s .  K o n v o k r o m p a t .  T o m e e t  with acceptance.  I n k o n t r i aprov.  R o a d  a c c i d e n t .  R u t - a x i d e n t .  Aircraft accident.  I v - a x i d e n t .  T h e d i s p u t e h a s b e e n s e t t l e d . Lo kontendo aranjat.  his a c c o u n t s . L e s la  d i c o s .  To acknowledge receipt of a letter.  R i c a v i z i u n b r i f .  To put in action. Aktadi. - Movadi.  It adds up to ten thousand franes. Montantar ismil frankos.  The lack of a d j u s t m e n t  b e t w e e n  Za malkun.  their t e m p e r a m e n t s .  M u c h a d o a b o u t n o t h i n g , Mul rum po nilo.  W i t h o u t f u r t h e r a d o . Sen plu. - Sen oso.  They found it to their advantage. Zi t r i r it vantaga (po zi).  T o take medical advice. Konsulti mediker. - P r e n i m e d i k a  o p i n .  F o r e i g n  Affairs.  Foreign Office.  Xenecos. Xenecado.  T h a t ' s a n o t h e r a ff a i r !  E t o osa  gestyon!  T o w i n a l t e c t i o n .  G a n i a f e k t o . - G a n i s i m p a t i o .  H o w I w o u l d like to b e y o u n g a g a i n !  K a n mi d e z u r resi y u n a !  Now and again. - From time to time.  Temtempe.  To be over age.  Si s u r a j a ; suraji.  This cime ed esur propswith me.  Nos grear va propozo.  E t klim no me k o n v e n a r.  A i r - c o n d i t i o n ( t o ) ; - e d ; -ing.  E r k i ; e r k a ; erko.  (Via) Air-Mail. - By a i r.  I v e . -  E r e .  Air-tight. Air-hostess.  Ermetika. Er-ospin.  A i r- b r i d g e .  E r - p o n t . Er-portat.  A i r - b o r n e .  A l a r m s i g n a l .  A l a r m c l o c k .  Alarmil. Velyil.  F i r s t of a l l .  At all hours. - At a n y time.  Toprime. K e l o r e .  N o t a t all.  N i l e . - N i x e .  T h a t ' s all.  Eto to. - Sar to.  A l l i n c l u d e d  To i n s e .  All o i a  sudden.  S o d e n e .  All right!  O . K . ! O k e !  To allow oneself.  Alms-house.  Permisi. Azil. -  Ospizo.  Altar-boy.  Korgoboy.  37  Neo's OPTION/.L GENITIVE  We may optionally use in Neo the sullix ' ('oy), corresponding to the  English 's to mark the genitive:  ma patro'y dom  ma librer'oy filin  nos no libar et fem'oy modos  et libros-oy print exela  my father's house  my bookseller's daughter  we d o n ' t like this woman's manners  the printing of these books is excellent.  Both OPTIONAL GENITIVE's sullix - y (-oy) and COMPLEMENT  TRANSPOSITION'S sullix -n (-on, -an) (see page 28) were suggested by  Mr. Béla Mariash (Hungary).  Pronunciation of letter "¿". According to Mr. Adrian J. Pilgrim's (Leicester)  convincing suggestion, we have decided to accept for this letter the optional use  of both English (John, jolly) and French (Jean, joli) pronunciations.  Compound infinitive verbs. We wish to p o i n t o u t the equivalence of following  verbal forms :  = s i v i d a n d a ( t o b e s e e i n g ) :  v i d i n d i = s i v i d i n d a = i vidat (to h a v e seen):  vidondi = sividonda (to will have seen):  = si vidat (to be seen).