ROMA

Speranza

From the beginnings of the ninth to the early part of the fifteenth century ROMA suffered by infernal feuds, by the attacks of teh EMPEROR HENRY IV (1082) and of ROBERT GUISCARD (1084) who did her even more harm than the Goths or Vandals had done, and finally the removal of the popes to AVIGNON (1305).

Roma's great noble families, the FRANGIPANI, the COLONNA and the ORSINI, turned ROMA's ruins into FORTRESSES.

Robbers savaged the CAMPAGNA and plundered the PILGRIMS.