Speranza
David Mattingly,
"An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire: 54 BC -- 409 AD -- London:
Penguin History of Britain, 2006.
Pp. 622.
ISBN 10: 0-713-99063-5.
ISBN 13: 978-0-713-99063-8.
By courtesy of R. Kurzmann.
Mattingly's
comprehensive publication on Roman Britain (54 BC -- 409 AD) is aimed at the general reader,
although scholars and students alike will also benefit from this detailed, well
presented, new collection of perspectives on the "province" of Roman Britain.
David Mattingly -- the grandson of Romanist Harold Mattingly -- takes a fresh approach to the study of the Roman conquest of Britain -- and the institution of Britannia as one of the many Roman provinces.
Most previous scholars choose the view-point of the Conqueror (The Roman), considering, at
most, only native British inter-action with Roman rulers.
Mattingly, instead,
ponders the effect of Roman rule on the native population in Britain.
Mattingly's book
is a very valuable contribution to the history and archaeology of the
province of Britannia. -- "if biased" (?).
The book is divided into five parts: an introduction and four
themed parts, respectively entitled
'The Military Community',
The Civil
Communities',
'The Rural Communities' and
'Comparative Perspectives and
Concluding Thoughts'.
The detailed introduction is in turn divided into three
sub-chapters.
In the first ,
'The Spectre of the Roman Empire', Mattingly discusses
the effect of colonialism on modern scholarship on Roman Britain.
Mattingly points out
that the history of the provincial of BRITANNIA has never been studied from the perspective of
the defeated, since the colonialist and post-colonialist scholars who studied it
have always identified with the conquerors rather than the 'barbaric British'.
This
contrast with the situation in France, where Vercingetorix became a symbol of
French resistance to the German occupation during the Second World War.
British historians
, Mattingly argues, tend to glorify the Roman conqueror rather than
native leaders.
In response, Mattingly proposes to write a "post-colonial" history
of Roman Britain with a focus on the native British view point.
Mattingly
further argues that 'Romanization' was not a one-way process.
Native
society also contributes to what made a Roman province.
Mattingly proposes to
attempt to reconstruct British identity under Roman rule.
In the second part of
his introduction, entitled
'Sources of Information and Rules of Evidence',
Mattingly points out that, since most of the sources for Roman Britain come from outside
the province of Britannia, they are not always reliable.
Mattingly notes that the written
sources create a very fragmented view of Romano-British society and that even
the archaeological evidence is slightly skewed, since the choice of excavated
sites favoured the Roman conquerors of Britain.
The third introductory chapter,
'Nothing for Us to Fear or Rejoice At -- Britain, Britons and the Roman Empire',
gives an account of the relationship between Britannia and the Mediterranean world PRIOR
to the period of conquest (pre- 54 B. C.).
Mattingly moves away from the traditional claim
that the south of Britain was very eager to embrace Roman rule, remarking that
the archaeological material does not provide any evidence for this assumption.
Mattingly argues there was a careful selection of practices, which is worth
stressing.
Part II deals with the military communities of Roman Britain.
Chapter 4,
'The Iron Fist: Conquest (43-83) and Aftermath',
starts with a
discussion of the general organisation of the Roman army and then enumerates the
campaigns and rebellions ('resistance') during the first century AD.
Mattingly argues that the
Romans were ruthless in the slaughter and enslavement of rebellious opponents,
but perhaps no more so than other ancient armies.
Problems in other provinces,
difficulties of terrain, native RESISTANCE and ultimately lack of man-power
contributed to the Romans' failure to conquer the whole of the island of
Britain.
Chapter 5, 'Britannia Perdomita: The Garrisoning of Provinces',
deals
with the organisation of the Roman army in Britain and provides a very detailed
summary of the military units.
It also includes evidence for military out-posts
in the so-called 'civilian' zone, which shows the entirety of Mattingly's
approach, since most other publications tend to concentrate on either the
so-called 'military' or the 'civilian' zone.
Mattingly's discussion of structural
evidence for military buildings is a good summary of recent discoveries,
including the function of the walls in Northern Britain.
But Mattingly fails to mention
recent archaeological discoveries pertaining to first-century advances into
Scotland.
In Chapter 6 ,
'The Community of Soldiers',
Mattingly underscores the
regional variety in the Roman army.
Mattingly talks about auxiliary patterns and the
fact that ethnic origin and cultural identity will have become diluted after a
period of time.
Mattingly argues that the civilians named on inscriptions are
usually closely related to the army and therefore not very representative of the
overall population.
Mattingly argues that most of the British population lave no such
records and that the presence of the Roman army is not necessarily beneficial
to the lives of the ordinary native Britons.
Mattingly continues to stress that the
social effects of the strong military presence on native society have never been
explored properly, arguing that many of the women who are commemorated as
soldiers' wives would have been forced into these relationships because of their
families' poverty, which would have had a negative effect on the community.
However, whereas this interpretation is undoubtedly justified when talking about
the initial period after conquest, Mattingly's hypotheses are somewhat
contradictory at times, since Mattingly also states that the auxiliaries and other
soldiers were well integrated into society in later periods.
It is UNLIKELY that
the division between Roman and British would still have been very pronounced
during the late second and third centuries AD.
In this chapter, Mattingly uses
already well-known sources, such as the Vindolanda tablets, but reinterprets
them.
Furthermore, Mattingly shows himself open to various hypotheses on one
source, as illustrated in his reading of the inscription from South Shields
about the Palmyrene Barates who, according to Mattingly, could have been both a
soldier and a civilian in his lifetime.
In Chapter 7,
'The Fashioning of
Military Identity',
Mattingly looks in detail at the factors that contributed to
the military's distinctive identity and how this differentiated soldiers from
other groups in society in Roman Britain.
Mattingly points out that the Roman
military treated civilians quite harshly, although this assumption is based
mainly upon records from provinces OTHER than Britannia.
Mattingly's suggestion that the two skeletons
found at Canterbury with military belts and cavalry swords represent cruel
cavalry officers murdered during civilian acts of revenge is highly
hypothetical.
Some cultural habits mentioned in this chapter, such as the
culture of eating and the subject of native British art and religion, are not
exclusive to the military and therefore move the conversation slightly away from
its topic.
However, the main conclusions regarding ethnic and cultural diversity
in the Romano-British army are very well illuminated by a selection of various
sources.
Mattingly finishes with a list of deviations from the archetypical
Roman military identity by naming some unusual ethnic groups within the
Romano-British army, as known from dedications, pottery and the evidence from
military burials.
The fact that there was a native element in the Romano-British
army from the early period and the phenomenon of intermarriage are also
highlighted.
Chapter 8,
'De Excidio Britanniae',
deals with the decline and
fall of the Roman era in Britain.
Mattingly compiles a list of sources of events
associated with the fall of Roman Britain in a table, which shows very clearly
that the evidence used to create the hypotheses about the decline of Roman
Britain from the fifth century AD is mainly literary.
Mattingly argues that the
third century AD crisis may have been used to shape modern scholars' views about
the following centuries.
Mattingly also suggests that there is evidence that the
military system changed during the late period and argues that the reduction of
military power in the fourth century must have brought positive changes to the
British economy.
According to Mattingly, this is visible in the relative wealth
of some level of British society in a time of relative peace.
Again, the author
displays the ability to analyse already well known sources from a totally
different perspective.
Part 3 deals with the civil communities.
In Chapter 9,
'Forma Urbis: The Development of Towns',
Mattingly challenges the conventional
view that a region needed to be 'pacified' before being handed over to the civil
administration of the new towns.
On the origin of the early towns, Mattingly includes
two recent research results, the existence of native settlements under some
towns and the existence of military settlements under others.
Mattingly states that
modern scholars either emphasize one or the other phenomenon, depending on
whether they intend to argue for or against native involvement in the founding
of cities.
However, according to Mattingly, the reality was probably situated
somewhere between those two possible scenarios.
A list of Romano-British towns
follows, as well as a section on the small towns of Late Roman
Britain.
Chapter 10,
'Townspeople',
deals with society in these towns and
uses inscriptions and material culture to analyse the lives of their
inhabitants.
The chapter illuminates very well that city dwellers were a
minority in Roman Britain.
Also, several interesting points about the diversity
of Romano-British city dwellers are made concisely, matched by few other studies
of Romano-British towns.
Palaeo-pathological studies, Mattingly adds, do not
support the common view that the Roman period brought an improvement in health
and nutrition to the population of Britain.
Chapter 11, on
'The Urban Failure',
deals with the controversy over whether or not Romano-British society went into
decline from the fourth century AD.
Mattingly reviews the evidence, concluding
that there was a decline of public buildings but that domestic buildings
continued to flourish after the AD 450s, which merely shows that town life as
known in the Roman period was replaced by a different system.
Part 4 deals
with rural communities.
Chapter 12,
'The Villa and the Roundhouse',
starts with
the observation that the lands of the defeated people were usually given to the
conquerors.
Again, Mattingly attempts to analyse the material from the
perspective of the conquered Britons and rejects the recently fashionable view
that the British elite played a large part in the design of the new cities.
Mattingly
argues that the strong military presence in many areas of Britain shows that the
towns must have been built by the conquerors, similar to the situation in Dacia
where there is little evidence for the presence of civilians in the shaping of
the town on the frontier zone.
However, recently it has been become clear that
much more information is needed on rural settlement, and new results may still
change this view.
Mattingly's discussion of villas is a rather welcome, new
approach since he does not lose himself in the description of single villas but
instead asks questions about the influence of villa estates on an area and the
origin of the villa-owning class.
Mattingly's discussion of rural "non-villa" sites is
rather short, given the fact that the life of the indigenous population is one
of the main interests of the book.
Since it is a fairly new research interest,
this is probably not surprising.
Chapter 13,
'Provincial Landscapes',
investigates rural landscapes according to the criteria laid out in previous
chapters.
It raises issues about existing research problems, such as the
difficulties of investigating "non-villa" sites; however, the concentration is
again mainly on villas.
Mattingly also highlights the role of the military in
the construction of native British buildings and states that the prata legionis
at Chester are an exception because there is evidence for increased native
British influence in a military territory.
However, our definition of prata may
be too broad since recent studies have shown that the borders between military
and civilian areas are often not as clearly cut as generally
anticipated.
Chapter 14,
'Free Britannia: Beyond the Frontiers',
offers a good
summary of the Roman material from beyond the Romano-British frontiers, showing
that the movement of goods was controlled by hierarchical centres.
Mattingly's
interpretation of the material is not new.
But the fact that the Irish material
is included in the study shows that this book offers a very well-balanced
approach.
Mattingly shows in Chapter 15, 'Rural culture and identities', how the
inhabitants of the towns and Roman-style elite were a minority in Roman Britain.
Mattingly discusses the different groups of possible villa owners, such as occasionally
local chieftains, Italian state officials, wealthy refugees from the continent
in the third century, and presumably the church during the fourth century AD.
The decorative art of the elite is used to gather information about rural
identities and culture, as well as eating culture, religion and funerary cult.
However, overall this chapter is a list of habits, and Mattingly does not dwell
on the question of individual identities too much, which is probably because of
the scanty evidence for such individuals.
Part 5 is entitled
'Comparative
Perspectives and Concluding Thoughts'.
It begins with Chapter 16,
'Different
Economies, Discrepant Identities,'
which deals with the difference between the
native and Roman economy.
Mattingly starts with the observation that the view of
Romanization as a one-way process has long been replaced by the realization that
the Roman Empire was one of discrepant experiences.
From this observation, Mattingly
draws conclusions about the economy of Roman Britain.
Mattingly points out that the
economy of a Roman province was driven by the desire to extract resources from
the conquered areas, since large armies were in need of maintenance and the
taxation of the defeated tribes was one way to achieve this.
Mattingly
differentiates between provincial economies and the imperial economy.
On top of
these, Mattingly argues, there was the extra-provincial economy, represented by the
material outcome of trade with neighbouring societies in Ireland and Scotland.
Mattingly does not agree that there was Roman control of goods exchange with
these areas.
However, other scholars, such as Erdrich, have proven that there
appears to have been Roman control of the trade routes, at least in some cases.
Again, Mattingly attempts to highlight the negative impact of the Roman
occupation on British society and compares this with the more recent example of
slave trade in West African societies.
In his concluding thoughts on this
chapter, Mattingy argues that there was no uniform way of being 'Roman' in
Britain, since different communities would have embraced different aspects of
Roman life-style.
Mattingly roughly divides areas into those that were more
opportunistic about becoming Roman and those that were more resistant.
Overall,
Mattingly's view of Roman Britain is a good deal less rosy than that of other
scholars.
Mattingly fiercely believes that colonialism was always an exploitative
system and that its effects on native British society would not have differed
from other those of other examples of colonialism in the more recent past.
Thus,
he interprets the collapse of Roman Britain as a native response to ongoing
unhappiness with the status quo.
In Chapter 17,
'No Longer Subject to Roman
Laws',
Mattingly argues that it is likely that the end of the Roman rule in
Britain was mainly the result of the RESISTANCE of British population after
having been oppressed for four centuries.
Unlike Wood, he interprets
Romano-British culture after AD 409 as essentially "sub-Roman" and does not
believe early medieval sources which state that Roman rule was reinstated after
this period.
In Mattingly's eyes, the native population was only too keen to
rid itself of the Roman economy and taxes.
Mattingly argues that the absence of
coins from the early fifth century AD proves that an official Roman rule was
never re-established.
However, Mattingly's view may be slightly one-sided and influenced
by studies on more modern colonial systems.
It is evident that there must have
been a lot of dissatisfaction with the Roman rule in Britain during the period
following the conquest, as shown by the revolts of the first century AD.
However, by the early fifth century AD it is unlikely that there would have been
much awareness of the status quo before the conquest or longing for the freedom
of their pre-Roman ancestors, especially in those areas that were not near the
frontier.
Thus, interpreting Honorius' refusal to send more troops and the
decision of some Romano-British aristocrats to take refuge on the continent as a
form of large-scale and long-time 'liberation' movement in Britain might be
somewhat drastic.
Mattingly's book is a very detailed, valuable introduction
into the subject of Roman Britain, which does not repeat previous summaries of
the history and archaeology of the province but instead offers a new point of
view, analysing the province from the perspective of the conquered rather than
the conquerors.
Aimed at the general reader, it nonetheless offers a wide range
of theories and new research results, rendering the book attractive for readers
with a more detailed knowledge of Roman Britain as well.
Understandably, there
is little room for detailed references in a general study.
However, it would be
easier to relate the statements in the book to the evidence for them if such
references were made within the text as well as in the excellent and
comprehensive bibliography at the end of the book.
Overall, many of Mattingly's
theories on the native British view-point on Roman Britain differ significantly
from other scholars' analyses of Roman Britain.
His book offers a refreshing new
angle, although occasionally the models offered by more recent cases of
colonialism represent a highly hypothetical approach to the study of native
identity in Roman Britain.
Unfortunately, relatively little is known about the
native communities in Roman Britain compared to the occupying forces, and even
less about the lives of country-dwellers compared to those of city dwellers.
Therefore, a good deal of Mattingly's scenarios cannot be proven, in spite of
his best efforts to shed more light on native British identity.
Because Mattingly's essay
is mainly a collection of sources on the conquerors rather than the conquered,
not through the fault of the author but because our main source material still
comes from this part of Romano-British society, any conclusions about the native
British feelings on the Roman rule are largely based upon more recent examples,
such as the slave trade in western Africa, and are therefore highly
hypothetical.
Nevertheless, Mattingly's essay is an admirable and very comprehensive
study, which offers a variety of sources and their interpretations and very
detailed analysis of various aspects on the Roman rule in Britain and the lives
of members of native society from within and outside the frontiers as well as
immigrants from the Roman world.
Therefore, this study is highly recommended to
the general readership interested in Roman Britain as well to as experienced
readers.
Notes:
D.J. Woolliscroft and B. Hoffmann.
"Rome's
First Frontier -- The Flavian Occupation of Northern Scotland".
Stroud: Tempus
Publishing, 2006.
R. Kurzmann.
"The definition of ancient military
territories." Bulletin of the Hadrianic Society, N.S. 1 (2006) 11-17.
M. Erdrich.
"Rom und die Barbaren: das Verhältnis zwischen dem Imperium Romanum
und den germanischen Stämmen vor seiner Nordwestgrenze von der späten römischen
Republik bis zum gallischen Sonderreich."
Mainz: Von Zabern 2001.
I.
Wood. 'The final phase', in: M. Todd (ed.),
A companion to Roman Britain (Oxford
2004), 428-4
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment