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Monday, December 21, 2015

WESLEYANA

Speranza



Wesleyan University
Wesleyan University Shield.svg




Established		1831
TypePrivate
Endowment$839 million (2015)[1]
PresidentMichael S. Roth
Academic staff
375
Undergraduates2,870
Postgraduates197
LocationMiddletown, Connecticut, New England, United States
CampusSmall city, 360 acres (1.5 km2)
ColorsCardinal and Black          
AthleticsNCAA Division III
NESCAC
Sports29 varsity teams
16 club teams
NicknameCardinals
Affiliations
Website
Wesleyan University.svg












































Wesleyan is a private liberal arts college in Middletown, Connecticut, New England founded as a 'male college' in 1831.

Wesleyan is a baccalaureate college that emphasizes undergraduate instruction in the arts and sciences, provides graduate research in many academic disciplines, and grants PhD degrees primarily in music, the sciences, and mathematics.

Founded under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church and with the support of prominent residents of Middletown, Connecticut, New England, the now secular university was the first institution of higher education to be named after John Wesley, the founder of Methodism.

About 20 unrelated colleges and universities were subsequently named after Wesley.

Wesleyan, along with Amherst College and Williams College, is a member of the Little Three colleges, an un-official athletic conference of liberal arts colleges.





The Samuel Wadsworth Russell House, home to the philosophy department.

The building was designated a national historic landmark in 2001 and is considered one of the finest examples of domestic Greek Revival architecture.



The rear of 'College Row'.

From left to right:
North College
South College
Memorial Chapel
Patricelli theatre
Not pictured: Judd Hall.







































Three histories of Wesleyan have been published:

Wesleyan's First Century by Carl F. Price in 1932, another in 1999, Wesleyan University, 1831–1910: Collegiate Enterprise in New England and Wesleyan University, 1910-1970, Academic Ambition and Middle-Class America, released in May 2015, both authored by David B. Potts. 

Wesleyan was founded as an all-male Methodist college in 1831.

The University, established as an independent institution under the auspices of the Methodist conference, was led by Willbur Fisk, its first President.

Despite its name, Wesleyan was never a denominational seminary.

It remained a leader in educational progress throughout its history and erected one of the earliest comprehensive science buildings devoted exclusively to undergraduate science instruction on any American college or university campus, Judd Hall (named after alumnus Orange Judd).

 It also has maintained a larger library collection than institutions comparable in size.

 The Wesleyan student body numbered about 300 in 1910 and had grown to 800 in 1960, the latter being a figure that Time described as "small".

 Although Wesleyan developed into a peer of Amherst and Williams, Wesleyan was always decidedly the smallest of the Little Three institutions until the 1970s, when it grew significantly to become larger than the other two.

In 1872, the University became one of the first U.S. colleges to attempt co-education by allowing a small number of female students to attend, a venture then known as the "Wesleyan Experiment".

"In 1909, the board of trustees voted to stop admitting women as undergraduates, fearing that the school was losing its masculine image and that women would not be able to contribute to the college financially after graduation the way men could."

Given that concern, Wesleyan ceased to admit women, and from 1912 to 1970 Wesleyan operated again as an all-male college.

Wesleyan became independent of the Methodist church in 1937, although in 2000, the university was designated as an historic Methodist site.

Beginning in the late 1950s, president Victor Lloyd Butterfield began an ambitious program to reorganize the University according to Butterfield's "College Plan" somewhat similar to Harvard's House system or Yale's colleges, where undergraduate study would be divided into seven smaller residential colleges with their own faculty and centralized graduate studies, including doctoral programs and a Center for Advanced Studies (later renamed The Center for the Humanities).

 The building program begun under this system created three residential colleges on Foss Hill (the Foss Hill dormitories) and then three more residential colleges (the Lawn Avenue dormitories, now called the Butterfield Colleges). 

 Although the facilities were largely created, only four of the academic programs were begun, and only two of those continue today: the College of Letters (COL) and the College of Social Studies (CSS).

 Fund raising proved highly effective and by 1960 Wesleyan had the largest endowment, per student, of any college or university in America, and a student-faculty ratio of 7:1.

Butterfield's successors, Edwin Deacon Etherington (Class of 1948)
and Colin Goetze Campbell, completed many of the innovations begun during Butterfield's administration, including the return of women in numbers equal to men; a quadrupling in the total square footage of building space devoted to laboratory, studio and performing arts instruction; and a dramatic rise in the racial, ethnic, and religious diversity and size of the student body.

The University and several of its admissions deans were featured in Jacques Steinberg's 2002 book The Gatekeepers: Inside The Admissions Process of a Premier College.

In the fall 2007 semester, Michael S. Roth, a 1978 graduate of Wesleyan and former president of the California College of the Arts, was inaugurated as the University's 16th president.[37]



The view from Foss Hill. From left to right:
Judd Hall, Harriman Hall (which houses the Public Affairs Center and the College of Social Studies), and Olin memorial library.
Wesleyan occupies a 360-acre (1.5 km2) campus, with over 340 buildings, including: the five-building College Row; Olin Memorial Library; Andrus Public Affairs Center; the Exley Science Center; Shanklin and Hall-Atwater Laboratories; the Van Vleck Observatory; Fayerweather with Beckham Hall; Russell House, a National Historic Landmark; the Allbritton Center; the Butterfield dormitories; the Fauver Field dormitories; and the 11-building Center for the Arts complex.

When Wesleyan University was founded in 1831, it took over a campus on which two buildings, North College and South College, had already been built in 1825.

They were originally constructed by the City of Middletown for use by Captain Partridge’s American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy.

In 1829, after the Connecticut legislature declined it a charter to grant college degrees, Capt. Alden Partridge moved his Academy to Northfield, Vermont.

The Academy later became Norwich University and the Middletown buildings were acquired by Wesleyan.

The book, Norwich, 1819-1911, Vol. I (1911), provides the following description of South College (originally called The Lyceum) and North College (called "The Barracks").


Clark Hall, a freshman dormitory built in 1916 and renovated in 2002.














These buildings were constructed of brown sandstone from the quarries in Portland.

The “Barracks” was four stories high, 150 feet long and 52 feet wide, with a large attic and basement. Halls extended the full length of the building.

The “Lyceum” was located 20 feet south of the Barracks, was three stories high, with a basement partly above the ground.

At the front of the building was a tower 14×16 feet and 73 feet high.

The basement floor was used for an arsenal and laboratory and the first and second floors for class rooms.

The third floor called the “Hall of the Lyceum” was used as a chapel, drill room, and for public services.

The original North College was destroyed in a fire in 1906, but South College survived, being converted into offices that same year.

The cupola and the belfry, which contains the Wesleyan Carillon, was designed by Henry Bacon and was added in 1916.

The original core buildings of the campus were North College and South College. North College, Nassau Hall-type building seen in most early American college campuses, was replaced after a fire in 1909 with the current North College.

South College is the sole building from the beginning of the college.

These two buildings were the first two in a line of six later called 'College Row'.

The other buildings of College row include the recently renovated Memorial Chapel, the original college library (now a theater), and Judd Hall. Adjacent to College Row, Olin Library, Harriman Hall, Shanklin Hall, and the former Hall Chemistry Building were designed by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White as a set (with Clark Hall and a never built sixth building) to form a quadrangle.

The northern end of High Street contains several large buildings which were former private residences a few of which were exceptional architectural examples.

These include:

Russell House, a national historic landmark
-- two Alsop family houses, (one is currently the African-American Studies center with student housing; the other is the Davison Art Center)
-- the Davison infirmary
-- a second Russell family house that contains the University Development Office, and 
-- Downey House. 

High Street, which is the old center of campus, was once described by Charles Dickens as "the most beautiful street in America."
Recent building initiatives include the Freeman Athletic Center (which includes a 50-meter swimming pool, the Spurrier-Snyder Rink for hockey, the 1,200-seat Silloway Gymnasium, the 7,500-square-foot (700 m2) Andersen Fitness Center, and the Rosenbaum Squash Center with eight courts); the Center for Film Studies; and a multi-building renovation project creating a 'Humanities District' on the east side of High Street between Fisk Hall and Russell House, which includes facilities for the departments of English, Romance Languages, the College of Letters, Classical Studies, Philosophy, and Art & Art History.

The Allbritton Center (previously the Davenport Student Center, and before that Scott Lab) opened in the fall of 2009 and houses the Allbritton Center for the Study of Public Life, the Shapiro Creative Writing Center, the Quantitative Analysis Center (QAC), and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program.

The Usdan University Center, which opened in September 2007, has dining facilities for students and for faculty. It also houses seminar and meeting spaces, the Wesleyan Student Assembly, Student Activities and Leadership Development Office, University Events and Scheduling Office, the post office, and the computer store. In 2012, 41 Wyllys Ave. opened in the former squash building as the new home for the College of Letters, Art History Program, and the Wesleyan Career Center.


Wesleyan, located in the 48,000 large city of Middletown, Connecticut, is half an hour drive away from both New Haven and Hartford, Connecticut.

However, for students, faculty, staff and visitors who do not have cars, there are limited options to come to Wesleyan with only two buses a day from Hartford serving the city as well as a bus to Meriden which in most cases necessitate another train ride to New Haven to get to a major population center (NYC or Boston).

More info about the Meriden buses can be found in the CT Transit's website here.

Moreover, there is a New Haven shuttle from Wesleyan University that runs every Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday and charges $10 or $15 depending on the season for a direct route from USDAN Student Center to New Haven Union Train Station.

The shuttle requires reservations done before boarding. More info about the shuttle can be found here [44] Buses and trains run daily from New Haven Union Station to New York and Boston.


Wesleyan's 46 undergraduate academic departments offer over 900 courses each semester and more than 900 individual tutorials.

Wesleyan also offers 13 interdisciplinary programs and nine Academic Centers.

Undergraduates receive the Bachelor of Arts in one (or more) of 45 major concentrations.[51][52][53] As many as a third of these majors are interdisciplinary in structure.[54] Wesleyan began offering minors in February, 2012 and at present offers eleven minors; more minors are under consideration.[55][56] Certificates are offered in eleven fields.[55] According to the University, "Certificate programs at Wesleyan supplement (but do not replace) a major. A certificate requires an interdisciplinary set of courses that prepares a student for postgraduate work in a specified interdisciplinary field."[57] In addition, double majors are popular and up to 40% of Wesleyan’s graduates are double majors.[54] Students triple major as well.[58] Undergraduates can also pursue a custom-designed major, known as a University Major.[59] According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, "Wesleyan is noted for its undergraduate programs of tutorial instruction and independent study."[60] Approximately 52% of students undertake independent study.

Wesleyan offers 3–2 programs in engineering with the California Institute of Technology and Columbia University's School of Engineering. These programs allow undergraduates to receive degrees in five years from both Wesleyan (B.A.) and Caltech or Columbia (B.Sc., Engineering).[60][62][63] Additionally, Wesleyan offers a BA/MA Program in the sciences leading to a bachelor's degree in the fourth year and a master's degree in the fifth year. Tuition for the fifth year of the master's degree is waived.[64] Undergraduates can pursue studies in pre-medicine, pre-law, and pre-business through any major.[65] Most classes at Wesleyan are small; the predominant class size for undergraduates is 10–19 students, and the student to faculty ratio is 8 to 1.

The University has described a set of general principles that define its approach to undergraduate education summed up in ten essential capabilities that the faculty believe every undergraduate should possess when he or she graduates from Wesleyan.[58][68][69] Students may acquire these capabilities through numerous courses throughout the curriculum designated by the faculty as satisfying specific capabilities and through extra- or co-curricular activities.[68][70][71][72][73] Writing is emphasized across the disciplines and 99% of undergraduates participate in Wesleyan's Writing Across the Curriculum program.

Wesleyan does not require undergraduates to take prescribed courses.

Freshmen are offered First Year Initiative seminars, which are designed to prepare them for upper level courses by emphasizing writing, analysis, discussion, and critical thinking.

Undergraduates are encouraged in the first two years of study to take a minimum of two courses from two different departments in each of three areas: natural sciences and mathematics, humanities and the arts, and social and behavioral sciences.

 In the second two years, undergraduates are expected to take one course in each of these three areas. Fulfillment of the General Education Expectations in conjunction with co-curricular activities provides simultaneous acquisition of the ten essential capabilities.

"A student who does not meet these [general education] expectations by the time of graduation will not be eligible for University honors, Phi Beta Kappa, honors in general scholarship [honors or high honors], and for honors in certain departments."[54][79]

The Butterfield Colleges






The College of Social Studies was founded in 1959, combining the fields of history, economics, government, and philosophy. It emphasizes intellectual independence and collaborative and social ties between faculty and students. Students take 5.5 of the program's 10.5 (thesis-writing students take 11.5) required credits during their sophomore year. Sophomore year focuses on the development of modern Western society from historical, economic, social and political perspectives, and culminates with comprehensive final exams. Junior year has a more global focus, while Seniors are required to write an Honors thesis (full year) or a Senior Essay.[80][81][82]
The College of Letters (COL) combines the study of history, literature, philosophy, and a foreign language of the student's choice. The program has a primary focus on the Western canon.

Undertaking a chronological study that progresses from antiquities to modernity, COL students take one colloquium together each semester and study abroad for the second semester of their sophomore year; they are expected to be at an intermediate level of study in their language of choice at the time they enter the program as sophomores.

During their junior year students prepare for intensive comprehensive examinations on the three colloquia taken up to this point. During their senior year students must write a thesis (full year paper) or an essay (half year paper).[83]


The College of the Environment (COE), created in 2009, integrates the following components: 1) a curricular component, including the newly established environmental studies major, the environmental studies certificate, and a senior capstone project; 2) a Think Tank of Wesleyan faculty, scholars of prominence, and undergraduates whose aim is to produce scholarly work that will influence national and international thinking and action on critical environmental issues; and 3) the Collaborative Research Initiative (CRI), which is designed to encourage COE majors with the most potential to undertake environmental research. The threefold goal of the CRI combines: a) preparing students for senior research work; b) recruiting students of exceptional skill for participation in the COE Think Tank; and c) preparing students for research careers in environmental studies, as well as facilitating internships (non-credit) to provide students with research opportunities and "real world" experience (e.g., internships with governmental organizations, NGO's, and businesses, etc.).[84][85][86]


The College of Integrative Sciences (CIS) is the most recent interdisciplinary college at Wesleyan, founded in 2014. The College was motivated by the recognition that the most significant innovations in science and technology today come by combining the expertise of multiple disciplines. Accordingly, the CIS provides students with an interdisciplinary education in the sciences, and combines it with hands-on problem solving skills in research. Through research, students are transformed from consumers into creators of knowledge. CIS students gain both the formal background and the practical training needed to be successful in the competitive arena of technology development. To build interdisciplinary expertise, students must complete both a traditional major in science or mathematics, as well as a “linked” major that combines components from other disciplines to form a coherent plan of study.[87]


According to National Science Foundation (NSF) research and data, the University ranks first nationally among liberal arts colleges in federal funding for research in the sciences and mathematics. Wesleyan is also the number one ranked liberal arts institution in publications by science and mathematics faculty as determined by a measure of research publication rate and impact of publication that factors in both the number of research papers and the number of times those papers are cited in the literature. The University's undergraduates co-author (with Wesleyan faculty) and publish more scientific papers than do students at any other liberal arts school. Wesleyan is the sole undergraduate liberal arts college to be designated a Molecular Biophysics Predoctoral Research Training Center by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) among research universities such as Stanford, University of California at Berkeley, Johns Hopkins, Harvard University Medical School, Duke, Cornell, and the University of Pennsylvania.[88] The University may be the only liberal arts college to offer an undergraduate concentration in this area. Medical school acceptances historically have averaged above 90% and in some years Wesleyan has recorded an acceptance rate of 100%. Many pre-med graduates are admitted to the most prestigious programs in the country.[89][90]
Wesleyan was one of the first colleges to establish a separate Molecular Biology & Biochemistry department, and has extensive laboratory facilities.[89] The University is reputed to have the most square footage of lab space per student of any college in the country. All of the science departments, mathematics & computer science and psychology support original post-graduate research programs. An additional laboratory building is in the planning stages.

The Astronomy department graduates more astronomy and astrophysics majors than any other liberal arts college in the country.[citation needed] The program is based at Van Vleck Observatory, built in 1914, which is on Foss Hill near the center of the Wesleyan campus.

Wesleyan's Science in Society Program (SISP) is an interdisciplinary major that encourages integrated study of the sciences and medicine as practices, institutions, and intellectual achievements, among other areas of study. The program has three components: science courses, SISP courses, and an area of concentration (which may include a major in one of the sciences). The program is well suited for students interested in a variety of professional and academic pursuits, since it encourages students to integrate technical scientific understanding with a grasp of the multiple contexts in which scientific knowledge is applied, and the issues at stake in its application.[91]


Wesleyan's program in World Music, described as "one of the top schools in the country for the study of ethnomusicology"[92][93] and music, employs leading teaching musicians andethnomusicologists, representing a variety of musical traditions. European (including Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, Impressionistic, Expressionistic, Neoclassical, Neoromantic, Gebrauchsmusik, 20th century, Contemporary, and Opera), South Indian Classical, Indonesian (including Javanese Gamelan), East Asian, classical Chinese music, Korean music, Japanese music including Taiko drums, West African, Caribbean, African-American, as well as Experimental music have been permanent components of the Music Department since the 1960s.[94] The Experimental music work at Wesleyan dates to the residency of John Cage at the University, and subsequently to Alvin Lucier, Ron Kuivila, and Jon Barlow. Among universities, Wesleyan "has one of the largest and most diverse collections of world musical instruments,"[95] many of which are depicted in the University's "Virtual Instrument Museum."[96]


The University's Film Studies program, ranked seventh among the twenty-five best programs in the world,[97][98] is led by film historian Jeanine Basinger.[99] In 2008, Vanity Fair said: "This tiny Connecticut University, with a total enrollment of 2,700, has turned out a shockingly disproportionate number of Hollywood movers and shakers."[100][101] Similarly, in 2008, Variety magazine noted Basinger's contribution to the film industry through her work in the Wesleyan Film Studies program, and the large number of alumni of the program now working in Hollywood.[102]University students, biographers, media experts, and scholars from around the world may have full access to The Wesleyan Cinema Archives, which document the film industry during the 20th century and contain the personal papers and film related materials of Ingrid Bergman, Frank Capra, Clint Eastwood, Federico Fellini, Elia Kazan, Frank Perry, Roberto Rossellini, Robert Saudek,Martin Scorsese, Gene Tierney, Raoul Walsh, and John Waters, amongst others.[103][104]
In February 2013, Wesleyan announced the creation of a new College of Film and the Moving Image, incorporating the Film Studies Department, the Center for Film Studies, the Cinema Archives and the Wesleyan Film Series.[105]



'92 Theater













Wesleyan's highly regarded theater program makes use of two theater facilities: the Theater in the Center for the Arts, a 400-seat space, and the '92 Theater, home to Second Stage, which may be the country's first solely student-run volunteer theater organization. Second Stage produces at least one performance per weekend during the school year, either in the fully equipped black-box Patricelli '92 Theater or alternative spaces around campus. Second Stage produces dance as well as theater performances. The Patricelli '92 Theater (then simply '92 Theater) became available for student-run productions when the Center for the Arts opened in 1974, providing the Theater Department with a state-of-the-art facility.[106][107][108]


Wesleyan sponsors, among others, international programs in France, Italy, and Spain, and has special relationships with programs in Japan. Nearly 45 percent of [Wesleyan] students study abroad through 150 programs located in 50 countries worldwide."[109]


Many students participate in the Twelve College Exchange program, which allows for study for a semester or a year at another of the twelve college campuses: Amherst, Bowdoin, Connecticut College, Dartmouth, Mount Holyoke, Smith, Trinity, Vassar, Wellesley, Wheaton, and Williams.[110][111]


According to the University, Wesleyan features 11 graduate departmental programs in the sciences, mathematics, computer science, psychology, and music.[112]

Graduates receive the Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy degrees.[109]

Like in many traditional liberal arts colleges in the United States, all of Wesleyan's master's and bachelor's degrees are designated "of Arts" by historical precedent, regardless of the field of study.[113][114]


In 1953, Wesleyan was the first university to begin a program leading to a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies degree, called the Graduate Liberal Studies Program.[115]

To date, hundreds of educational institutions have followed suit with similar programs.[116]

The program provides for interdisciplinary graduate study independent of the undergraduate academic departments.

A large proportion of G.L.S.P. students are public and private school teachers from the region, and the others are in different professions or are otherwise augmenting their graduate studies.

The Graduate Liberal Studies Program offers both the Master of Arts in Liberal Studies (MALS) and the Masters of Philosophy (M.Phil.).

The former requires 36 credit hours of study and may culminate in a capstone project or thesis.

The latter requires 30 credit hours of academic study and a thesis.

Beginning in 2012, Wesleyan became the first small liberal arts college to partner with a private consortium to design and offer free public access online courses.[119] In January 2015, total worldwide student enrollment in online courses taught by Wesleyan faculty exceeded 1,000,000.[120]


Rankings[edit]

University rankings
National
Forbes[121]17
Washington Monthly[122]16
Global
Liberal arts colleges
U.S. News & World Report[123]14
In the 2016 U.S. News and World Report rankings of national liberal arts colleges, Wesleyan is tied for 14th in the United States.[124] It is also 13th in that same publication's High School Counselor Rankings,[125] which asks a nationwide sampling of high school counselors to rank which schools they think offer the best education to their students. In the U.S. News 2016 ranking of Best Value Schools, Wesleyan was ranked #17 among liberal arts colleges, and #11 in Best Colleges for Veterans.[126]
Wesleyan holds the No. 16 spot in the 2014 Washington Monthly survey.[127] In earlier Washington Monthly rankings it has been as high as #2. Wesleyan has been ranked by Newsweek as one of the 25 best colleges in the nation for schools with the most highly decorated students ("Brainiac Schools"—which measures the success of alumni in winning Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Gates-Cambridge, and Fulbright Scholarships--#18 overall, No. 9 among liberal arts colleges),[128][129] for international "students immigrating to the United States for their higher education" (#18 overall, No. 10 among LACs),[130][131] for paying back alumni in future earnings and quality experience (#18 overall, No. 12 among LACs),[132][133] for schools offering an exceptional artistic atmosphere (#13 overall, No. 7 among LACs),[134][135] and for "Activists" (#6 overall, No. 4 among liberal arts colleges).[72][73][136]
In the 2015 Forbes magazine ranking of American colleges, which combined national research universities, liberal arts colleges, and military academies in a single survey, the university is ranked 17th.[137] Among liberal arts colleges only, Wesleyan ranks 5th in the survey.[137] According to a study entitled "Revealed Preference Ranking" published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Wesleyan ranks No. 22 and No. 5 among liberal arts colleges only.[138] The stated purpose of the NBER study was to produce a ranking system that "would be difficult for a college to manipulate" by basing it on the actual demonstrated preferences of highly meritorious students.[138]
In U.S. News and World Report's ranking of "Highest 4-Year Graduation Rates" for all colleges and universities in the nation, Wesleyan is ranked No. 10,[139] In August 2011, the Global Language Monitor ranked Wesleyan as the No. 7 liberal arts college in the U.S.[140][141]
Business Week's 2011 study of which undergraduate institutions produce graduates who fare best on the GMAT ranked Wesleyan No. 13 in the nation among both national research universities and liberal arts colleges and No. 2 among liberal arts colleges alone.[142] In the Princeton Review's 2011 ranking of the 100 "Best Value Colleges" (a ranking combining national research universities and liberal arts colleges) Wesleyan was named the No. 6 "Best Value" private college in the nation.[143] Overall selection criteria included more than 30 factors in three areas: "academic excellence, financial aid and cost of attendance."[144] According to the Wall Street Journal, the university is one of the top "feeder schools" to elite graduate medical, law, and business schools.[145][146]
The university is notable for the success with African American students, in which Wesleyan is one of nine universities with a black graduation rate above 90 percent.[147][148] In this regard, Black Enterprise has ranked Wesleyan No. 10 overall among the magazine's top 50 universities and colleges for African Americans, and No. 2 among liberal arts colleges alone.[149][150][151][152]

Admissions[edit]

Fall Admission Statistics
2015[153]2014[154]2013[155]2012[156]
Applicants
9,905
9,477
10,973
10,503
Admits
2,177
2,245
2,181
2,103
Admit rate
21.9%
23.7%
19.9%
20.0%
Enrolled
762
757
753
756
SAT range
1940-2260
1970-2240
1950-2230
ACT range
N/A
29-33
30-33
29-33
Admission to Wesleyan has been described as "most selective".[157][158] In its 2015 edition, the Princeton Review gave the university an admissions selectivity rating of 97 out of 99. The most recently admitted class graduating in 2019 admitted 21.9% of applicants or 2,177 of the 9,905 who applied.[153]
SAT scores for the admitted class of 2019 ranged from 690-770 critical reading, 690-770 math, and 690-780 writing. The middle 50 percent of students offered admission scored between 32-34 (composite) on the ACT.[153] Beginning with the 2014-2015 admissions cycle, Wesleyan no longer requires students from the United States or Canada to submit SAT or ACT scores as part of their applications.[159]


Wesleyan has been noted as one of the most productive baccalaureate colleges in the United States in the undergraduate origins of PhDs in all fields of study, with exceptional productivity in undergraduates pursuing doctorates in the physical sciences, geosciences, life sciences, psychology, social sciences, and humanities.[89][160][161][162]

According to studies undertaken by theNational Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and other federal agencies, for the years 1999–2008, 1999–2003, and 1994–2003, Wesleyan undergraduates were second in receiving PhDs among all liberal arts colleges in the nation.[160][163][164] For example, the University produces more history doctorates per undergraduate history major than any other liberal arts college or national research university in the United States (with the exception of the University of Chicago which tied for first place with Wesleyan in a study (by the American Historical Association) of history PhDs earned between 1989 and 2002).[165]
According to a 2003 summary, women constituted 55.3% of Wesleyan's undergraduates who received doctorates.[163] Similarly, "[a]ccording to the 2000 to 2004 Survey of Earned Doctorates, women accounted for nearly 63% of the doctorates received by Wesleyan alumni/ae in the sciences (calculated either including psychology or including both psychology and the social sciences) and earned 53% of the doctorates in the sciences when psychology and the social sciences were excluded."
Eighty percent of Wesleyan alumni attend graduate or professional school within five years of graduation.[166][167] In 2011, Newsweek ranked Wesleyan eighteenth in their list of the nation's best colleges and universities for paying back graduates in future earnings and quality experience.[132][133]
Wesleyan graduates are awarded external fellowships, including Fulbright, Goldwater, Marshall, Rhodes, Truman, and Watson.[128][129] For the years 2004 through 2012, for example, Wesleyan was named a "Top Producer of Fulbright Awards for American Students" by the Institute for International Education.[168][169][170][171][172][173][174] For the years 2007 through 2011, a total of 42 Wesleyan students and alumni received scholarships under the Fulbright program.[175][176][177][178][179] The University has had at least 87 Watson Fellows since the inception of the program in 1968.[180]



The front facade of Olin Memorial Library.













Wesleyan University has an extensive library collection, most of which is housed in Olin Memorial Library, which has more than 1.8 million volumes and approximately 10,000 serial subscriptions.[15][181][182]

Wesleyan's first library was Rich Hall (now '92 Theater), which was built just after the Civil War.[106][183]

Olin Library was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead, and White, built in 1925–27 and dedicated in 1928.[181]

Olin originally was much smaller and also contained classroom space.

It has since been enlarged twice, the last time in 1992.

The second largest library on campus is the Science Library, which houses over two hundred fifty thousand volumes of science abstracts, books, journals, monographs, papers, periodicals, and surveys.[184]

The Science Library also has a large collection called the Cutter Collection, which is an older private collection of mostly 19th century English language books of European literature, art, and culture.
The Art Library is housed on the second floor of Olin Library. Davison Art Center holds the Print Reference Library. There is also a Music Library (which includes scores and recordings and the World Music Archives) and several department libraries.[185]



Alsop House












Wesleyan University's Davison Art Center is in the Alsop House, which is designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark.[186][187]

The Art Center has a large collection consisting primarily of works on paper, including 18,000 prints, 6,000 photographs, several hundred drawings, a small number of paintings, and three-dimensional objects (including artists' books, sculptures, and other objects).[188][189][190] The print collection is considered to be one of the most important at an American University, with works by Dürer, Goya, Rembrandt, Manet, and others.[191][192][193] Parts of the collection are regularly exhibited to the public. Some objects have been made available for loan to selected museums in the United States and abroad.[194]Students at Wesleyan in many departments make use of the DAC collection for class assignments, viewings, and individual research projects under the guidance of faculty.[195][196][197]
The Art Center's publications program produces catalogs concerning DAC collections and gallery exhibitions. In general, one catalog is published annually. This program affords students the opportunity to take part in carefully mentored student authorship. Additionally, it is a critical component of the museum's educational program, which also includes student museum internships and solely student-curated exhibitions.[191][198][199]

The Center for the Humanities is a meeting place for those interested in the humanities and social sciences.[200]




The Wesleyan University Press, an important educational asset to the school, is well regarded for its books of poetry[201] and books on music, dance and performance, American studies, and film.[citation needed] The Press serves Wesleyan students directly through its work programs during the academic year and its summer publishing internships.[citation needed] The Press also connects the campus to the larger intellectual and cultural world through the presence of its authors on campus, whether they are faculty, visiting scholars, guest lecturers, or participants in Wesleyan's Distinguished Writers Series or Writers Conference.[202]



Memorial Chapel, a multi-denominational space built in 1871.
Main article: Douglas cannon


















In the late 1860s, a yearly contest, the “Cannon Scrap,” began between the freshmen, whose mission it was to fire the Douglas Cannon on 22 February, and the sophomores, who were charged with foiling the effort. In 1957, the tradition of stealing the cannon began in earnest.[citation needed][clarification needed]


Wesleyan's Memorial Chapel is the heart of religious life on campus.[citation needed]

The university employs a Jewish Rabbi, a Catholic Priest, a Protestant Chaplain, and a Muslim Chaplain.[citation needed] There is also program housing for Buddhists and Jews.[citation needed] Within the Memorial Chapel there are meditation rooms.[citation needed] There is a Wesleyan program in Israel.[203]


Wesleyan is a member of the Division III New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), fields intercollegiate varsity teams in 29 sports, and competes against traditional Little Three rivals Amherst and Williams. Approximately 600 students participate in intercollegiate varsity sports each year.[204] Wesleyan is one of the 39 founding members of the NCAA.[205] Wesleyan's football field, Andrus Field, is the oldest college football field in the nation.[206]


In February 2011, U.S. News & World Report described the University as one of "20 Colleges Where It's Easiest to Get Involved" with a "Students per Club" ratio of "11.66". At that time there were around 270 student groups available to the 3148 enrolled students.[207]


The Wesleyan Student Assembly (WSA) is a body of 38 students elected annually to represent Wesleyan University's undergraduate student body. The members of the Assembly serve as student advocates in all areas of the University, including matters related to student life, academics, University finances, and campus facilities.[208][209][210][211]


The Debate Society was founded in 1903[citation needed] and later named in honor of[citation needed] Woodrow Wilson, who had been a professor at Wesleyan between 1888–1890 and who "became deeply involved in extracurricular student activities such as the [Wesleyan] debate society."[212] He "stimulated students to organize opportunity for debate through a House of Commons similar to the one he had started at Johns Hopkins in 1884."[213][214] It captured first place in past years at the annual Brown,[citation needed] Columbia,[citation needed]Georgetown,[citation needed] Harvard,[215] Princeton,[citation needed] Tufts[citation needed] and Williams[citation needed] tournaments, among others, and has reached the semi-finals of all other major tournaments.[citation needed] The Debate Society also has competed internationally, and in 1990 the Society won a national championship[216] and ninth place in the World Student Debating Championships.[citation needed]


Another student group is the Environmental Organizers' Network (EON), which campaigns on environmental issues.[217][218] Wesleyan also owns a tract of land that is used as Long Lane Farm, a 2-acre (8,100 m2) organic vegetable farm run by students.[219]


Some of the oldest and most visible student groups are campus publications, including a bi-weekly newspaper, The Wesleyan Argus, one of the oldest college newspapers in the country[citation needed] and the oldest twice-weekly college newspaper in the United States[220] and a periodical, Hermes, the University's oldest student-run progressive publication.[221] Until 2008, the student body published the Olla Podrida which was originally a quarterly newspaper in the late 1850s, but became the college yearbook since the Civil War and the permanent establishment of the Argus as the campus newspaper.[222] Wesleying is a student-run weblog that documents undergraduate life at Wesleyan, often receiving up to 10,000 page views a day.[223] The Ankh, founded in 1985, is a twice-yearly publication composed entirely by Wesleyan students of color. Overall, at least "fifteen student publications are sent to press ... once a semester, ranging from the school newspaper, The Argus, to magazines of fiction, humor, women’s issues, activism, and poetry."[citation needed]


Wesleyan was long known as the "Singing College of New England."[224] The University's "tradition as a 'singing college' had its roots in the vitality of Methodist hymnody."[225] Glee clubs were formed "for special occasions from the mid-1840s through the 1860s".[225] In 1862, however, a University glee club made the first tour of Wesleyan singers. The Wesleyan glee club organized by students frequently traveled and performed from the mid-19th century through the mid-20th century[226][227] and was considered among the best collegiate glee clubs in the late 19th century.[228] It traveled widely giving concerts, including being received twice at the White House (in 1901 by President McKinley and again in 1928 by President Coolidge) and being recorded onto a phonograph record by Thomas Edison.[228] University alumni published the first edition of The Wesleyan Song Book in 1901.[226] Subsequently, the Glee Club twice won the National Intercollegiate Glee Club Competition at Carnegie Hall.[229] Since the Glee Club's disbanding, the tradition of choral singing has been carried on by the Wesleyan Singers, later renamed the Wesleyan Concert Choir, and then renamed again The Wesleyan Ensemble Singers (2010). This tradition also continues today in several student-run a cappella groups on campus.
The multi-award winning musical In the Heights, was written by Lin-Manuel Miranda (class of 2002) during his Sophomore year and was first produced at Wesleyan.[230]



Original Mystical Seven
In 2011, Rho Epsilon Pi sorority was founded at Wesleyan University in order to provide a social space for women on campus.
In September, 2014, Wesleyan ordered all fraternities, with on campus housing, to become co-educational within the next three years.[231]
Secretive societies on campus include the Skull & Serpent,[232] Theta Nu Epsilon,[233] and two Mystical Sevens.


Until 2012, Wesleyan adhered to a need-blind admission policy.[234] Financial circumstances were not considered when deciding whether to admit, wait list, or turn down an applicant. In 1982, trustees announced that, following federal cuts to student aid, Wesleyan would begin to consider financial circumstances when admitting wait-listed students. Students protested the decision,[235] and though trustees did not back down from their recommendations, Wesleyan raised enough money for financial aid to avoid putting the new policy into effect.[236] In 1992, the administration again considered a moratorium on need-blind admissions. A student group, Students for Financially Accessible Education (SFAE), organized a series of actions including rallies, a silent vigil encircling a trustee meeting, a sit-in in an administration building, and a camp-out on its lawn. Wesleyan's need-blind admissions policy was preserved. SFAE continued to raise awareness about financial accessibility, offering interest-free loans to students with financial emergencies, and raising money for financial aid through energy conservation campaigns.[citation needed] Again in 2012, the Wesleyan administration proposed shifting away from its need-blind policy beginning with the class of 2017. As with the previous instances, this proposal was met with protest from the student body.[237]

Another controversy in the early 2000s was the status of the campus radio station, WESU,[238] founded in 1939.[239] Until 2004, WESU's format had been entirely free-form, with DJs and student staff having complete freedom to program what they will. The station now broadcasts an NPR feed from WSHU, the college station of Sacred Heart University, for several hours a day.[240] For the remainder of the broadcast day, WESU continues to operate as a free-form station.[241]


More than 30 books have been published concerning the University, including: The Wesleyan Song Book, by Karl P. Harrington and Carl F. Price (1901); [242] The Goose-Step: A Study of American Education, by Upton Sinclair (1923); Wesleyan's First Century With an Account of the Centennial Celebration, by Carl F. Price (1932);[243] Wesleyan University, 1831–1910: Collegiate Enterprise in New England, by David B. Potts (1999);[244] The Gatekeepers: Inside The Admissions Process of a Premier College, by Jacques Steinberg (2002); One Hundred Semesters: My Adventures as Student, Professor, and University President, and What I Learned along the Way, by William M. Chace (14th President of Wesleyan) (2006);[245] A History of the Eclectic Society of Phi Nu Theta, 1837–1970, by William B.B. Moody (2007);[246] Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence, by Howard Greene and Matthew Greene (2000); "Hidden Ivies: 50 Top Colleges that Rival the Ivy League, by Howard Greene and Matthew Greene (2009); Music at Wesleyan: From Glee Club to Gamelan by Mark Slobin (2010).[247]
The main character, Girl, in the 2004 novel Citizen Girl (ISBN 0743266854), by the authors of The Nanny Diaries, is a graduate of Wesleyan.[248] John Maher's 1995 work Thinker, Sailer, Brother, Spy: A Novel (ISBN 0964312107) features a fictional look at the life of a professor (a principal character) in the "hothouse atmosphere of Wesleyan University...."[249] In the 1973 novelThe Matlock Paper by Robert Ludlum, the author of espionage thrillers who created the character Jason Bourne, much of the action takes place in and around the campus of a thinly disguised Wesleyan, Ludlum's alma mater.[250]
The 1963 comedic novel, Night and Silence Who is Here?, by novelist Pamela Hansford Johnson, is thought by many literary critics to be patterned humorously after Wesleyan's Institute for Advanced Studies (now the Center for the Humanities); the main characters comprise and parallel the cast of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.[251] The Eclectic Society, a play that premiered on 27 January 2010 at the Walnut Street Theatre is based upon the Eclectic Society at the University during the early 1960s.[252][253] In the 2012 novel Dream School, by novelist Blake Nelson, the protagonist attends an eastern liberal arts college, Wellington College, modeled on Wesleyan.[254]
Characters in several television series have been portrayed as Wesleyan students or graduates. They include 30 Rock,[255][256] As the World Turns,[257][258] How I Met Your Mother (charactersTed Mosby, Marshall Eriksen, Lily Aldrin),[259][260] Buffy the Vampire Slayer,[261] The West Wing,[262] and M*A*S*H.[citation needed]
The 1994 cult comedy film PCU was based on (and filmed in part at) Wesleyan, the alma mater of the screenplay's two writers, Adam Leff and Zak Penn, and represents "an exaggerated view of contemporary college life...."[263] centering around a fictionalized version of the Eclectic Society, known in the film as "The Pit."[264][265][266]
In the autumn of 2010, the Pulitzer prize-winning comic strip Doonesbury by Garry Trudeau featured the University in a series of daily strips.[267]



Notable alumni of Wesleyan include Boston Marathon and New York City Marathon runner Bill Rodgers (1970); Colorado governor John Hickenlooper (1974) and governor of Vermont Peter Shumlin (1979); filmmakers including Michael Bay (1986), Joss Whedon (1987), Paul Weitz (1988), Mike White (1992), and Benh Zeitlin (2004); actor Bradley Whitford (1981); author Daniel Handler aka Lemony Snicket (1992); How I Met Your Mother creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas (1997); Mad Men creator Matthew Weiner (1987); the founding members of the bandMGMT, Ben Goldwasser and Andrew VanWyngarden (2005); Himanshu Suri aka "Heems" (2007) and Kool A.D. (2006) from Das Racist; Chicago Cubs general manager Jed Hoyer (1996); and New England Patriots Super Bowl winning head coach Bill Belichick (1975).
Former Wesleyan faculty and affiliates V. S. Naipaul, Woodrow Wilson, and T. S. Eliot have been awarded Nobel Prizes. Gary Yohe, current Professor of Economics, is a senior member and convening lead author of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize-winning United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Satoshi Omura, Max Tishler Professor of Chemistry, was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize for Medicine for developing a new drug, which has nearly eradicated river blindness. Former faculty and affiliates, Richard Wilbur, Mark Strand, and Donald Hall were United States Poets Laureate. Composer John Cage was affiliated with the University from the 1950s until his death in 1992.

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  143. Jump up^ THE PRINCETON REVIEW AND USA TODAY PRESENT "THE PRINCETON REVIEW'S 100 BEST VALUE COLLEGES FOR 2011". EducationNews.org (23 February 2011). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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  162. Jump up^ Liberal Arts Colleges (rankings), Washington Monthly. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
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  168. Jump up^ Top Producers of Fulbright Awards for Students, by Type of Institution, 2004-5, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 22 October 2004. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  169. Jump up^ Wesleyan a Top Fulbright Scholar Producer, The Wesleyan Connection, 1 November 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
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  173. Jump up^ Top Producers of Fulbright Awards for Students, by Type of Institution, 2010–11, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 24 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2011.]
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  175. Jump up^ 9 Awarded Fulbright Scholarships for 2007–08, The Wesleyan Connection (Wesleyan University) 16 May 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
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  186. Jump up^ Wesleyan house named historic landmark. WTNH.com (17 January 2009). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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  188. Jump up^ Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences Meeting Minutes 12 February 2004. Yale.edu (12 February 2004). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  189. Jump up^ Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
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  192. Jump up^ Staff, Press. (2 October 2011) Print-making exhibit on display at Davison Art Center – The Middletown Press: Serving Middletown, CT. The Middletown Press. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  193. Jump up^ Prints, Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  194. Jump up^ Inter-Museum Loans, Wesleyan University. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  195. Jump up^ Davison Art Center at Wesleyan University. iAskArt.com (22 February 1999). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  196. Jump up^ Educational Programs Overview, Wesleyan University. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  197. Jump up^ Images for Courses, Wesleyan University. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
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  202. Jump up^ Carole Goldberg, Faculty For Wesleyan Writers Conference Announced, The Hartford Courant, 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  203. Jump up^ "Wesleyan University - Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life". Hillel. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
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  208. Jump up^ "THE REGION; Wesleyan Students Seek Greater Voice".The New York Times. 9 April 1981.
  209. Jump up^ Zipcar Launches Car Sharing Program at Wesleyan University – 5 November 2009. Zipcar.mediaroom.com (5 November 2009). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  210. Jump up^ Dirty Sidewalks, or Just Naughty?; Wesleyan Halts a Campus Tradition of Chalk Messages – New York Times. Nytimes.com (14 November 2002). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  211. Jump up^ Farley, Margaret. (7 November 2004) 12th paragraph. New York Times. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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  213. Jump up^ Pages 62–65. Books.google.com (3 September 1919). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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  218. Jump up^ Wes students put effort into reducing waste with Waste Not – The Middletown Press: Serving Middletown, CT. The Middletown Press. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  219. Jump up^ Wesleyan University – Green Report Card 2010. Greenreportcard.org. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  220. Jump up^ Wesleyan Argus Newspaper Digitization – Digital Library Consulting. Dlconsulting.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  221. Jump up^ Wesleyan University OTR: Hermes: Wesleyan's Oldest Progressive Publication. Collegeotr.com (22 August 2008). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  222. Jump up^ Page 42-43. Books.google.com (12 November 1909). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  223. Jump up^ The Paper Trail – Education. Best Alternative Media Outlet: Wesleyan Blog Trounces Ivy Competition, usnews.com (24 January 2007). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  224. Jump up^ Chapter One, The Early Decades of the "Singing College", pp. 1–4. Upne.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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  229. Jump up^ Look Inside, Chapter One, The Early Decades of the "Singing College", pp. 1–2. Amazon.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  230. Jump up^ Lin Manuel Miranda Didn't Fit Traditional Musical Mold, naplesnews.com. By Jonathan Foerster. Posted 24 March 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  231. Jump up^ "Wesleyan Fraternities Ordered To Go Coed".cbslocal.com.
  232. Jump up^ Wesleyan University | Best College | US News. Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com (31 January 2011). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  233. Jump up^ Theta Nu Epsilon Society – History of the Alpha Chapter, Theta Nu Epsilon. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  234. Jump up^ Kiley, Kevin (2012-08-17). "Wesleyan shifts away from need-blind policy, citing financial and ethical concerns". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  235. Jump up^ "Protest over Aid Ends at Wesleyan", New York Times, 19 May 1982, p. B5.
  236. Jump up^ "Ability to Pay Becomes Factor in Admissions", New York Times, 6 May 1990, p. A51. The title refers to a change in policy at Smith College, not at Wesleyan.
  237. Jump up^ "Stop Selling Seats — Need Blind Admissions Policy Focus Group". Needblindfocus.stugroup.wesleyan.edu. Retrieved2012-08-25.
  238. Jump up^ Farley, Margaret. (7 November 2004) Airwaves Are Abuzz Over Wesleyan – NYTimes.com, Paragraphs 12 &13. New York Times. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  239. Jump up^ 88.1 FM WESU to Broadcast ‘Al Jazeera English’ – The Middletown Press: Serving Middletown, CT. The Middletown Press. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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  242. Jump up^ [3][dead link]
  243. Jump up^ Wesleyan's first century, with an account of the centennial celebration entry on papervitamins.com. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  244. Jump up^ Wesleyan University, 1831–1910: Collegiate Enterprise in New England, by David B. Potts (1999) (ISBN 0-8195-6360-9)
  245. Jump up^ William M. Chace, One Hundred Semesters: My Adventures as Student, Professor, and University President, and What I Learned along the Way, official page, Princeton University Press. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  246. Jump up^ A History of the Eclectic Society of Phi Nu Theta, 1837–1970, by William B.B. Moody, 2007, ISBN 0-8195-6840-6
  247. Jump up^ Music at Wesleyan: From Glee Club to Gamelan by Mark Slobin (2010) (ISBN 0819570788)
  248. Jump up^ Bernie Nguyen, Witty novel 'Citizen Girl' lacks focus (book review), The Michigan Daily, 14 January 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
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  250. Jump up^ Dubious Claims, Streetcars and Freebies, The Dallas Morning News (referring to article by Bart Fisher in New Britain Herald, 5 December 2010), 6 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2011.[dead link]
  251. Jump up^ "Books: Midsummer Night's Waking". Time. 26 July 1963.
  252. Jump up^ Western Reserve Academy, Article entitled, "Spotlight: Eric Conger," The Eclectic Society. Second paragraph. Spring 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  253. Jump up^ Members only.(PHILADELPHIA)("The Eclectic Society"), Published in American Theatre. By Nicole Estvanik Taylor. First two sentences. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  254. Jump up^ The Stuff That ‘Dream School’ Is Made Of, New York Times' review. Second and third paragraphs. By Naomi Fry. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
  255. Jump up^ Kevin “Dot Com” Brown Names His Favorite TV Sidekick, popculturepassionistas.com, 1 September 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  256. Jump up^ 30 Rock Recap: Private Schooled, nymag.com. Paragraph 5. By Izzy Grinspan. 27 January 2012. Retrieved same date.
  257. Jump up^ Bellafante, Ginia (15 May 2008). "As a Lovers' Kiss Turns a World Around". The New York Times.
  258. Jump up^ Madeline "Maddie" Coleman, soapcentral.com. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  259. Jump up^ How I Met Your Mother, tv.blinx.com. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  260. Jump up^ How I Met Your Mother 3, watch-howimetyourmother.net. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  261. Jump up^ Bad Girls 9 February 1999 3ABB14, buffyguide.com. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  262. Jump up^ Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word, tv.yahoo.com/the-west-wing, 18 October 2001. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  263. Jump up^ PCU – The website. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  264. Jump up^ Eclectic, at PCU – The website. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  265. Jump up^ College Cut Ups | COLLEGE CUT-UPS: Sophomoric, Insensitive and Proud of It – Los Angeles Times. Articles.latimes.com (1 May 1994). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  266. Jump up^ Bird, Christopher. (20 November 2007) Reel Toronto: PCU of T | news. Torontoist. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  267. Jump up^ "The Butt of Doonesbury, and Proud of It". The New York Times. 3 December 2010.

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