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Monday, July 20, 2026

 Yes, there are many other cases of "binomial" (jointly named) laws in Roman history. In Roman legal terminology, these are referred to as collegial laws or joint leges. [1, 2, 3]

Because Rome was governed by a principle of collegiality—most notably by two equal, co-ruling consuls—laws passed during their term were traditionally named after both magistrates using the adjectival forms of their family names (gentes). [1]

Other Famous Examples of Binomial Laws
  • Lex Licinia Sextia (367 BC): Proposed jointly by the tribunes Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus. This landmark legislation reserved one of the two annual consulships specifically for plebeians. [123]
  • Lex Papiria Julia (430 BC): Enacted by the consuls Lucius Papirius Crassus and Lucius Julius Iulus, which regulated the payment of property fines using bronze. [1]
  • Lex Valeria Cornelia (AD 5): Passed during the early Empire under Augustus, this law adjusted the voting centuries used to elect praetors and consuls. [123]
  • Lex Fufia Caninia (2 BC): A law restricting the number of slaves an owner could free (manumit) in a will.[1]

Did the first-named consul do more work?
No, the idea is not that the first consul did more work or was more important. The ordering of names does not reflect legislative effort or authorship. Instead, it was determined by formal Roman political protocol:[1]
Protocol FactorDescription
The FastiSequenceConsuls were listed in an official calendar (the Fasti). Whichever consul was elected or listed first in the official registry for that year naturally had his name placed first on the legislation.
Age and PrecedenceIf one consul was older, belonged to a more prestigious aristocratic family, or had held high office previously, he was granted structural precedence (prior), meaning his name came first.
The FascesRotationConsuls rotated primary executive authority month-by-month, symbolized by who held the fasces (the bundles of rods and axes). The name listed first often reflected who held the fasces during the specific month the law was presented to the assembly.
Both consuls held equal veto power (intercessio) over one another. For a joint consular law like the Lex Valeria Horatia to pass, both consuls had to be in total agreement. The order is purely a matter of Roman etiquette and official filing, rather than a reflection of individual workload. [123]
If you are researching a specific historical era, let me know if you would like to explore laws proposed by Tribunes instead of Consuls, or if you want to look at how veto powers affected these joint laws!

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