Il Palazzetto di Pollaiuolo

Speranza




On the hillside above the Vatican Palace, Antonio Pollaiuolo built a small casino named the palazzetto or the Belvedere for Pope Innocent VIII.

Some years later Donato Bramante linked the Vatican with the Belvedere, under a commission from Pope Julius II by creating the Cortile del Belvedere ("Courtyard of the Belvedere"), in which stood the Apollo Belvedere, among the most famous of antique sculptures.


Innocent VIII began construction of the  Palazzetto "Belvedere" ("La Villa Belvedere") on the high ground overlooking old St Peter's Basilica, in 1484.

Here, where the breezes could tame the Roman summer, Innocent VIII had the Florentine architect Antonio Pollaiuolo, design and complete by 1487 a little summerhouse, which also offered spectacular views to the east of central Rome and north to the pastures beyond the Castel Sant'Angelo (the Prati di Castello).

The villa suburbana of the Palazzetto Belvedere or Villa Belvedere was the first pleasure house to be built in Rome since Antiquity.

When Pope Julius II came to the papal throne in 1503, he moved his growing collection of Roman sculpture here, to an enclosed courtyard within the Villa Belvedere itself.

The ancient sculpture of Laocoön and His Sons was, soon after its discovery, purchased by Julius and brought here by 1506.

Shortly after, the statue of Apollo was also added to the collection, henceforth to be known as the Apollo Belvedere (Apollo della Villa Belvedere) as was the heroic male torso known as the Belvedere Torso (Torso della Villa Belvedere)

Julius commissioned Bramante to link the Vatican Palace with the Villa Belvedere.

Bramante's design is commemorated in a fresco at the Castel Sant'Angelo.

Bramante regularized the slope as a set of terraces, linked by rigorously symmetrical stairs on the central longitudinal axis, to create a sequence of formal spaces that was unparalleled in Europe, both in its scale and in its architectural unity.

A series of six narrow terraces at the base was traversed by a monumental central stair leading to the wide middle terrace.

The divided stair to the uppermost terrace, with flights running on either side against the retaining wall to a landing and returning towards the center, was another innovation by Bramante.

His long corridor-like wings that enclose the Cortile now house the Vatican Museums collections.

One of the wings accommodated the Vatican Library.

The wings have three storeys in the lower court and end in a single one enclosing the uppermost terrace.

The whole visual scenography culminated in the semicircular exedra at the Villa Belvedere end of the court.

This was set into a screening wall devised by Bramante to disguise the fact the villa facade was not parallel to the facing Vatican Palace facade at the other end. The entire perpectivised ensemble was designed to be best seen from Raphael's Stanze in the papal apartments of the palace.

 

This 1st-century Roman bronze Pigna ("pinecone") in front of the exhedra, gives the name Cortile della Pigna to the highest terrace; it was an ancient fountain.

Shortly after, the court was home to the papal menagerie.

It was on the lower part of the courtyard that Pope Leo X would parade his prized elephant Hanno for adoring crowds to see.

Because of the pachyderm's glorious history he was buried in the Cortile del Belvedere.

The court was incomplete when Bramante died in 1514. It was finished by Pirro Ligorio for Pius IV in 1562–65.

To the great open-headed exedra at the far end of the uppermost terrace, Ligorio added a third storey, enclosing the central space with a vast half-dome to form the largest niche that had been erected since Antiquity— the nicchione visible today from several elevated outlooks around Rome (illustration).

He completed his structure with an uppermost loggia that repeated the hemicycle of the niche and took its cue from scholarly reconstructions of the ancient sanctuary dedicated to Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste, south of Rome.

Sphere Within Sphere by Pomodoro in the Cortile della Pigna

The lowest, and largest level of the court was not planted. It was cobbled and paved with a saltire of stones laid corner to corner; it had semi-permanent bleachers set against the Vatican walls and was used for outdoor entertainments, pageants and carousels such as the festive early-17th-century joust depicted in a painting in Museo di Roma, Palazzo Braschi.

The upper two levels were laid out with of patterned parterres that the Italians referred to as compartimenti, set in wide gravelled walkways. The four sections (now grassed) of the upper courtyard have the same pattern that appears in 16th-century engravings.

Sixtus V spoiled the unity of the Cortile (1585–90) by erecting a wing of the Vatican Library, which occupies the former middle terrace and bisects the space.

James Ackerman has suggested that the move was a conscious one, designed to screen the secular, even pagan nature of the Cortile and the collection of sculptures that Pope Adrian VI had referred to as "idols".

Today the lowest terrace is still called the Cortile del Belvedere, but the separated upper terrace is called the Cortile della Pigna because of the large Roman bronze pinecone, once a fountain, positioned in front of the niche.

In 1990, a sculpture of two concentric spheres by Arnaldo Pomodoro was placed in the middle of the upper courtyard.^[5]