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A villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house.
Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably.
After the fall of the Roman Republic, "ville" became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity, sometimes transferred to the Church for re-use as a monastery.
Then they gradually re-evolved through the Middle Ages, into elegant upper-class country homes.
In modern parlance 'villa' can refer to a various types and sizes of residences, ranging from the suburban "semi-detached" double villa to residences in the wildland-urban interface.
The Getty Villa, an adaptation of the Villa of the Papyri, in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California
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| These articles cover Ancient Rome, Roman architecture and Roman society | |
| Roman villa Domus |
| Ancient Roman structure | |
|---|---|
| A Roman Domus was limited in size because of the confines of the city walls. The very rich could afford luxurious country estates spread out across many acres. | |
| Social structure | |
| Class Association (occupants) | Patrician, Senatorial class, Equestrian class, Plebian, Freedman |
| The Roman villa was the main residence of many wealthy citizens who chanced living outside the cities protection for the added comfort of space. | |
A villa was originally a Roman country house built for the upper class.
According to Pliny the Elder, there were two kinds of villas: the villa urbana, which was a country seat that could easily be reached from Rome (or another city) for a night or two, and the Villa rustica, the farm-house estate permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate.
The villa rustica centered on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied.
Under the Empire there was a concentration of Imperial villas near the Bay of Naples, especially on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium (Anzio).
Wealthy Romans escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Frascati (cf. Hadrian's Villa).
Cicero is said to have possessed no less than seven villas, the oldest of which was near Arpinum, which he inherited.
Pliny the Younger had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions.
The late Roman Republic witnessed an explosion of villa construction in Italy, especially in the years following the dictatorship of Sulla.
In Etruria, the villa at Settefinestre has been interpreted as being one of the latifundia, or large slave-run villas, that were involved in large-scale agricultural production.
At Settefinestre and elsewhere, the central housing of such villas was not richly appointed.
Other villas in the hinterland of Rome are interpreted in light of the agrarian treatises written by the elder Cato, Columella and Varro, both of whom sought to define the suitable lifestyle of conservative Romans, at least in idealistic terms.
The Empire contained many kinds of villas, not all of them lavishly appointed with mosaic floors and frescoes. Some were pleasure houses such as those— like Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli— that were sited in the cool hills within easy reach of Rome or— like the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum— on picturesque sites overlooking the Bay of Naples.
Some villas were more like the country houses of England or Poland, the visible seat of power of a local magnate, such as the famous palace rediscovered at Fishbourne in Sussex.
Suburban villas on the edge of cities were also known, such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the Campus Martius, at that time on the edge of Rome, and which can be also seen outside the city walls of Pompeii.
These early suburban villas, such as the one at Rome's Auditorium site[1] or at Grottarossa in Rome, demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the villa suburbana in Central Italy. It is possible that these early, suburban villas were also in fact the seats of power (maybe even palaces) of regional strongmen or heads of important families (gentes). A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large holdings called latifundia, that produced and exported agricultural produce; such villas might be lacking in luxuries. By the 4th century, villa could simply connote an agricultural holding: Jerome translated the Gospel of Mark (xiv, 32) chorion, describing the olive grove of Gethsemane, with villa, without an inference that there were any dwellings there at all (Catholic Encyclopedia "Gethsemane").
By the first century BC, the "classic" villa took many architectural forms, with many examples employing atrium or peristyle, for enclosed spaces open to light and air. A villa might be quite palatial, such as the imperial villas built on seaside slopes overlooking the Bay of Naples at Baiae; others were preserved at Stabiae and Herculaneum by the ashfall and mudslide from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, which also preserved the Villa of the Papyri and its libraries. Deeper in the countryside, even non-commercial villas were largely self-supporting with associated farms, olive groves, and vineyards. Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their villas, where they drank their own wine and pressed their own oil, a commonly used literary topos. An ideal Roman citizen was the independent farmer tilling his own land, and the agricultural writers wanted to give their readers a chance to link themselves with their ancestors through this image of self-sufficient villas. The truth was not too far from it, either, while even the profit-oriented latifundia probably grew enough of all the basic foodstuffs to provide for their own consumption.
Large villas dominated the rural economy of the Po valley, Campania, and Sicily, and were also found in Gaul. Villas were centers of a variety of economic activity such as mining, pottery factories, or horse raising such as those found in northwestern Gaul.[2] Villas specializing in the sea-going export of olive oil to Roman legions in Germany were a feature of the southern Iberian province of Hispania Baetica.[3] Some luxurious villas have been excavated in North Africa in the provinces of Africa and Numidia, or at Fishbourne in Britannia.
Certain areas within easy reach of Rome offered cool lodgings in the heat of summer. Maecenas asked what kind of house could possibly be suitable at all seasons. The emperor Hadrian had a villa at Tibur (Tivoli), in an area that was popular with Romans of rank. Hadrian's Villa (123 AD) was more like a palace, as Nero's palace, his Domus Aurea on the Palatine Hill in Rome, was disposed in groupings in a planned rustic landscape, more like a villa. Cicero had several villas. Pliny the Younger described his villas in his letters. The Romans invented the seaside villa: a vignette in a frescoed wall at the house of Lucretius Fronto in Pompeii still shows a row of seafront pleasure houses, all with porticos along the front, some rising up in porticoed tiers to an altana at the top that would catch a breeze on the most stifling evenings (Veyne 1987 ill. p 152)
Late Roman owners of villae had luxuries like hypocaust-heated rooms with mosaic floors. As the Roman Empire collapsed in the fourth and fifth centuries, the rustic villas were more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls. Though in England the villas were abandoned, looted, and burned by Anglo-Saxon invaders in the fifth century, in other areas large working villas were donated by aristocrats and territorial magnates to individual monks, often to become the nucleus of famous monasteries. In this way, the villa system of late Antiquity was preserved into the Early Middle Ages. Saint Benedict established his influential monastery of Monte Cassino in the ruins of a villa at Subiaco that had belonged to Nero;[4] Around 590, Saint Eligius was born in a highly-placed Gallo-Roman family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near Limoges, in Aquitaine. The abbey at Stavelot was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near Liège and the abbey of Vézelay had a similar founding. As late as 698, Willibrord established an abbey at a Roman villa of Echternach, in Luxembourg near Trier, which was presented to him by Irmina, daughter of Dagobert II, king of the Franks.
Some Examples of Roman villas are:
Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Italy
Villa Armira near Ivaylovgrad, Bulgaria
"House of Antiope" at the Museum of Mosaics in Devnya, Bulgaria
Fishbourne Roman Palace and Bignor Roman Villa in West Sussex, England
Lullingstone Roman Villa in Kent, England
Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy
Chedworth Roman Villa in Gloucestershire
- Littlecote Roman Villa in Wiltshire
- Villa Rumana in Rabat, Malta
- Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
- House of Menander, Pompeii
- List of Roman villas in Belgium
- La Olmeda Roman Villa in Palencia, Spain
- Roman Villa Borg, Germany
For general context, see Roman architecture.
Upper class, wealthy Roman citizens in the countryside around Rome and throughout the Empire lived in villa-complexes, the accommodation for rural farms. The villa-complex consisted of three parts.The villa urbana where the owner and his family lived. This would be similar to the wealthy-person's in the city and would have painted walls.
The villa rustica where the staff and slaves of the villa worked and lived. This was also the living quarters for the farm's animals. There would usually be other rooms here that might be used as store rooms, a hospital and even a prison.
The villa fructuaria would be the storage rooms.These would be where the products of the farm were stored ready for transport to buyers. Storage rooms here would have been used for oil, wine, grain, grapes and any other produce of the villa. Other rooms in the villa might include an office, a temple for worship, several bedrooms, a dining room and a kitchen.
Villas were often plumbed with running water and many would have had under-floor central heating from a hypocaust.
[edit] See also
- Villa rustica
- List of Roman villas in England
- Roman Apartment
- Otium
- Roman Villa in Northwestern Gaul
[edit] Further reading
- Branigan, Keith (1977). The Roman villa in South-West England.
- Hodges, Richard; Francovich, Riccardo (2003). Villa to Village: The Transformation of the Roman Countryside. Duckworth Debates in Archaeology.
- Frazer, Alfred, ed. (1990), The Roman Villa: Villa Urbana, Williams Symposium on Classical Architecture, University of Pennsylvania
- Johnston, David E. (2004). Roman Villas.
- McKay, Alexander G. (1998). Houses, Villas, and Palaces in the Roman World.
- Percival, John (1981). The Roman Villa: A Historical Introduction.
- du Prey, Pierre de la Ruffiniere (1995). The Villas of Pliny from Antiquity to Posterity.
- Rivert, A. L. F. (1969), The Roman villa in Britain, Studies in ancient history and archaeology
- Shuter, Jane (2004). Life in a Roman Villa. Picture the Past.
- Smith, J.T. (1998). Roman Villas.
[edit] References
- ^ http://www2.comune.roma.it/auditorium/[dead link]
- ^ Dyson, Stephan L. (2003). The Roman Countryside. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company. pp. 49–53. ISBN 0-7156-3225-6.
- ^ Numerous stamped amphorae, identifiable as from Baetica, have been found in Roman sites of northern Gaul.
- ^ There are further details at the entry for Benedict of Nursia.
In ancient Roman architecture a villa was originally a country house built for the elite.
According to Pliny the Elder, writing in the first century CE, there were several kinds of villas: the villa urbana, which was a country seat that could easily be reached from Rome or another city for a night or two, and the Villa rustica, the farm-house estate that was permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate, which would centre on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied. The Roman villae rusticae at the heart of latifundia were the earliest versions of what later and elsewhere became called plantations. Not included as villae were the domus, a city house for the elite and privileged classes; and insulae, blocks of apartment buildings for the rest of the population. In Satyricon Petronius described the wide range of Roman dwellings. Another type of villae is the "villa marittima", a seaside villa, located on the coast.
There were a concentration of Imperial villas on the Gulf of Naples, on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo and at Antium (Anzio). Examples are the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum; and the "Villa of the Mysteries" and "Villa of the Vettii" in Pompeii.
Wealthy Romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Tibur (Tivoli) and Frascati, such as at Hadrian's Villa. Cicero is said to have possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of which was near Arpinum, which he inherited. Pliny the Younger had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions.
Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their latifundium villas, where they drank their own wine and pressed their own oil. This was an affectation of urban aristocrats playing at being old-fashioned virtuous Roman farmers, but the economic independence of later rural villas was a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the Roman Empire.
[edit] In Roman Britannia
See also: List of Roman villas in England
Numerous Roman villas have been meticulously examined in England.[1]
Like their Italian counterparts, they were complete working agrarian societies of fields and vineyards, perhaps even tileworks or quarries, ranged round a high-status power centre with its baths and gardens. The grand villa at Woodchester preserved its mosaic floors when the Anglo-Saxon parish church was built (not by chance) upon its site. Burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had to be punched through the intact mosaic floors. The even more palatial villa rustica at Fishbourne near Winchester was built uncharacteristically as a large open rectangle with porticos enclosing gardens that was entered through a portico. Towards the end of the 3rd century, Roman towns in Britain ceased to expand: like patricians near the centre of the empire, Roman Britons withdrew from the cities to their villas, which entered on a palatial building phase, a "golden age" of villa life. Villae rusticae are essential in the Empire's economy.
With the decline and collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries, the villas were more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls. In England the villas were abandoned, looted, and burned by Anglo-Saxon invaders in the fifth century. But the concept of an isolated, self-sufficient agrarian working community, housed close together, survived into Anglo-Saxon culture as the vill, with its inhabitants, if formally bound to the land, as villeins.
In regions on the Continent, large working villas and overgrown abandoned ones were donated by aristocrats and territorial magnates to individual monks, becoming the nuclei of monasteries. In this way, the Italian villa system of late Antiquity was preserved into the early Medieval period, in the form of monasteries that survived the disruptions of the Gothic War (535–552) and the Lombards. Benedict of Nursia established his influential monastery of Monte Cassino in the ruins of a villa at Subiaco that had belonged to Nero.
From the sixth to the eighth century, Gallo-Roman villas in the Merovingian royal fisc were repeatedly donated as sites for monasteries under royal patronage in Gaul, where Saint-Maur-des-Fossés and Fleury Abbey provide examples. In Germany a famous example is Echternach; as late as 698, Willibrord established an abbey at a Roman villa of Echternach near Trier, which was presented to him by Irmina, daughter of Dagobert II, king of the Franks. Kintzheim was Villa Regis, the "villa of the king". Around 590, Saint Eligius was born in a highly-placed Gallo-Roman family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near Limoges, in Aquitaine (now France). The abbey at Stavelot was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near Liège and the abbey of Vézelay had a similar founding.
In post-Roman times a villa referred to a self-sufficient, usually fortified Italian or Gallo-Roman farmstead. It was economically as self-sufficient as a village and its inhabitants, who might be legally tied to it as serfs were villeins. The Merovingian Franks inherited the concept, followed by the Carolingian French but the later French term was basti or bastide.
Villa/Vila (or its cognates) is part of many Spanish and Portuguese placenames, like Vila Real and Villadiego: a villa/vila is a town with a charter (fuero or foral) of lesser importance than a ciudad/cidade ("city"). When it is associated with a personal name, villa was probably used in the original sense of a country estate rather than a chartered town. Later evolution has made the Hispanic distinction between villas and ciudades a purely honorific one. Madrid is the Villa y Corte, the villa considered to be separate from the formerly mobile royal court, but the much smaller Ciudad Real was declared ciudad by the Spanish crown.
The first Medici Villas:
In 14th and 15th century Italy, a villa once more connoted a country house, like the first Medici villas, the Villa del Trebbio and that at Cafaggiolo, both strong fortified houses built in the 14th century in the Mugello region near Florence.
In 1450 Giovanni de' Medici commenced on a hillside the Villa Medici in Fiesole, Tuscany, probably the first villa created under the instructions of Leon Battista Alberti, who theorized the features of the new idea of villa in his De re aedificatoria.
These first examples of Renaissance villa predate the age of Lorenzo de' Medici, who added the Villa di Poggio a Caiano by Giuliano da Sangallo, begun in 1470, in Poggio a Caiano, Province of Prato, Tuscany.
From Tuscany the idea of villa was spread again through the rest of Italy.
The Quattrocento villa gardens were treated as a fundamental and aesthetic link between a residential building and the outdoors, with views over a humanized agricultural landscape, at that time the only desirable aspect of nature.
Later villas and gardens include the Palazzo Pitti and Boboli Gardens, Florence and the Villa di Pratolino, Province of Siena.
[
Rome had more than its share of villas with easy reach of the small sixteenth-century city.The progenitor, the first villa suburbana built since Antiquity, was the Belvedere or palazzetto, designed by Antonio Pollaiuolo and built on the slope above the Vatican Palace.
The Villa Madama, the design of which, attributed to Raphael and carried out by Giulio Romano in 1520, was one of the most influential private houses ever built.
Elements derived from the Villa Madama appeared in villas through the 19th century.
The Villa Albani was built near the Porta Salaria.
Other are the Villa Borghese; the Villa Doria Pamphili (1650); the Villa Giulia of Pope Julius III (1550), designed by Vignola.
The Roman villas Villa Ludovisi and Villa Montalto, were destroyed during the late nineteenth century in the wake of the real estate bubble that took place in Rome after the seat of government of a united Italy was established at Rome.
The cool hills of Frascati gained the Villa Aldobrandini (1592), the Villa Falconieri and the Villa Mondragone.
The Villa d'Este near Tivoli is famous for the water play in its terraced gardens.
The Villa Medici was on the edge of Rome, on the Pincian Hill, when it was built in 1540.
Besides these designed for seasonal pleasure, usually located within easy distance of a city, other Italian villas were remade from a rocca or castello, as the family seat of power, such as Villa Caprarola for the Farnese.
Near Siena in Tuscany, the Villa Cetinale was built by Cardinal Flavio Chigi.
He employed Carlo Fontana, pupil of Gian Lorenzo Bernini to transform the villa and dramatic gardens in a Roman Baroque style by 1680.
The Villa Lante garden is one of the most sublime creations of the Italian villa in the landscape, completed in the 17th century.
Palladian Villas of the Veneto
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Palladian Villas)
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto *
Country Italy Type Cultural Criteria i, ii Reference 712 Region ** Europe and North America Inscription history Inscription 1994 (18th Session) Extensions 1996 * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
The City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto is a World Heritage Site protecting a cluster of works by the architect Andrea Palladio.
UNESCO inscribed the site on the World Heritage List in 1994.[
At first the site was called "Vicenza, City of Palladio" and only buildings in the immediate area of Vicenza were included.
Various types of buildings were represented in the original site, which included the Teatro Olimpico, palazzi and a few villas.
However, most of Palladio's surviving villas lay outside the site.
In 1996 the site was expanded.
Its present name reflects the fact that it includes villas designed by Palladio throughout the Veneto.
The term "villa" was used to describe a country house.
Often rich families in the Veneto also had a house in town called a "palazzo".
In most cases the owners named their palazzi and villas with the family surname, hence there is both a "Palazzo Chiericati" in Vicenza and a "Villa Chiericati" in the countryside.
Similarly there is a "Palazzo Foscari" in Venice and a "Villa Foscari" in the countryside.
Somewhat confusingly there are multiple Villas Pisani, including two by Palladio.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Palladian Villas)
| City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto * | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii |
| Reference | 712 |
| Region ** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1994 (18th Session) |
| Extensions | 1996 |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO | |
The City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto is a World Heritage Site protecting a cluster of works by the architect Andrea Palladio.
UNESCO inscribed the site on the World Heritage List in 1994.[
At first the site was called "Vicenza, City of Palladio" and only buildings in the immediate area of Vicenza were included.
Various types of buildings were represented in the original site, which included the Teatro Olimpico, palazzi and a few villas.
However, most of Palladio's surviving villas lay outside the site.
In 1996 the site was expanded.
Its present name reflects the fact that it includes villas designed by Palladio throughout the Veneto.
The term "villa" was used to describe a country house.
Often rich families in the Veneto also had a house in town called a "palazzo".
In most cases the owners named their palazzi and villas with the family surname, hence there is both a "Palazzo Chiericati" in Vicenza and a "Villa Chiericati" in the countryside.
Similarly there is a "Palazzo Foscari" in Venice and a "Villa Foscari" in the countryside.
Somewhat confusingly there are multiple Villas Pisani, including two by Palladio.
By 1550 Palladio had produced a whole group of villas, whose scale and decoration can be seen as closely matching the wealth and social standing of the owners.
The "ville" of the powerful and very rich Pisani, bankers and Venetian patricians, had huge vaults and a loggia façade realised with stone piers and rusticated Doric pilasters.
The (briefly) wealthy minor noble and salt-tax farmer Taddeo Gazzotto in his villa at Bertesina, had pilasters executed in brick, though the capitals and bases were carved in stone.
Biagio Saraceno at Finale had a loggia with three arched bays, but without any architectural order. In the villa Saraceno as in the villa Poiana Palladio was able to give presence and dignity to an exterior simply by the placing and orchestration of windows, pediments, loggia arcades.
His less wealthy patrons must have appreciated the possibility of being able to enjoy impressive buildings without having to spend much on stone and stone carving.
Palladio's reputation initially, and after his death, has been founded on his skill as a designer of villas.
Considerable damage had been done to houses, barns, and rural infrastructures during the War of the League of Cambrai (1509-1517).
Recovery of former levels of prosperity in the countryside was probably slow, and it was only in the 1540s, with the growth of the urban market for foodstuffs and determination at government level to free Venice and the Veneto from dependence on imported grain, above all grain coming from the always threatening Ottoman state, that a massive investment in agriculture and the structures necessary for agricultural production gathers pace.
Landowners for decades had been steadily, under stable Venetian rule, been buying up small holdings, and consolidating their estates not only by purchase, but by swaps of substantial properties with the other landowners. Investment in irrigation and land reclamation through drainage further increased the income of wealthy landowners.
The frescoes in the Villa Caldogno main hall depict the different moments of the life in villa at Palladio's age
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Palladio's villas - that is the houses of estate owners - met a need for a new type of country residence.
His designs implicitly recognise that it was not necessary to have a great palace in the countryside, modelled directly on city palaces, as many late fifteenth-century villas (like the huge villa da Porto at Thiene) in fact are.
Something smaller, often with only one main living floor was adequate as a centre for controlling the productive activity from which much of the owner's income probably derived and for impressing tenants and neighbours as well as entertaining important guests.
These residences, though sometimes smaller than earlier villas, were just as effective for establishing a social and political presence in the countryside, and for relaxing, hunting, and getting away from the city, which was always potentially unhealthy.
Façades, dominated by pediments usually decorated with the owner's coat of arms, advertised a powerful presence across a largely flat territory, and to be seen did not need to be as high as the owner's city palace.
Their loggie offered a pleasant place to eat, or talk, or perform music in the shade, activities which one can see celebrated in villa decoration, for instance in the villa Caldogno.
In their interior Palladio distributed functions both vertically and horizontally. Kitchens, store-rooms, laundries and cellars were in the low ground floor; the ample space under the roof was used to store the most valuable product of the estate, grain, which incidentally also served to insulate the living rooms below. On the main living floor, used by family and their guests, the more public rooms (loggia, sala[disambiguation needed]) were on the central axis, while left and right were symmetrical suites of rooms, going from large rectangular chambers, via square middling sized rooms, to small rectangular ones, sometimes used as by the owner as studies or offices for administering the estate.
The owner's house was often not the only structure for which Palladio was responsible. Villas, despite their unfortified appearance and their open loggie were still direct descendants of castles, and were surrounded by a walled enclosure, which gave them some necessary protection from bandits and marauders. The enclosure (cortivo) contained barns, dovecote towers, bread ovens, chicken sheds, stables, accommodation for factors and domestic servants, places to make cheese, press grapes, etc. Already in the 15th century it was usual to create a court in front of the house, with a well, separated from the farmyard with its barns, animals, and threshing-floor. Gardens, vegetable and herbal gardens, fish ponds, and almost invariably a large orchard (the brolo) all were clustered around, or located inside the main enclosure.
Palladio in his designs sought to co-ordinate all these varied elements, which in earlier complexes had usually found their place not on the basis of considerations of symmetry vista and architectural hierarchy but of the shape of the available area, usually defined by roads and water courses.
Orientation was also important: Palladio states in the Quattro Libri that barns should face south so as to keep the hay dry, thus preventing it from fermenting and burning.
Palladio found inspiration in large antique complexes which either resembled country houses surrounded by their outbuildings or which he actually considered residential layouts - an example is the temple of Hercules Victor at Tivoli, which he had surveyed.
It is clear, for instance, that the curving barns which flank the majestic façade of the villa Badoer were suggested by what was visible of the Forum of Augustus. In his book Palladio usually shows villa layouts as symmetrical: he would have known however that often, unless the barns to the left and right of the house faced south, as at the villa Barbaro at Maser, the complex would not have been built symmetrically. An example is the villa Poiana, where the large barn, with fine Doric capitals, was certainly designed by Palladio. It faces south, and is not balanced by a similar element on the other side of the house.
The World Heritage site includes the following villas:
Other villas designed by Palladio but actually not included in the World Heritage list:
| # | Name | Location | Province | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wing of the Villa Thiene | Cicogna of Villafranca Padovana | Padua | 45°30′11″N 11°47′32″E / 45.5031°N 11.7923°E | unfinished, built only a barchessa | |
| Villa Repeta | Campiglia dei Berici | Vicenza | 45°20′33″N 11°32′23″E / 45.3425°N 11.5396°E | destroyed by a fire and rebuilt in other shape | |
| Villa Porto | Molina di Malo | Vicenza | unfinished | ||
| Villa Porto | Vivaro di Dueville | Vicenza | uncertain attribution, but traditionally attributed to Palladio | ||
| Villa Contarini | Piazzola sul Brenta | Padua | 45°32′38″N 11°47′07″E / 45.543858°N 11.785262°E | the original core of the villa was probably by Palladio | |
| Villa Arnaldi | Sarego | Vicenza | unfinished |
[edit] References
- ^ "UNESCO World heritage site number 712". Whc.unesco.org. 2007-01-03. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ The "Villa architecture" section was originally taken from: Howard Burns, Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio (with kind permission of the CISA)
- ^ Projec published by Palladio in the I quattro libri dell'architettura (book 2nd; 1570); in the same site Villa Volpi was realized with a different project
- ^ Projec published by Palladio in the I quattro libri dell'architettura (book 2nd; 1570)
- ^ "UNESCO World heritage site number 712". Whc.unesco.org. 2007-01-03. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ The "Villa architecture" section was originally taken from: Howard Burns, Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio (with kind permission of the CISA)
- ^ Projec published by Palladio in the I quattro libri dell'architettura (book 2nd; 1570); in the same site Villa Volpi was realized with a different project
- ^ Projec published by Palladio in the I quattro libri dell'architettura (book 2nd; 1570)
[edit] External links
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_-_The_Last_Supper_(1495-1498).jpg)
In the later 16th century in the northeastern Italian Peninsula the Palladian Villas of the Veneto, designed by Andrea Palladio (1508–1580), were built in Vicenza in the Republic of Venice (Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia). Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting. He often unified all the farm buildings into the architecture of his extended villas. Examples are the Villa Emo, the Villa Godi, the Villa Forni Cerato, the Villa Capra "La Rotonda", and Villa Foscari
Soon after in Greenwich England, following his 1613–1615 grand tour, Inigo Jones designed and built the Queen's House between 1615–1617 in an early Palladian architecture style adaptation in another country. The Palladian villa style renewed its influence in different countries and eras and remained influential for over four hundred years, with the Neo-Palladian a part of the late 17th century and on Renaissance Revival architecture period.
In the early 18th century the English took up the term, and applied it to English country houses. Thanks to the revival of interest in Palladio and Inigo Jones, soon Neo-Palladian villas dotted the valley of the River Thames and English countryside: such as Stourhead by Colen Campbell-1720, Holkham Hall - 1730; Woburn Abbey by Henry Flitcroft and Henry Holland-1744; and Chiswick House by William Kent-1788. The Marble Hill House in England was conceived originally as a "villa" in the 18th-century sense. Irish Neo-Palladian style was used for the villas Castletown House and Russborough House in Ireland.
In many ways the late 18th century Monticello, by Thomas Jefferson in Virginia, United States is a Palladian Revival villa. Other examples of the period and style are Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis, Maryland; and many pre-American Civil War or Antebellum Plantations, such as Westover Plantation and many other James River plantations as well dozens of Antebellum era plantations in the rest of the Old South functioned as the Roman Latifundium villas had. A later revival, in the Gilded Age and early 20th century, produced The Breakers in Newport, Rhode Island, Filoli in Woodside, California, and Dumbarton Oaks in Georgetown, Washington, D.C.; by architects-landscape architects such as Richard Morris Hunt, Willis Polk, and Beatrix Farrand.
In the nineteenth century, villa was extended to describe any large suburban house that was free-standing in a landscaped plot of ground. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being erected at the turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and overuse. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large "Villenkolonien" in the German speaking countries, wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of large mansion houses and often built to an artfully created masterplan. The Villenkolonie of Lichterfelde West in Berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architect through the South of England. In France the Château de Ferrières is an example of the Italian Neo-Renaissance style villa and in Britain the Mentmore Towers by John Ruskin.
With the changes of social values in post-colonial Britain after World War I the suburban "villa" became a "bungalow" and by extension the term is used for suburban bungalows in both Australia and New Zealand, especially those dating from the period of rapid suburban development between 1920 and 1950. German speaking countries; Britain; southern Europe; and the Baltics
The villa concept lived and lives on in the Haciendas of Latin America and the Estancias of Brazil and Argentina.
The oldest are original Portuguese and Spanish Colonial architecture; followed after independences in the Americas from Spain and Portugal, by the Spanish Colonial Revival style with regional variations. In the 20th century International style villas were designed by Roberto Burle Marx, Oscar Niemeyer, Luis Barragán, and other architects developing a unique Euro-Latin synthesized aesthetic.
Villas are particularly well represented in California and the West Coast of the United States, where they were originally commissioned by well travelled "upper-class" patrons moving on from the Queen Anne style Victorian architecture and Beaux-Arts architecture. Italian Renaissance style Villas fit with the regional Spanish Alta California ranchos history, the Mediterranean climate, "Neapolitan" sunlight intensity, and native plant community palette similarities. Communities such as Montecito, Bradbury, Bel Air, and San Marino in Southern California, and Atherton and Piedmont in the San Francisco Bay Area are a few examples of villa density.
The popularity of Mediterranean Revival architecture in its various iterations over the last century has been consistently used in that region and in Florida. Just a few of the notable early architects were Wallace Neff, Addison Mizner, Stanford White, and George Washington Smith. A few examples are the Harold Lloyd Estate in Beverly Hills, California, Medici scale Hearst Castle on the Central Coast of California, and Villa Montalvo in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Saratoga, California, Villa Vizcaya in Coconut Grove, Miami, American Craftsman architecture versions are the Gamble House and the villas by Green and Green in Pasadena, California
- Modern architecture has produced some important examples of buildings called villas:
- Villa Noailles by Robert Mallet-Stevens in Hyères, France
- Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier in Poissy, France
- Villa Mairea by Alvar Aalto in Noormarkku, Finland
- Villa Tugendhat by Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe in Brno, Czech Republic
- Villa Lewaro by Vertner Tandy in Irvington, New York
- Country-villa examples:
- Hollyhock House (1919) by Frank Lloyd Wright in Hollywood, California
- Gropius House by Walter Gropius (1937) in Lincoln, Massachusetts
- Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright (1939) in Pennsylvania, U.S.
- Farnsworth House by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Plano, Illinois
- Kaufmann Desert House by Richard Neutra (1946) in Palm Springs, California
- Auldbrass Plantation by Frank Lloyd Wright (1940–1951) in Beaufort County, South Carolina
- Palácio da Alvorada by Oscar Niemeyer (1958) in Brasília, Brazil
- Getty Villa, in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California.
Today the term "villa" is often applied to vacation rental properties. In the United Kingdom the term is used of high quality detached homes in warm destinations, particularly Florida and the Mediterranean. The term is also used in Pakistan and in some of the Caribbean Islands such as Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, Martinique, the United States Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, and others. It is similar for the coastal resort areas of Baja California Sur and mainland Mexico, and for hospitality industry destination resort "luxury bungalows" in various worldwide locations.
In Sydney, Australia "villas" is a term used to describe a type of townhouse complex which contains, possibly smaller attached or detached houses of up to 3-4 bedrooms that were built since the early 1980s.[citation needed]
In New Zealand the term "villa" is commonly used to describe a style of wooden weatherboard house constructed before WW1 characterised by high ceilings (often 12ft), sash windows, and a long entrance hall.
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- Notes
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