we want to allow for the construction of a (possibly later) type, a talking piror, which can express that it judges that p; and (b) to maintain as a general (though probably derivative) law that celeris paribus if x expresses that & then x judges that. ф. The substitution of x judges that p" for *or will force the admissibility of "* judges" that p". So we shall have to adopt as a law thar a judges' that piff x judges that p. Exactly parallel reasoning will force the adoption of the law that a judges* that p if x judges? that p.