GRICE E GARBO

 

Luigi Speranza – GRICE ITALO!; ossia, Grice e Garbo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la fisiologia dell’amore – scuola di Firenze – filosofia fiorentina – filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana – Luigi Speranza (Firenze). Filosofo fiorentino. Filosofo toscano. Filosofo italiano. Firenze, Toscana. Grice: “I like Garbo; for one I like Firenze, for another I like a Renaissance man – I’m one!” Grice: “Garbo is extremely interesting at a time when physis did mean ‘nature’ – the physicist and the physician were the natural philosophers! At Oxford Transnatural philosophy was created against Natural Philosophy,” – Grice: “Garbo made the greatest comment on “Love unrequited” by G&S – by focusing on a ditty by Cavalcanti – Boccaccio loved the pretentious prose by Garbo on ‘eros,’ ‘amore,’ and ‘cupidus.’ –“ Studia sotto Alderotti a Bologna. Figlio di Bono, medico e chirurgo. Sotto il consiglio del padre, fu allievo a Bologna di Alderotti, suo cognato, poi uno dei più importanti rappresentanti di un riorientamento della filosofia, all che Garbo diede un contributo importante. Studia sotto Alderotti per un breve period. Torna presso la casa paterna a Firenze a seguito della guerra tra Bologna e Ferrara e fu iscritto, a fianco del padre, nella gilda di Firenze di medici e farmacisti. Le condizioni politiche migliorate gli consentirono di riprendere i suoi studi e si laurea, successivamente si sposta a Bologna, dove insegna. Quando Orsini scomunicò Bologna e, quindi, escluse i cittadini bolognesi dal frequentare lo studio generale, fu, ancora una volta, costretto a lasciare Bologna. Si transferice a Siena, con l'insolitamente alto stipendio di 90 fiorini d'oro come "dotore del chomune di Siena". Saltuariamente si recasse a Bologna nonostante la scomunica. E fu a Bologna che completa il suo commento su una parte del libro del Canon di Avicenna, tanto da guadagnare il soprannome di "espositore.” Torna a Bologna, inizia la sua “Dilucidatorium totius pratice scientie” un commento sul Libro I del Canon. Insegna a Padova, a causa del "propter malum statum civitatis Paduae" (come afferma nel suo commento ad Avicenna), riprese a peregrinare tra un'università e l'altra (anche se è un percorso poco chiaro, a causa delle scarse informazioni fornite dai biografi e dell'assenza dei documenti). Torna a Firenze e completa Dilucidarium. Sulla scia dell'esodo della Facoltà di Filosofia da Bologna a Siena, venne nuovamente nominato dal Comune di Siena, questa volta con uno stipendio annuo esorbitante di 350 fiorini d'oro, più 100 fiorini, perché teneva letture a casa sua, la sera. Lavora al suo commento al trattamento con piante medicinali nel libro II di Avicenna, Canon, cioè "l'Expositio super canones generales de virtutibus medicamentorum simplicium secundi canonis Avicennae", che complete dopo il ritorno a Firenze. Commenta sul “Donna mi prega” di Cavalcanti. Questo commento è conservato in un manoscritto di Boccaccio ed è stata tradotta in una versione in lingua “volgare”.  A causa dell'invidia dei suoi colleghi di Bologna, fu accusato di essersi appropriato del commento a Galeno di Torrigiani.  Le lezioni riscuotevano molto successo, allora i suoi colleghi, invidiosi, dettero il compito a un allievo che viveva con il medico di spiarlo; quest'ultimo scoprì che prepara le sue lezioni basandosi sul comment a Galeno di Torrigiani, che conserva segretamente. Il plagio e reso pubblico, addiruttura Ascoli ne fece scherno con i suoi allievi, e G. e costretto a allontanarsi da Bologna. Sia Tiraboschi che Colle notarono delle incongruenze cronologiche della vicenda. Torrigiani e co-etaneo e collega del medico alla scuola di Aldreotti, e successivamente si fece certosino in tarda età e solo da quel momento, o dopo la sua morte, avrebbe potuto prendere i suoi scritti.  L'episodio, probabilmente, indica l'atmosfera ostile – tossica -- in cui era immerso G. a Bologna, per questo è plausibile che decidesse di accettare l'offerta di Padova, che dopo la crisi causata dalla guerra contro Enrico VII, cerca insegnanti di fama. Tornato a Firenze, incontra Mussato in preda a un malanno, che probabilmente aveva conosciuto in precedenza a Padova e che era a Firenze in veste di ambasciatore di Padova. A Firenze, la sua stima di filosofo si riprese dai colpi bassi inflitti dai bolognesi; mostra un ritratto cordiale, sapiente ma non scontroso, con un atteggiamento affidabile e umano, che cercava di capire i segreti della natura e molto disponibile, questa era la maniera in cui appariva ai fiorentini. Descritto come una persona arguta in episodi riportati da Petrarca, che non conosceva direttamente, ma che aveva avuto contatti con G.. Pesso un cimitero, rispose a dei vecchi che lo volevano schernire con queste parole. La disputa è ingiusta, qui: infatti voi siete più coraggiosi perché siete a casa vostra. (Rerum memorandum libri, risposta simile a quella di Cavalcanti nel Decameròn. Un altro episodio, invece, fu la volta in cui un uomo prende in giro il suo piccolo cavallo dicendogli: "e gli insegni a camminare, ma dove hai imparato quest'arte?", e G. rispose: "A casa tua".  Quanto torna scrisse le "Recollectiones in Hippocratem de natura foetus" (Venezia), con la "Expositio super capitula de generatione embryonis" di Tommaso Del G., suo figlio, e la "Expositio in Avicennae capitulum de generatione embrionis" di Torre. Il trattato di G. mostra quanto fosse dipendente dall'astrologia araba. Distingue l'anatomia dalla fisiologia. Indaga la causa delle malattie ereditarie, dicendo che dipendono da un vizio organico del cuore, dal quale ha origine lo spirito che il seme del padre trasmette al nascituro. Tratta anche di argomenti molto discussi dai filosofi del secolo, come la trasmissione dell'intelligenza tra generazioni, dell'origine del calore animale e della nascita di piante e animali per “fermentazione.” Dice nell'Expositio che torna a Firenze non per la crisi di Siena, ma per altri motivi di cui non si hanno documentazioni. Per Tiraboschi e Colle, G. non sarebbe mai uscito dall'Italia, mentre De Sade dice che ad Avignone  avrebbe incontrato Ascoli. Quest'ultimo è il motivo della grave colpa di cui Garbo, insieme al figlio, fu macchiato dopo il plagio già nominato. Ascoli venne allontanato da Bologna e sospeso dall'insegnamento poiché accusato di eresia, successivamente giunse a Firenze con la fama di mago e negromante, al servizio del duca Carlo di Calabria. Ascoli scrisse "Commentarii in Sphaeram Mundi Ioannis de Sacrobosco", che si ritiene fosse trattato che egli porta sul rogo, trattato che fu aspramente criticato da Garbo che gravemente accesi di rabbia e d'odio contro di lui, perché invidiosi che d'Ascoli fosse preferito come medico dal duca Carlo. I. Garbo accusa Ascoli di fronte al vescovo d'Aversa e successivamente lo denuncia all'inquisizione. Questo spinse il duca di Calabria ad allontanare Ascoli dalla sua corte e dopo fu arrestato dall'inquisitore Bonfantini. L’accusa era di essere "alieno dal vero dogma della fede". Ascoli fu bruciato sul rogo. E evidente la responsabilità di Garbo in questa condanna, per invidia e non per motivi religiosi. G. muore poco dopo l'esecuzione d’Ascoli. Questo, dice Grice, e causato da un incantesimo di vendetta lanciato da Ascoli.  Altre opere: La figura di G. campeggia se non come il più grande filosofo di Firenze, sicuramente come quello più nominato, sia nel bene che nel male, a prescindere dal valore che possono avere le sue opere a livello della storia della filosofia, infatti rappresenta, nell'opinione comune, il tipo ideale di filosofo, sia con i suoi pregi, che con i suoi difetti.  Tra le opere che sicuramente possiamo attribuirgli ci sono ricettari, commenti e trattati.  Tra i vari, ci sono i "Super IV Fen primi Avicennae praeclarissima commentaria, quae Dilucidatorium totius practicae generalis medicinalis scientiae noncupatur" (Venezia), dedicati agli studenti bolognesi che l'avevano seguito a Siena; "Chirurgia cum tractatu eiusdem de ponderibus et mensuris nec non de emplastris et unguentis" (Ferrara) insieme ad un trattato sulla lebbra di Gentile da Foligno e uno sulle giunture ossee di Gentile da Firenze, ampio commento ad Avicenna, Abū l-Qāsim az-Zahrāwī e ar-Rāzī. In questo e in altri testi, rileva molte inesattezze di Avicenna e parla con tono di ammirazione dei antichi greco-romani.  Altre opere invece non sono state stampate: "De militia complexionis diversae"; una "quaestio" sulla flebotomia secondo Ugo da Siena (Bergamo, Biblioteca civica)  "Recolectiones super cirurgia Avicennae" (Modena, Bibl. Estense); Tractatus podagre (San Candido, Bibl. della Collegiata). E non va dimenticato il commento alla canzone "Donna mi prega" di Cavalcanti: "Scriptum super cantilena Guidonis de Cavalcantibus" ("De natura et motu amoris venereis cantio cum enarratione Dini de Garbo", Venezia, introvabile). Il commento riguardo a “Donna mi prega” considera l'amore (eros) da un punto di vista strittamente patologico, come passione, e anche se a volte tende a sovrapporsi a “Donna mi prega”, esponendo le idee sull'amore di se stesso (“amore proprio”) che quelle di Cavalcanti, resta un importante document. Suddivide il testo in tre parti. Nella prima parte, Garbo dimostra quante e che sono le cose, che dello amore si dicono. Nella seconda parte, Garbo filosofa di quelle, che esser ne determina. Nella terza parte, la chiusa, Garbo dimostra la sufficienza di quelle cose, ch'egli ha dette. Nella seconda parte, la più importante, si segue la dimostrazione sulle *otto* caratteristiche dell'amore: I) dove si produce (nell’appetito sensitivo); II) chi lo genera? la disposizione naturale del corpo dell’amante – per non fare menzione digli influssi di Marte su Venere) quale virtù ha l’amore, dato che è passione d'appetito? Nulla. IV) Quale e l’effetto dell’amore? La  morte che impedisce le operazioni della virtù vegetativa) quale e l’essenza dell’amore? E una passione naturale). Che alterazione provoca? Infermità, malinconia, morte. VII) Che spinge a filosofare sull’amore, dato che non si può celare la passione? Lo spirito platonico) Se l'amore (o strittamente, l’amare) si dimostri via il sentire? Si. È evidente che parli come filosofo aristotelico. Per G., l'amore è una malattia, una passione dell'appetito sensitivo, che può causare a sua volta molte altre malattie, e per questo va curata, con la dimenticanza e l'allontanamento, l'"accidente fero" di Cavalcanti è il maligno influsso di Marte, in congiunzione col Toro e la Bilancia, quando si trova nella casa di Venere.  Altre opere: “Dynus super quarta Fen primi cum tabula” (Venezia: Lucas Antonius Giunta Florentinus); “Expositio super tertia, quarta, et parte quintae fen IV. libri Avicennae” (Venezia: Johann Hamann für Andreas Torresanus); “Dilucidatorium totius pratice medicinalis scientie Expositio super canones generales de virtutibus medicamentorum simplicium secundi canonis Avicennae (Venezia); “Recollectiones in Hippocratem de natura foetus; “Dilucidatorium Avicennae (Ferrara) Expositio super parte quintae Fen quarti Canonis Avicennae (Ferrara, André Beaufort); “Super IV Fen primi Avicennae praeclarissima commentaria, quae Dilucidatorium totius practicae generalis medicinalis scientiae noncupatur (Venezia); Chirurgia cum tractatu eiusdem de ponderibus et mensuris nec non de emplastris et unguentis (Ferrariae); “De militia complexionis diversae; di cui un saggio è pubblicato da Puccinotti; Recolectiones super cirurgia Avicennae (Modena, Bibl. Estense); De generatione embrionis; Dizionario biografico degli italiani.  Boccaccio, Cavalcanti’s Canzone “Donna me prega” and Dino’s Glosses The enigmatic, indeed disturbing figure of  Cavalcanti exercised the imagination of his contemporaries, especially of his fellow poets. Without naming him once, Dante talks about Guido in his youthful work, the Vita nuova, telling us that Cavalcanti was the “primo de li miei amici” (VN III), and that he was one of those who replied poetically to Dante’s first sonnet. Dante also refers to Guido’s senhal, Gio- vanna/Primavera (VN). The whole of Dante’s treatise, as a specifi- cally vernacular composition, is dedicated to this first friend (VN). Amongst Dante’s Rime, also, there is a companionship sonnet addressed to Cavalcanti, “Guido, i’ vorrei che tu e Lapo ed io,” to which the older poet responded in verse. The most memorable mention by Dante occurs in canto X of Inferno, where Guido is the “grand absent,” asked after by his damned father, Ca- valcante de’ Cavalcanti. The accent in the exchange is on Guido’s implied “altezza d’ingegno,” shared with Dante, and his disdain for some- thing — unspecified — which Dante by now was pursuing (poetry? theol- ogy?). The poet later resurfaces as an allusion in Purgatorio XI.97–99, where, in an object lesson in humility, literary primacy is passed through the Guidos, presumably from Guinizelli through Cavalcanti, and on to (perhaps) Dante himself. Guido Orlandi, who wrote the enquiry sonnet, “Onde si move e donde nasce Amore?” which occasioned Cavalcanti’s famous reply, the doctrinal canzone “Donna me prega,” paints a picture of the poet in “Amico, i’ saccio ben che sa’ limare,” stressing Guido’s verbal prowess, but also his consid- erable intellectual ambition, verging on vanity. Cino da Pistoia, however, in “Qua’ son le cose vostre ch’io vi tolgo?” reacts angrily to an accusation of plagiarism coming from Guido, and hints that his own humility is more appropriate than Cavalcanti’s self-importance. Amongst the other, almost contemporary poets who mention Cavalcanti is Cecco d’Ascoli (Francesco Stabili), in whose astrological apology the Acerba, he seemingly takes Guido to task, in detail, for an erroneous analysis of love’s [heliotropia.org/02-01/usher.pdf 1  Heliotropia heliotropia.org workings (particularly the function of the irascible appetite, Mars) con- tained in “Donna me prega.” Chroniclers, too, were fascinated by him, but as much for his propen- sity to engage in partisan violence as for his intellectual eminence. His contemporary Dino Compagni refers repeatedly to the powerful Cavalcanti clan’s readiness for street-fighting, and refers specifically to Guido’s ex- ploits, including his failed attempt on the life of Corso Donati, who had re- portedly organised an assassination plot against the poet on the pilgrimage route to Compostela. Dino characterises Guido as “cortese e ardito, ma sdegnoso e solitario e intento allo studio.” Villani, writing con- siderably later, draws attention to the prickly nature of Guido’s intelli- gence: “era, come filosofo, virtudioso uomo in più cose, se non ch’era troppo tenero e stizzoso,” a description of the philosopher-poet which al- most exactly parallels Giovanni’s description of Dante himself. Amongst the later novella writers, Sacchetti would include Cavalcanti as the butt (literally) of a practical joke by a small child (Trecentonovelle), a jape which in turn is reminiscent of a Boccaccio novella (Decameron). Cavalcanti figures in the early commentary tradition of the Comedy, in particular as a response to the pilgrim’s discussion with Cavalcante de’ Ca- valcanti in Inferno X, and the reference to the two Guidos in Purgatorio. He also figures to some extent in elucidations of the two lonely, anon- ymous Florentine “giusti” in Inferno. Commenting upon Inferno X, Guido da PISA (si veda) says of Cavalcanti “Fuit enim iste Guido scientia magnus et moribus insignitus, sed tamen in suo sensu aliqualiter inflatus. Habebat enim scientias poeticas in derisum” [This Guido was great in knowledge and celebrated in character, but nevertheless somewhat puffed up as to his opinion of himself. For he despised the poetic discipline]. Guido da Pisa’s interpretation of Cavalcanti’s “disdegno” (Inferno) as essentially poetical will be influential amongst subsequent commentators. The Ottimo commentary points to Guido’s common intellectual in- terests with Dante (“similitudine d’abito scientifico”). Later, when discus- sing the two Guidos passage in Purgatorio XI, the commentator opines: “E Guido Cavalcanti si può dire, che fossi il primo, che [le] sue canzoni fortifi- casse con filosofi[ch]e pruove, come si mostra in quella sua canzona, che comincia: ‘Donna mi prega, perch’io deggia dire.’” The Selmiano, commenting upon Inferno X, again points to Cavalcanti’s intellectual im- pact: “Guido fu tenuto del maggiore ingegno e più alto che allora fosse uomo di Firenze.” The greatest contribution to the myth of Guido Cavalcanti comes from Boccaccio, who views the poet essentially through the distorting prism of heliotropia.org/02-01/usher.pdf 2  Heliotropia heliotropia.org Dante and the early Dante commentators. In the “Introduzione alla quarta giornata” of the Decameron, Boccaccio justifies his own persistence with amorousness, even in his more mature years, by claiming that such a trait was shared with Cavalcanti, Dante and Cino da Pistoia in their old age. He even suggests that he could supply the biographical justifications to prove it (“istorie in mezzo”). The most consistent account of Cavalcanti, however, occurs in Decameron where Boccaccio applies to Guido a widespread anecdote, with a “lethal” punch-line, which Petrarch, amongst others, had used some ten years previously in the Rerum Memorandarum (II, 60) about G., the famous Florentine physician. The tale, now firmly attached to Cavalcanti, thanks to Boccaccio, will subsequently pass into the Dante commentary tradition when Benvenuto da Imola glos- ses the two Guidos passage in Purgatorio. The Decameron tale has been frequently discussed and minutely ana- lysed: what concerns us here is Boccaccio’s preliminary portrait of the poet: oltre a quello che egli fu un de’ migliori loici che avesse il mondo e ottimo filosofo naturale, si fu egli leggiadrissimo e costumato e parlante uom molto e ogni cosa che far volle e a gentile uom pertenente seppe meglio che altro uom fare; e con questo era ricchissimo, e a chiedere a lingua sa- peva onorare cui nell’animo gli capeva che il valesse. [...] Guido alcuna volta speculando molto abstratto dagli uomini divenia; e per ciò che egli alquanto tenea della oppinione degli epicuri, si diceva tralla gente volgare che queste sue speculazioni erano solo in cercare se trovar si potesse che Iddio non fosse. (Decameron) Creatively interpreting Dante, in order to give the punch-line extra signifi- cance, Boccaccio deliberately confuses (or rather suggests that the vulgar throng confuses) Guido with his father, Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti, for it is effectively the latter who is amongst the “Epicureans” who “l’anima col corpo morta fanno” (Inferno). A very similar portrait of the poet is given in the Esposizioni, where Guido is described as: uomo costumatissimo e ricco e d’alto ingegno, e seppe molte leggiadre cose fare meglio che alcun altro nostro cittadino: e oltre a ciò, fu nel suo tempo reputato ottimo loico e buon filosofo, e fu singularissimo amico dell’autore [scil. Dante], sì come esso medesimo mostra nella sua Vita nuova, e fu buon dicitore in rima; ma, per ciò che la filosofia gli pareva, sì come ella è, da molto più che la poesia, ebbe a sdegno Virgilio e gli altri poeti. (Esposizioni) The phrase “ebbe a sdegno” clearly shows Boccaccio’s debt to Inferno X.63: “Forse cui Guido vostro ebbe a disdegno,” and to the view amongst early commentators, initiated by Guido da Pisa as we have seen, that heliotropia.org/02-01/usher.pdf 3  Heliotropiaheliotropia.org disdain was for poetry, not theology. It is this Boccaccian portrait, with a distinctly Dante colouring, which will inform Filippo Villani’s much later biography of Cavalcanti in the Liber de origine civitatis Florentie [Book of the Origin of the City of Florence]. As we have seen, the anecdote in Decameron had been previously used by Petrarch, who places Dino del Garbo as its protagonist. Dino was, in addition to being a notable physician (a pupil of Taddeo Alderotti at Bologna), a lecturer on materia medica at various universities. He had a number of commentaries to his credit, including a reading of the third and fourth fen of the fourth book of Avicenna’s Canon, dealing with surgery (a relatively new area for medicine, traditionally hostile to the knife). He also wrote a general handbook, based on book one of Avicenna, the Dilucidato- rium totius pratice medicinalis scientie [Clarification of the Whole Practice of Medical Knowledge]. According to Giovanni Villani, G. was very touchy about his academic standing, and took a mortal dislike to Cecco d’Ascoli, at the time a lecturer on the astronomy of Sacrobosco and Alca- bitius at Bologna, who publicly accused him of having plagiarised a dead colleague, Torrigiano de’ Torrigiani’s commentary on Galen. Indeed, Vil- lani suggests that Dino was instrumental in the passing of the death sen- tence on the astrologer: “molti dissono che ’l fece per invidia” (Cronica). Popular opinion had it that Dino’s own puzzling death, very shortly after the astrologer’s execution, was the result of a posthumous necromantic revenge on Cecco’s part. Cecco wasn’t the only one to have an interest in Cavalcanti’s canzone “Donna me prega.” G. writes a detailed Latin commentary on the poem, heavily indebted to Avicenna, Haly Abbas and the LICEO, which was partially imitated and adapted in a vernacular version unconvincingly attributed to Egidio Romano. Medical and philosophical interest in Cavalcanti’s canzone would continue into the Renaissance, with Ficino, amongst others, clearly in debt to it. G.’s commentary is certainly known to Boccaccio. Indeed, it has been convincingly argued by Quaglio (“Prima fortuna della glossa garbiana a ‘Donna me prega’ di Cavalcanti,” in GSLI) that the unique surviving manuscript of the commentum (an insert in Vatican Chigiano) is a Boccaccian autograph. This particular transcription, one of the later documents reinserted into the manuscript – cf. Ricci (Studi sulla vita e le opere del Boccaccio, Milan-Naples: Ricciardi. The entire MS is reproduced phototypically in colour by Domenico heliotropia.org 02-01/usher.pdf 4  Heliotropia 2.1 heliotropia.org de Robertis (Il codice Chigiano L. V. autografo di Boccaccio, Rome-Florence: Alinari). However, already in the Teseida, Boccaccio shows some fa- miliarity with the commentary. Perhaps he had obtained the glosses from Dino’s close acquaintance, the poet and jurist Cino da Pistoia, who had known and corresponded poetically with Cavalcanti, and who had been teaching Roman law in Naples whilst Boccaccio was a student canonist there. The commentary, entitled Scriptum super cantilena Guidonis de Cavalcantibus [Writing on the Canzone of Guido Cavalcanti] has been ed- ited and published as an appendix by Favati (Cavalcanti, Rime, Milan-Naples: Ricciardi). A sectionalised summary translation and secondary commentary can be found in Bird, “The Canzone d’Amore of Cavalcanti According to the Com- mentary of G.” (Mediaeval Studies). There is a fine translation and commentary of the glosses by Fenzi (La canzone d’amore di Cavalcanti e i suoi antichi commenti, Genoa: Il Melangolo. In the Teseida, Boccaccio furnishes substantial ecphrases of the abodes of Mars and Venus, the tutelary deities of the two rivals for the hand of Emilia, Arcita and Palemone. The description of the temple of Venus in book VII, octaves 50 ff., prompts an immensely long authorial gloss, part of which is on the nature of love itself. In keeping with Boccaccio’s implied fiction that the glosses are by somebody else, he refers to himself in the third person as the “author” and reserves the first person for the fictive commentator. The gloss labours on through the various symbolic, almost personified qualities (à la Roman de la Rose) propitious to erotic passion till it reaches the figure of Cupid, or desire: Alcune ne pone quasi confermative dello appetito eccitato per le sopra- dette: tra le quali pone Cupido, il quale noi volgarmente chiamiamo Amore. Il quale amore volere mostrare come per le sopradette cose si ge- neri in noi, quantunque alla presente opera forse si converrebbe di di- chiarare, non è il mio intendimento di farlo, perciò che troppa sarebbe lunga la storia: chi disidera di vederlo, legga la canzone di Cavalcanti Donna me priega, etc., e le chiose che sopra vi fa G.. (Teseida, gloss) What is important here is that, for Boccaccio, the poet’s canzone and the physician’s glosses were already intimately linked, presumably in a single document (as would be the case in the much later Chigian MS transcribed by Boccaccio himself). The Teseida self-commentary then continues, after this parenthesis, with further enumeration of the “author’s” selection of symbolic qualities, beginning with an elucidation of Cupid’s darts. But the heliotropia.org/ 02-01/usher.pdf 5  Heliotropia heliotropia.org first sentence of this continuation shows that Boccaccio was still thinking in terms of technical definitions of love borrowed from other sources: Dice sommariamente che questo amore è una passione nata nell’anima per alcuna cosa piaciuta, la quale ferventissimamente fa disiderare di piacere alla detta cosa piaciuta e di poterla avere. The phrasing about fervent desire, in this definition, is reminiscent of a remark in G.’s commentary: est passio quedam in qua appetitus est cum vehementi desiderio circa rem quam amat, ut scilicet coniungatur rei amate. (Favati) [it is a certain passion in which there is appetite along with fervent desire concerning the thing which it loves, so that it may join with the thing be- loved] But the presence in Boccaccio’s gloss of the adjective “nata” (even though it could be construed here as meaning merely “arising”) almost certainly betrays an older source, namely the opening definition in Andreas Capel- lanus’ De arte honeste amandi: Amor est passio quedam innata procedens ex visione et immoderata co- gitatione formae alterius sexus, ob quam aliquis super omnia cupit alte- rius potiri amplexibus et omnia de utriusque voluntate in ipsius amplexu amoris praecepta compleri. (De amore) [Love is a certain inborn passion arising from the beholding of and un- controlled thinking about the beauty of the other sex, on account of which the person desires above all else to enjoy the embraces of the other person and, by common desire, fulfil all the commandments of love in this embrace] Andreas uses the term “innata” to describe erotic passion twice more, in quick succession, clearly wanting his readers to understand that its endo- genesis is an important part of his theory of love. “Innata” in the De amore is clearly adjectival in function, as shown by the following participle “pro- cedens”: but “nata” in the Teseida may be more in the nature of a past participle. The lexical fragment survives, however, despite its possible change of status, as a tell-tale sign of Boccaccio’s prior reading. For Boccaccio, conflating the two sources was tempting, because G. is clearly indebted, for substantial elements of his treatise, to the chaplain’s opening remarks on love, as the characteristic initial combination “passio quedam” already demonstrates. Boccaccio was not reading Cavalcanti and G. as an inno- cent, then, but rather as somebody who had already come across authori- tative, if somewhat obsolescent definitions. The problem for the compiler of the Teseida glosses is that the two definitions do not match. Andreas heliotropia.org/02-01/usher.pdf 6  Heliotropia heliotropia.org believed that love was intrinsic (“innata”), the line which Guinizzelli would famously take in his canzone “Al cor gentil,” whereas G., following Ca- valcanti, declares that this passion was definitely exterior in origin “cau- sans ipsum principaliter est res extrinseca” (Favati). Boccaccio at the time of his writing of the Amazon epic seems totally unaware of the in- consistency between these auctoritates. One might doubt that Boccaccio had anything more than circumstantial knowledge of the existence of Dino’s commentary. In other words possibly he hadn’t read it. But certain of the key words (“appetito” and “generare,” markedly Aristotelian terms, though present in the De amore, are simply not used as technicisms in Andreas) imply that he has a good idea of the philosophical slant of G.’s vocabulary. Unlike Cino da Pistoia, who is quoted unambiguously in the Filostrato and Rime, textual traces of Cavalcanti in Boccaccio’s fictional and creative works are rare and tantalising. The meagre harvest of possible (and hardly provable) intertextuality has been traced by Letterio Cassata, passim in hisedition of Cavalcanti (Cavalcanti, Rime, Anzio: De Rubeis, esp. index). Branca furnishes more detailed examples (Rime; Teseida) in Boccaccio medioevale e nuovi studi sul Decameron (Florence: Sansoni). One could add to this list, tentatively, perhaps. There is possibly a hint that Boccaccio had a “cultural memory” of the opening of “Donna me prega” when writing the Filocolo, for Florio’s love is there de- scribed by an experienced Ascalion as “sì nobile accidente. It could be, however, that this particular use of “accidente” (generically a very common term in the early Boccaccio) derives from a reading of Dante’s Vita nuova, where the distinction between substance and accident in love theory, probably as an echo of Cavalcanti, is also made (VN). Another possible reprise of Cavalcanti occurs in the Teseida sequence which generates the gloss which mentions “Donna me prega” and G.’s glosses. In octave 53 of the seventh book, Boccaccio describes the musical and visual environment of Venus’ garden, indicating Palemon’s soul in prayer as it visits the bower: ripieno il vide quasi in ogni canto di spiritei, che qua e là volando gieno a lor posta. Though “spiritus” was a technical term in medicine, referring to the transmission of vital and animal forces through the body, the diminutive “spiritelli” is a characteristic Cavalcantian usage, denoting the hypostatic emanations of fragmented consciousness characteristic of the “anima heliotropia.org /02-01/usher Heliotropia heliotropia.org sbigottita.” Guido even parodied this verbal tic in a sonnet, “Pegli occhi fere un spirito sottile.” More persuasive again, in terms of intertextuality with Cavalcanti, is one of Boccaccio’s early Rime: Biasiman molti spiacevoli Amore e dicon lui accidente noioso, pien di spavento, cupido e ritroso, Though Branca does not expressly say so in his commented edition of the Rime in volume V of Tutte le opere (Milan: Mondadori), this sonnet seems to parodically contrast a pessimistically Cavalcantian view of love in the first quatrain with a more Guinizellian, positive stance in the remainder. All in all, though, compared with the massive early presence of Dante, and later of Petrarch, the verse of Cavalcanti seems to have had little prac- tical impact on Boccaccio. He seems to have been much more interested (as the layout of the glosses and the title of the autograph Chigiano LV 176 transcription shows) in “Donna me prega” as a vehicle for G.’s commentary, rather than as a composition in its own right. G.’s commentary became more useful to Boccaccio when he came to write the Genealogie and the Esposizioni. By this time, his appreciation of the question of substance and accident, and of intrinsic and extrinsic causality, had markedly improved, though his interest is still anything but scientific. The Genealo- gie passage occurs in the biography of Cupid, begotten from the illicit cou- pling of Mars and Venus. Cupid had been the figure, as we have seen, who had given rise to the mention of G.’s glosses on “Donna me prega” in the Teseida. This time, though used much more ex- tensively, the Garbian source is not explicitly acknowledged. Est igitur hic, quem Cupidinem dicimus, mentis quedam passio ab exte- rioribus illata, et per sensus corporeos introducta et intrinsecarum vir- tutum approbata, prestantibus ad hoc supercelestibus corporibus aptitudinem. Volunt namque astrologi, ut meus asserebat venerabilis Andalo, quod, quando contingat Martem in nativitate alicuius in domo Veneris, in Tauro scilicet vel in Libra reperiri, et significationem nativitatis esse, pretendere hunc, qui tunc nascitur, futurum luxuriosum, fornicatorem, et venereorum omnium abusivum, et scelestum circa talia hominem. Et ob id a phylosopho quodam, cui nomen fuit Aly, in Commento quadri- partito, dictum est quod, quandoque in nativitate alicuius Venus una cum Marte participat, habet nascenti concedere dispositionem phylocaptionibus, fornicationibus atque luxuriis aptam. Que quidem aptitudo agit ut, quam cito talis videt mulierem aliquam, que a sensibus exterioribus commendatur, confestim ad virtutes sensitivas interiores defertur, quod placuit; et id primo devenit ad fantasiam, ab hac autem ad cogitativam heliotropia.org/02-01/usher.pdf 8  Heliotropia heliotropia.org transmictitur, et inde ad memorativam; ab istis autem sensitivis ad eam virtutis speciem transportatur, que inter virtutes apprehensivas nobilior est, id est ad intellectum possibilem. Hic autem receptaculum est specie- rum, ut in libro De anima testatur Aristoteles. Ibi autem cognita et intel- lecta, si per voluntatem patientis fit (in qua libertas eiciendi et retinendi est) ut tanquam approbata retineatur, tunc firmata in memoria hec rei approbate passio (que iam amor seu cupido dicitur) in appetitu sensitivo ponit sedem, et ibidem, variis agentibus causis, aliquando adeo grandis et potens efficitur, ut Iovem Olympum relinquere, et tauri formam su- mere cogat. Aliquando autem minus probata seu firmata labitur et adni- chilatur; et sic ex Marte et Venere non generatur passio, sed, secundum quod supra dictum est, homines apti ad passionem suscipiendam secun- dum corpoream dispositionem producuntur; quibus non existentibus, passio non generaretur, et sic large sumendo a Marte et Venere tanquam a remotiori paululum causa Cupido generatur. (Genealogie) Rather than provide a translation into English here, we can go straight to Esposizioni V litt., which is an outstanding example of Boccaccio’s self-volgarizzamento. The passage occurs in Boccaccio’s literal commen- tary on the episode of Paolo and Francesca, and is occasioned by Dante’s famous line “Amor ch’al cor gentil ratto s’apprende” (Inferno). Whereas in the Teseida Boccaccio indulges in a long account of Cupid’s iconography and dismisses (“per ciò che troppa sarebbe lunga la storia”) the aetiology of love with a curt reference to Cavalcanti and G., here in the Dante commentary he inverts the process, omitting the lengthy account of details Cupid’s portrait (“alle quali voler recitare sarebbe troppo lunga storia”) so as to concentrate on the explanation of love’s workings. The passage is prefaced with an apparently perfunctory explanation of Aristotle’s tripartite distinction of the kinds of love (Nicomachean Ethics), of which more later. Only the very last periods suffer any change from the content of the earlier Genealogie text. The corresponding passage in the Esposizioni, the volgarizzamento of the Gene- alogie text, reads: Ma, vegnendo a quello che alla nostra materia apartiene, dico che questo Cupidine, o Amore che noi vogliam dire, è una passion di mente delle cose esteriori e, per li sensi corporei portata in essa, è poi aprovata dalle virtù intrinseche, prestando i corpi superiori attitudine a doverla rice- vere. Per ciò che, secondo che gli astrologi vogliono, e così affermava il mio venerabile precettore Andalò, quando avviene che, nella natività d’alcuno, Marte si truovi esser nella casa di Venere in Tauro o in Libra, e truovisi esser significatore della natività di quel cotale che allora nasce, ha a dimostrare questo cotale, che allora nasce, dovere essere in ogni cosa venereo. E di questo dice Alì nel comento del Quadripartito che, qualunque ora nella natività d’alcuno Venere insieme con Marte parti- cipa, avere questa cotale participazione a concedere a colui che nasce una heliotropia.org/02-01/ usher. pdf 9  Heliotropia heliotropia.org disposizione atta agl’inamoramenti e alle fornicazioni. La quale attitu- dine ha ad aoperare che, così tosto come questo cotal vede alcuna femina, la quale da’ sensi esteriori sia commendata, incontanente quello, che di questa femina piace, è portato alle virtù sensitive interiori e questo pri- mieramente diviene alla fantasia e da questa è mandato alla virtù cogita- tiva e da quella alla memorativa; e poi da queste virtù sensitive è tra- sportato a quella spezie di virtù, la quale è più nobile intra le virtù apren- sive, cioè allo ’ntelletto possibile, per ciò che questo è il recettaculo delle spezie, sì come Aristotile scrive in libro De anima. Quivi, cioè in questo intelletto possibile, cognosciuto e inteso quello che, come di sopra è detto, portato v’è se egli avviene che per volontà di colui nel quale è que- sta passione, con ciò sia cosa che in essa volontà sia libertà di ritenere dentro questa cotal cosa piaciuta e di mandarla fuori, questa cotal cosa piaciuta sia ritenuta dentro, allora è fermata nella memoria la passione di questa cosa piaciuta, la quale noi chiamiamo Amore, o vero Cupido. E pone questa passione la sedia sua e la sua stanza ferma nell’appetito sen- sitivo e quivi in varie cose adoperanti divien sì grande e fassi sì potente che egli fatica gravemente il paziente e a far cose, che laudevoli non sono, spesse volte il costrigne; e alcuna volta, essendo meno aprovata questa cotal cosa piaciuta, leggiermente si risolve e torna in niente. E così non è da Marte e da Venere generata questa passione, come alcuni stimano, ma, secondo che di sopra è detto, sono alcuni uomini prodotti atti a ricevere questa passione secondo le disposizioni del corpo: la quale attitudine se non fosse, questa passione non si genererebbe. The translation diverges only at the end. Out goes the Ovidian reference to a love-struck Jupiter preparing to ravish Europa (Metamorphoses), clearly inappropriate for a commentary to a Christian poem, and in comes a limp and vague reference to shameful behaviour. Similarly, the very last concessionary formula of the Genealogie passage, conceding at least the indirect operation of Mars and Venus, is removed in its entirety, leaving the earlier categorical denial of astral influence intact. But what of the content? The making of such contentious horoscopes, predicting a libidinous disposition, could be dangerous. Villani intimates that one of the reasons for Cecco d’Ascoli’s misfortune at the stake was his disconcertingly accurate prognosis for his patron, the duke of Calabria, that his daughter Giovanna, the grand-daughter of Robert the Wise and future queen of Naples, would be subject to scandalous erotic excesses on account of her birth under the sign of Mars in the house of Venus. Though at first sight, Boccaccio is implying that his source in both pas- sages is the Genoese astronomer Andalò del Negro (almost certainly dressed up as Calmeta in Filocolo) and that he is quoting from Ptol- emy’s commentator Haly Abbas and from Aristotle’s De anima, a large section of this treatment, including the reference to these auctoritates, is in fact lifted from various, almost contiguous places in G.’s glosses. The heliotropia.org /02-01/usher.pdf 10  Heliotropia heliotropia.org opening sentence is an extremely reductive paraphrase of a section of Dino’s commentary where the physician indicates the role of the stars in creating the dispositions of the soul. Dino writes: Alia res concurrit ad causandum aliquam passionem, que est res ex- trinseca que suam ymaginem vel speciem causat in virtute sensitiva, ad quam cognitionem vel apprehensionem consequitur appetitus talis vel talis, in quo appetitu iste passiones fundantur. Ideo auctor, ut complete ostenderet que est res generans istam passionem, primo ostendit que est dispositio naturalis corporis que reddit hominem aptum ut faciliter istam passionem incurrat; secundo ostendit que est res extrinseca ex cuius ap- prehensione consequitur in appetitu passio amoris. Secunda ibi: “Vien da veduta forma”; vel posset incipere ibi: “D’alma costume.” In prima parte quod dispositio naturalis, per quam aliquis inclinatur ad incurrendum faciliter in aliquam passionem, ex principiis proprie nati- vitatis hominis contraitur et, inter ista principia nativitatis alicuius, precipua et principalia sunt corpora celestia: nam, ut dicit Philosophus in Phisicis, homo hominem generat et sol; et in De Generatione Animalium dicit quod in spiritu genitivo est natura existens proportionalis ordinationi astrorum. (Favati) [Something else is involved in causing any passion, and that is an exte- rior thing causing its image or “species” in the sensitive faculty, upon the cognition or apprehension of which there follows an appetite for this or that, in which appetite these passions are established. So the author, in order completely to show what is the thing which generates this passion, first demonstrates what is the natural disposition of the body which makes man suitable for incurring this passion easily; secondly he demon- strates what is the external thing from whose apprehension the passion of love follows in the appetite. The second starts “Vien da veduta forma”; or can start at “D’alma costume.” In the first part he shows that the natural disposition, by which some- body is inclined to incur some passion, is contracted from the principles of a person’s own birth, and, amongst these principles of a person’s birth, the foremost and most important are the heavenly bodies: for, as Aris- totle says in the Physics, man and the sun generate man; and in The Generation of Animals, in the generative spirit a nature exists proportion- ally to the ordering of the stars] Boccaccio’s reference to his astrological mentor, Andalò del Negro, is an opportunistic amplification of a far less specific passage in Dino. The Garbian passage, commenting on the canzone, reads: Hoc autem ostendit in verbo illo quod premisit cum dixit “La quale da Marte viene et fa dimora”: nam ista passio dicitur procedere a Marte isto modo, quoniam astrologi ponunt quod, quando in nativitate alicuius Mars fuerit in domo Veneris, ut in Tauro vel in Libra, et fuerit significator nativitatis eius, significabit natum fore luxuriosum, fornicatorem et omnibus venereis abusivis scieleratum; unde quidam sapiens qui dicitur Aly, heliotropia. org/02-01/usher. pdf 11  Heliotropiain “Comento Quadripartiti,” dicit quod, quando in nativitate alicuius Venus participat cum Marte, dat inamoramentum, fornicationem, luxu- riam et talia similia, que omnia pertinent ad passionem amoris de quo loquitur auctor in hac cantilena. (Favati) [He shows this, however, in that word he placed before when he said “La quale da Marte viene et fa dimora”: for this passion is said to proceed from Mars in this way. Astrologers claim that, whenever, at the birth of somebody, Mars is in the house of Venus, as in Taurus or in Libra, and there is a person to do the child’s horoscope, he will signify that the child will be lustful, a fornicator, and wicked in all venereal excesses. Whence a certain sage called Haly in his commentary to the Quadripartitum says that, when at the birth of somebody Venus participates with Mars, it grants enamourment, fornication, lust and such like, which all are con- cerned with the passion of love which the author talks about in this can- zone.] Boccaccio’s reference to Andalò is rather disingenuous, if the evidence of the Calmeta episode of the Filocolo is to be believed. For there the empha- sis in that passage is almost entirely astronomical, with no hint of judicial astrology, and the authorities consulted are almost certainly limited to Ptolemy’s Almagest, Andalò’s own Introductorium, rather than the simi- larly titled work by Alcabitius, and to the Alfonsine Tables. Of Haly’s commentary to the Ptolemaic Quadripartitum there is not a trace. Boccac- cio’s early astrological culture, under the sway of Andalò, has been examined in an important study by Quaglio (Scienza e mito nel Boccaccio, Padua: Liviana) and its narrative consequences (possibly more tending towards judicial astrology) in the Filocolo have been investigated by Smarr and Grossvogel. The adventitious references to Haly in the love definition in the Genealogie and Esposizioni are a sure sign that the late Boccaccio, whilst acknowledging his youthful enthusiasms, was now passively accepting and reproducing G.’s quotes and mentions, rather than referring to material he knew and remembered intimately and at first hand. What then follows in Boccaccio’s account, namely the sequence of inter- iorisation, comes from G.’s gloss to the line. G.’s ordering of the inner processes is, according to Bird, untypical, yet Boccaccio accepts it without demur: Hic autem est ordo in apprehensione humana, sicut declaratum est in scientia naturali: quod primo species rei pervenit ad sensus exteriores, ut ad visum vel auditum vel tactum vel gustum vel olphatum, deinde ab illis pervenit ad virtutes sensitivas interiores, sicut pervenit ad fantasiam primo, deinde pervenit ad cogitativam et ultimo ad memorialem. Ab istis autem virtutibus procedit postea ista species ad virtutem nobiliorem, que virtus in homine est altissima inter virtutes adprensivas, et ista est virtus possibilis. (Favati) [For this is the sequence in human apprehension, just as it is declared in natural science. First of all the species of the thing reaches the exterior senses, for instance sight or hearing, touch, taste or smell, thence from these it reaches to the inner sensitive faculties, so it comes to fantasy first, then comes to the cogitative and lastly to the memorative faculty. From these faculties this “species” reaches to the nobler faculty, which in mankind is the highest amongst the apprehensive faculties, and this is the possible faculty] G. then provides a brief explanation of the difference between the intel- lectus agens [active intellect], the reasoning function of individuation and universals, and the passive or possible intellect, merely concerned with the processing of species resulting from sensibles. The discussion is not otiose, for G. is aware of Cavalcanti’s dramatic positioning of love right at the crucial borderline between rational and sensitive activity. Boccaccio is not at all interested in such technicalities, and moves on to a matter of much greater concern, namely the question of the relationship between love and will. The relevant passage from G. glosses Guido’s assertion that love is “di cor volontate,” but Boccaccio characteristically leaves out G.’s proessionally inspired mention of the difference of opinion between Aristotle and Galen concerning the seat of the sensitive faculties, in the heart or in the head. G. writes: Et nota quod istum appetitum vocavit voluntatem, que videtur intellectui attinere, ut ostenderet quod, licet amor fiat in aliquo ex dispositione na- turali per quam quis inclinatur ad incurrendum faciliter hanc passionem, tamen fit etiam ex proposito et per electionem, quod pertinet ad volun- tatem, que est libera et liberi arbitrii, cum se habeat indifferenter ad op- posita; et est simile hic, sicut etiam est in aliis passionibus ut, verbi gra- tia, de ira. Nam aliquis, licet sit dispositus ex natura ad faciliter incurren- dum in iram, tamen per voluntatem potest se retrahere ab ea, et potest etiam in eam incurrere; et simili modo etiam de amore. (Favati) [And note that he calls this appetite the will, because the latter is seen to appertain to the intellect, in order to show that, although love can happen to somebody through a natural disposition whereby that person is in- clined easily to incur this passion, that person does so nevertheless on purpose and by choice, and so that is a case of will, which is free and by free choice, when it is faced equally with opposites. And it is the same here, just as it is with the other passions, like anger, for instance. For somebody, even though he may be disposed by nature to get angry easily, nevertheless through his will he can draw himself back from it, and he can even indulge in it; and it is the same with love. For Dino, the question is one of classification: given the working of erotic passion specifically in the sensitive appetite, it follows that engaging in or disengaging from love is necessarily a voluntary act, and therefore in part subject also to the operations of the rational soul, where choices are made. Boccaccio’s rewording changes the emphasis substantially towards moral philosophy: love is no longer an ineluctable force, and the potential lover, being free to choose, is therefore responsible for his own actions in this field as in any other. Love, as a phenomenon of the soul, is consequent on an initial act of the will, by accepting or refusing to be drawn further into passion. Though Boccaccio’s direct quotations from the Garbian glosses are all located in a compact area, he may have been encouraged to under- line this aspect by his reading further on in the commentary, for G. refers to the will obliquely later on, drawing on Haly’s Pantechne, to state more clearly than elsewhere the voluntaristic nature of passion: amor est sollicitudo melanconica, similis melanconie, in qua homo iam sibi inducit incitationem cogitationis super pulcritudinem quarundam formarum et figurarum que insunt ei. (Favati) [love is a melancholic anxiety, similar to melancholy, in which a man actually brings upon himself the rousing of cogitation upon the beauty of certain forms and figures which are within him.] A fragment of this reading of G. can be found in the Decameron, when Boccaccio describes the aegritudo amoris of the pharmacist’s daughter Lisa, as she struggles with cumulative “malinconia.” What is more important in the Garbian gloss is the accent on the will. The lover “sibi inducit incitationem.” And later again, G. will return to the topic, to explain why nobles have a greater propensity for erotic pas- sion than those whose existence is marred by the struggle for economic survival: Secunda causa est quia, licet in amore, quando est multum impressus, appetitus non sit liber, imo est servus et ducitur secundum impetum huius passionis, tamen in principio, quando incipit hec passio in appe- titu, adhuc appetitus est quasi liber, ita ut possit amare et possit desistere ab amore. Et ideo initium huius passionis incipit multotiens ex proposito. (Favati) [The second cause is because, though in love for instance the appetite, when it is much pressed, is not free, indeed it is enslaved and is led by the impetus of this passion, nevertheless in the beginning, when this passion starts in the appetite, at that point the appetite is almost free, so that it can love or desist from love. And so the beginning of this passion frequently starts from choice.] heliotropia.org/ 02-01/usher.pdf Heliotropia heliotropia.org Whereas in the Genealogie the highlighting of the question of free will served no particular purpose, and was not set within a moralising context, in the Esposizioni the moral discussion is crucial. Boccaccio has a precise task, for he is explaining the sin of those who “la ragion sommettono al talento” (Inferno). Boccaccio’s own prior interpretation of this line is rather odd: Eran dannati i peccator carnali, Che la ragion sommettono al talento, cioè alla volontà. E come che questo si possa dire d’ogni peccatore inten- dere, per ciò che alcun peccatore non è che non sottometta, peccando, la ragione alla volontà, vuol nondimeno l’autore che per quel vocabolo “carnali” s’intenda singularmente per i lussuriosi. (Esposizioni V litt. 46) Boccaccio, never very consistent when adopting others’ philosophical sys- tems or terminology, seems to see no difference here between “will” and “desire.” He seems to have no real understanding of the complexities of appetition. Perhaps he was thinking of the passage in Dante’s Vita Nuova, where the poet admits to a struggle between appetite (“cuore”) and reason (“anima”). Maybe he is using “volontà” to stand for “voglia,” the term Meo Abbracciavacca uses when he writes “e qual sommette a voglia operazione” (Contini, Poeti del Duecento, Milan-Naples: Ricciardi). It is no surprise, therefore, to find that Boccaccio now moves straight from his paraphrase of G. on love and will to a discussion of whether Paolo, “atto nato ad amare” (Espo- sizioni V litt.) was obliged to fall in love with Francesca. Boccaccio freely admits that Paolo is ‘flessibile,’ in other words easily swayed, be- cause of his complexion. It is the same concept Boccaccio applies to Dante’s amorous disposition in the Chigi version of the Trattatello: “inchinevole molto a questo accidente” (again a fairly Garbian formula), but when it comes to the famous line: “Amor, ch’a nullo amato amar per- dona” (Inferno), the moralist suddenly swings into action: Questo, salva sempre la reverenzia dell’autore, non avviene di questa spezie di amore, ma avvien bene dello amore onesto (Esposizioni V litt. 169) Here Boccaccio is returning to the Aristotelian distinction between the three varieties of love (Nicomachean Ethics VIII.3) with which he had prefaced his discussion in the Esposizioni. There, he had indicated that the sensual love indulged in by Paolo and Francesca is the morally inferior “amore dilettevole,” where the pleasure principle is foremost. It is a defi- nition totally missing from the Genealogie account of Cupid, even though it had been promised much earlier. Now he claims that Francesca’s declaration of the inevitable reciprocity of love is misplaced, for such reciprocity can only happen with “amore onesto.” He backs this up with the definition to be found in Purgatorio (where Statius’ love for Virgil causes a corresponding affection in the older poet). But the lovers of Inferno V are seekers of pleasure only, not seekers of goodness (the “amore onesto” of Aristotle). But why did Boccaccio, between the Genealogie and the Esposizioni accounts, suddenly introduce the Aristotelian distinction? What does it have to do with G.’s commentary? Once again, Boccaccio has been searching around in the glosses, and has found that the next argument G. engages in is concerned with is the dual nature of love. One is the common definition: uno modo comuniter et large, secundum quod est quedam passio per quam inclinatur et movetur appetitus in aliquam rem que videtur sibi bona propter complacentiam eius, ratione cuiuscumque actus illius rei: et isto modo non accipitur hic: nam amor est circa multa, de quo amore non est presens intentio. Et de omnibus amicis ad invicem est hoc modo amor: quia amici amant se ad invicem, et tamen non amant se amore de quo est hec presens intentio; et potest etiam esse amore in uno respectu alterius, et tamen non erit amicitia inter eos: omnis enim qui est amicus alicui amatur ab illo, sed non omnis qui amat aliquem amatur ab illo; et ideo, licet omnis amicitia sit cum amore, non tamen omnis amor est cum amicitia. (Favati) [one way commonly and widely defined, according to which it is a certain passion by which the appetite is inclined and moved towards something which seems good to it on account of its pleasurability, by reason of whatever agency of that thing: and it is not accepted in this way here: for love concerns many things, about which love it is not Guido’s present intention to speak. Concerning all mutual friends, love is of this kind: for friends love each other reciprocally, and yet they do not love each other with the kind of love which is the topic here; and it can be a question of love in one regarding the other, and yet there will not be friendship between them: for everybody who is a friend to somebody is loved by that other person, but not everybody who loves somebody is loved by that person, and so, even if every friendship is with love, not every love is with friendship.] In his round-about way Dino is dealing here with the distinction between love “per concupiscentiam” [for desire’s sake] and “per amicitiam” [for friendship’s sake]. The first is properly the subject of Guido’s canzone, whereas the second is Aristotle’s true friendship, what Boccaccio calls “amore onesto.” Dino’s purpose is to go on to define the pathology of the illness that derives from amorous excess, the so-called “ereos,” richly in- vestigated by Massimo Ciavolella (La “Malattia d’Amore” dall’Antichità al Medioevo, Rome: Bulzoni, 1976) and before that by John Livingston heliotropia.org /02-01/ usher  Heliotropia heliotropia.org Lowes (“The Loveres Maladye of Hereos,” Modern Philology). Boccaccio, uninterested in the minutiae of such medical matters (though he refers to them in his Valerius Maximus inspired episode of Giacchetto Lamiens in the novella of the Count of Antwerp (Decameron), retains the distinction but uses it for a moral purpose. Paolo and Francesca were free to retreat from their passions, as theirs was an “amor dilettevole.” Their obstinate refusal to avail themselves of the free- dom of choice inherent in the birth of such sensual passion led to their damnation. This issue of free will clearly exercised Boccaccio, for he re- turns to it belatedly in the allegorical exposition to the canto. The com- mentator has been explaining why carnal sinners, guilty of excess in what is otherwise a natural process, are punished more lightly than the other damned souls, in a circle further from the pit of hell and nearer to God. He then has another go at defining the relative roles of astrological disposition and free use of the rational faculty of choice: L’origine del quale, secondo che di sopra è mostrato, par che sia nell’attitudine a questa colpa datane da’ cieli; la quale parrebbe ne do- vesse da questo scusare, se data non ci fosse la ragione, la quale ne dimo- stra quel che far dobbiamo e quel che fuggire, e, oltre a ciò, il libero albi- trio, nel quale è podestà di seguire qual più gli piace. (Esposizioni V all. 78) But this moralistic view of erotic passion, prompted by a public reading of the Paolo and Francesca episode and shaped, selectively, by G.’s glosses to Cavalcanti’s canzone, represents a very late position, beginning with the first redaction of the Genealogie, and perhaps impli- citly coeval with some of the thinking behind the remedia amoris of the Corbaccio. Boccaccio’s earlier allusions to the Inferno V episode seem to show, instead, that the involuntary nature of love, propounded by Fran- cesca, prevails. In the Filostrato, for instance, after much sighing and tearful pillow-soaking, Troiolo finally admits to his friend Pandaro the cause of his melancholy: he has fallen in love. Boccaccio’s writing at this point is saturated with reminiscences of the Paolo and Francesca passage from Inferno V. Troiolo is grateful that Pandaro is inclined to hear of his “martiro,” rhymed with “sospiro” (Dante: “sospiri” and “martiri”) and is responding to Pandaro’s “priego” since he is incapable of opposing a “nie- go” (Dante: “priega” and “niega”). Troiolo then indicates how love took over: Amore, incontro al qual chi si difende più tosto pere ed adopera in vano, d’un piacer vago tanto il cor m’accende, ch’io n’ho per quel da me fatto lontano ciascheduno altro, e questo sì m’offende, (Filostrato) This is a clear echo of Francesca speaking of how love “al cor gentil ratto s’apprende e ’l modo ancor m’offende” (Inferno). Boccaccio in paraphrasing “Amor, ch’a nullo amato amar perdona” here, further em- phasises the involuntary nature of such passion. The same emphasis can be seen in the Filocolo: in the “court of love” in book four, Clonico has asked the queen for a judgment on whether an unrequited or a jealous lover should be more pitied. The queen passes sentence, saying that the unrequited lover will finally get his reward, for true love induces inevitable reciprocity in the beloved: ché, ben che ella si mostri verso voi acerba al presente, e’ non può essere ch’ella non vi ami, però che amore mai non perdonò l’amare a niuno amato. (Filocolo IV.38.11) The same concept lies behind that other enamourment clearly inspired by Dante’s Paolo and Francesca, the Ovid-inspired passion of Florio and Biancifiore in Filocolo II: their love, too, is caused by Cupid’s agency, they too are apparently coerced by mutual delight. Florio clearly considers that such a situation is universal, and affects not only mortals but gods: Padre mio, sì come voi sapete, né il sommo Giove né il risplendente Apollo, da voi ora davanti ricordato, né alcuno altro iddio ebbe all’amorevole passione resistenza; né tra’ nostri predecessori fu alcuno tanto di virile forza armato, che da simile passione non fosse oppresso. (Filocolo) But perhaps the most memorable examples of such love apologies come in the Decameron. In the novella of the count of Antwerp, the queen of France lays bare her passion for the count: Egli è vero che, per la lontananza di mio marito non potendo io agli sti- moli della carne né alla forza d’amor contrastare, le quali sono di tanta potenza, che i fortissimi uomini non che le tenere donne hanno già molte volte vinti e vincono tutto il giorno, essendo io negli agi e negli ozii ne’ quali voi mi vedete, a secondare li piaceri d’amore e divenire innamorata mi sono lasciata correre. (Decameron) Though the power of love is emphasised, a subtle change has now taken place. We now get at least a fleeting admission that an element of volition was involved (“mi sono lasciata correre”). When we come to look at the famous justification of Ghismonda, caught in flagrante with Guiscardo by her jealous father (Decameron), we see the same refined con- cession. Her speech begins with a reminiscence of the Paolo and Francesca episode, audible in the pairing “né a negare né a pregare sono disposta.” Ghismonda, at various points, then outlines the sheer power and durabil- ity of the passion which has overtaken her: Egli è il vero che io ho amato e amo Guiscardo, e quanto io viverò, che sarà poco, l’amer e se appresso la morte s’ama, non mi rimarrò d’amarlo. (Decameron) Though the wording has been altered, the influence of Francesca’s per- during love in Inferno V is clear: “ancor non m’abbandona” and “che mai da me non fia diviso”. But then the speech gets down to detail. It is Ghismonda’s youthful appetite, whetted by previous marriage and now enforced celibacy, which causes her to cede to her desires: Sono adunque, sí come da te generata, di carne, e sí poco vivuta, che an- cor son giovane, e per l’una cosa e per l’altra piena di concupiscibile disi- dero, al quale maravigliosissime forze hanno date l’aver già, per essere stato maritata, conosciuto qual piacer sia a così fatto desidero dar com- pimento. Alle quali forze non potendo io resistere, a seguir quello che elle mi tiravano, sí come giovane e femina, mi disposi e innamora’mi. (Decameron) Yet, here again, we can see that Boccaccio clearly imagines there to be a moment of decision, an instance of rational choosing, even if the flesh (and the sensitive faculties) are predisposed to “incur such passion.” To sum up then, the evidence for Boccaccio having read Dino del Garbo early on in his career, earlier than the Teseida, is quite strong. The gloss on “Donna me prega” is not associated, as one might imagine, with an interest in Cavalcanti’s vernacular verse, but rather with its availability as a con- venient manual, accessible to a non medical scholar, on the “maladye of hereos.” For this reason, perhaps, it became associated with Boccaccio’s constant re-reading of the Paolo and Francesca episode from Inferno V. What changed over time was the quality of Boccaccio’s reading of Dino, starting from an opportunistic level, where the distinction between Capel- lanus and Del Garbo is hardly felt, and ending with an interpretation which consciously develops the potential in Dino’s understanding of the role of the will. The moment of transition, however timid, seems to take place in the years of the Decameron. Grice: “So here is charming Cavalcanti writing a charaming love lyrics (Donna mi preigha) and Garbo in his worst Aristotelian jargon destroying it. I dealt with Blake (“love that never told can be”) and the best thing is to leave poetry to poets (cf. Austin rebuffing Nowell-Smith’s inability to understand Donne). The physiology of love is beyond philosophy. But in philosophy, unlike any other discipline, we respect history, and the longitudinal history of philosophy ensures that every philosopher will be familiar with the idiocies Plato makes Socrates says in Convitto about Cupido, Cupidine, Amore, Eros, Erote, Anterote, and Mars, qua symbol of maleness. In Italy they were concerned about astrology. Since the future queen of Naples had been born under the House of Mars, she will possibly be a whore!” --  Aldrobrandino Del Garbo. Garbo. Keywords: appetitus, appetitus sensitivo – spiegatura dell’amore in termine aristotelichi – amare, sentire, il patico – fornicazione – latino/volgare – Boccaccio – Petrarca – Alighieri – Cavalcanti --. de militia complexionis diversae, eros, amore, malattia, Aristotele, passione, ragione, appetite sensitive, amore, sentire – re-cognosenza da parte dell’amato dell’amore dell’amante – via senso? Marte – self-love, other-love, amore proprio, amore a se stesso, amore all’altro. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Garbo e Grice: amore, passione, implicatura” – The Swimming-Pool Library.