GRICE E COLONNA: L'IMPLICATURA CONVERSAZIONALE -- FILOSOFIA ITALIANA -- LUIGI SPERANZA

 

Grice e Colonna: l'implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia italiana – Luigi Speranza (Roma). Filosofo italiano. There is already an entry for this; in Italian it is ‘Egidio Colonna’ --  giles di roma, Rome, original name, a member of the order of the Hermits of St. Augustine, he studied arts at Augustinian house and theology at the varsity in Paris but was censured by the theology faculty and denied a license to teach as tutor. Owing to the intervention of Pope Honorius IV, he later returned from Italy to Paris to teach theology, was appointed general of his order, and became archbishop of Bourges. Colonna both defends and criticizes views of Aquinas. He held that essence and existence are really distinct in creatures, but described them as “things”; that prime matter cannot exist without some substantial form; and, early in his career, that an eternally created world is possible. He defended only one substantial form in composites, including man. Grice adds: “Colonna supported Pope Boniface VIII in his quarrel with Philip IV of Franc eand that was a bad choice.” The Latin is EGIDIVS COLUMNA. The “Corriere” has an article as his book being a bestseller of the Low Middle Ages!” Cosnisder the claims here: ‘essence and existence are really distinct in creatures – and each is a thing – prime matter cannot exist without substantial forml – eternal and created world is not a contradiction – there is only ONE substantial form in compostes, including man.   Grice: “Must say I LOVE Colonna, or COLVMNA as the printing goes – of course the “Corriere della Sera” hastens to add that he wassn’t one! In any case, my favourite of his tracts is of course the one on Aristotle!”. Egidio Romano, O.E.S.A. arcivescovo della Chiesa cattolica Filip4 Gilles de RomeEgidio Romano e Filippo il Bello (miniatura di un codice medievale). Incarichi ricopertiArcivescovo di Bourges   Nato Roma Nominato arcivescovo Roma   Manuale Egidio Romano, latinizzato come Ægidius Romanus. Dopo la sua morte, gli furono tributati i titoli onorifici di Doctor fundatissimus e Theologorum princeps. Discepolo d'Aquino. Insegna filosofia. Fu inoltre il tutore di Filippo il Bello al quale dedica il saggio “De regimine principum”, sostenendo l'efficacia della monarchia come forma di governo. Considerato tra i più autorevoli filosofi di ispirazione agostiniana, attivo anche nella vita intellettuale e politica in un contesto culturale ed istituzionale travagliato da frequenti ed aspre polemiche sul problema del rapporto tra potere temporale e potere spirituale. Generalmente ricordato, insieme al prediletto allievo Giacomo da Viterbo, per il contributo nella redazione della celebre bolla Unam Sanctam di Papa Bonifacio VIII e per il ruolo significativo che assunse il Maestro degli Eremitani di Sant'Agostino quale autore del De Ecclesiastica potestate e, dunque, quale teorico famoso e autorevole della plenitudo potestatis pontificia. In Colonna rileviamo subito una compresenza del duplice atteggiamento dottrinale e politico. Infatti è possibile rintracciare, fra le opere giovanili, il “De regimine principum”, saggio dedicato a Filippo il Bello e di ispirazione aristotelico-tomista inerente alla naturalità dello stato, erigendola a difensore della potestas regale. Nel “De Ecclesiastica potestate”, invece, afferma la superiorità del “sacerdotium” rispetto al “rex” o “regnum”, distinguendosi quale rappresentante della teocrazia papale. In seguito alle condanne di Tempier, difende la tesi d’Aquino, per la sua qualifica di Baccalaureus formatus, ma, proprio a causa delle condanne stesse, viene sospeso dall'insegnamento. Gli avversari del papato trovano in Aristotele gli strumenti per svolgere un'analisi politica che metta in discussione la sacralità del potere. Dall'altra parte troviamo l'influenza della corrente speculativa dell'agostinismo politico (ossia quel fenomeno, tipicamente medioevale, di compenetrazione fra stato e chiesa, all'interno del quale Agostino viene a giocare un ruolo fondamentale dal momento che l'apporto teorico del suo “De Civitate Dei” conduce a confusioni inevitabili fra il piano spirituale della “Civitas Dei Caelestis” e il piano temporale della vita terrena che è “Civitas Peregrina”), che ripropone la teoria delle “due città” e riafferma la superiorità del sacerdotium rispetto al rex e regnum, costituendo un vero e proprio “partito del Papa”. Rivendica la plenitudo potestatis come proprietà costitutiva dell'auctoritas del Papa in quanto “homo spiritualis”. Sostituisce al concetto agostiniano di “ecclesia” quello di “regnum” al fine di estendere gli ambiti del potere del sovrano ecclesiastico. Il sovrano ecclesiastico, il Papa, dove esercitare la sua sovranità anche sul potere temporale al fine di garantire l'ordine mediante una forma di “dominium” che coincide con la sua stessa missione spirituale. Atre opere: L'edizione critica dell'opera omnia è stata intrapresa, per Olschki (Aegidii Romani opera omnia, collana Corpus Philosophorum Medii AeviTesti e Studi), da Punta.  “Quaestio de gradibus formarum” Ottaviano Scoto, Boneto Locatello. “In secundum librum sententiarum quaestiones” Francesco Ziletti); Opere, Antonio Blado; “In libros De physico auditu Aristotelis commentaria”; Ottaviano Scoto; Boneto Locatello, “De materia coeli” Girolamo Duranti,  “Quodlibeta”. Silvia Donati, Studi per una cronologia delle opere di Egidio Romano, “Le opere prima”; “I commenti aristotelici”, "Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale", Dizionario biografico degli italiani. DEL GOVERNO DI SÈ. Del sommo bene. Quale è la maniera di parlare nella scienza de're e de' principi. Quale è l'ordinanza delle cose che si debbono dire in questo libro. Come grande utilitate ei re e' principi ånno in udire e in intendere e in sapere questo libro. Quante maniere sono di vivare e come l'uomo die méttare il sovrano bene di questa mortal vita in queste maniere di vivere. Com'è grande utilità e a' re ed ai principi che ellino conoscano il loro fine e'l loro sovrano bene di questa vita mortale. I re ne i principi, non debbano mettere il loro sovrano bene in diletto corporale. I  re ne i principi non debbono mettere il loro sovrano bene in avere ricchezze. I  re ne i principi non debbono mettere il loro sovrano bene in avere onori. I re ne i principi non debbono mettere il loro sovrano bene in avere gloria o gran rinomo di bontà. Nè i re né i principi non debbono méttare il loro sovrano bene in avere forza di gente. I re ne i principi debbono méttare el loro sovrano bene nelle uopere della prudenzia cioé del senno. Come ei re e' principi debbono méttare el loro sovrano bene nelle opere della prudenza e del. Il prezzo e'l guidardone dei re e dei principi bene governanti il loro popolo, secondo legge e ragione, è molto grande. senno. Della virtù. Quante potenze à l’anima e in quali potenze e la virtù di una buona opera. Come la virtù di una buona opera e divisa nella volontà e nell’intendimento dell'uomo. Quante virtù di buone opere sono, come l'uomo die préndare il numero di esse. Delle buone disposizioni che l'uomo à, alcune sono virtů, alcune sono più degne che virtù, alcune altre sono apparigliate a virtù. Alcune virtú sono più degne d'alcune altre e più principali. Che cosa è la virtù dell’uomo ch'è chiamato senno, over prudenza, over sapere. Ai re ed ai prenzi conviene es sere savi. Quanto e quali cose conviene ai re e ai prenzi avere acciò che ellino siano savi. Come și re e i prenzi possano fare loro medesimi savi. Quante maniere sono di drittura ed in che cosa è drittura e come drittura è divisata dalie altre virtú. Senza drittura e senza iustizia ei reami non possono durare, nè nulla signoria di città. I re e i prenzi debbono intendere diligentemente acciò che essi siano dirilturieri e che drittura sia guardata nelle loro terre. La forza di coraggio e. e quali cose ella die essere, e come ei re e i prenzi le. possono avere. Quante maniere sono di forza e secondo la quale ei re e i prenzi debbono essere forti. Che cosa è la virtù che l'uomo chiama temperanza e in quali cose quella virtù die essere, quante parti a la temperanza, come noi la potemo acquistare. Ched elli é più disconvenevole cosa che l’uomo sia distemperato in seguire LI DILETTI DEL CORPO che in essere paurioso. Il principe debbe essere temperato nel diletto di suo corpo. La virtù che l'uomo chiama larghezza e'n quale cose cotale virtù de' essere, e come noi la potemo acquistare. Che a pena può essere el re o'l prenze folle largo e come è troppo sconvenevole' cosa che essi sieno avari e ch'ellino debbono essere larghi e liberali. Che cosa è una virtù che l’uomo cjiama magnificenzia e'n quali cose quella virtù die essere, e come noi potemo avere quella virtù. Come è cosa isconvenevole che i re e i prenzi sieno di piccola dispesa e di poco affare, e che maggiormente s'avviene a loro essere di grande spese e di grande affare. Che condizioni à l'uomo che è di grande spesa e di grande affare, e che conviene maggior mente averle ai re ed ai prenzi. Che cosa è una virtù che l'uomo chiama magnanimità, cioè a dire virtù di grand'animo e in quali cose quella virtù di essere e come noi potemo essere di gran cuore. Quante condizioni à l'uomo che è di gran cuore, e che maggiormente si conviene ai prenzi d'averle. Come ei re e i prenzi debbono amare onore, o quale è la virtù che l'uomo chiama virtù d'amare opore. 68 Cap. XXV. Ca insegna che amare onore ed èssare umile possono essere insieme e che quelli che è di gran cuore e di grande animo non può essere senza umiltà. Che cosa é umiltà de la quale il filosafo parla e in quali cose ella die essere e che maggiormente conviene ai re ed ai prenzi essere umili. Che cosa è la virtù che l'uomo chiama dibuonairetà, ed in che cose la buonairetà die essere e che conviene ai re ed a i prenzi essere dibonarie. Che cosa è una virtù che l'uomo chiama piacevolezza, cioè di sapere CONVERSARE PIACEVOLMENTE e in che cose la detta virtù die essere e che si conviene che i re e i preozi sieno piacevoli. Che cosa è verità e in che cosa ella die essere usata e come si conviene al principe ch'esse sia veritiero o sincero. Che cosa è una virtù che l'uomo chiama sollazzevole, quasi dica di sapere sollazzare, e di essere allegro e gioioso, là ' ve si conviene, e per la quale ' l'uomo si sa avvenevolmente rallegrare nei sollazzi, come ei re e i prenzi debbono essere allegri e sollazze voli. Conviene al principe avere tutte le virtù, perciò che perfettamente l’uomo non ne può avere una senza le altre. Quante maniere sono di buoni e adi malvagi uomini e quale maniera di bontà ei re e i prenzi debbono avere. Delle passione. Quanti movimenti d'animo sono e donde essi vengono. Quali movimenti d'animo sono principali che gli altri e come essi sono ordinate. Come il principe debbe amare e quali cose debbe amare. Come il principle debbe desiderare e che cosa debbe desiderare. Come ei re e i prenzi si debbono portare ayvenevolmente in isperare e in disperare. Come avvenevolmente ei re si debbono portare in avere ardimento. Che differenza elli à intra corruccio e odio, e come ei te e i prenzi si debbono avvene volmente contenere nei corrucci e ne le di bonarietà. Come ei re e i prenzi si deb bono ayvenevolmente avere nei diletti. Come alcuni movimenti d'animo sono mantenuti e ritornano ad alcuni altri movimenti. Ched ei movimenti dell'animo alcuni sono da biasmare ed alcuni sono da lodare e come ei re e i prenzi si debbono conferire nei movimenti detti dinanzi. Della costume. Quale costume e quale maniere de giovani uomini fanno da lodare, e come il principe debbe avere essa costume ed essa maniera. Quali costumi e quali maniere dei giovani uomini fanno da biasmare, e come ei.re e i prenzi debbono ischiſare cotali maniere e cotali co stumi. Quali costumi e quali maniere dei uomini fanno da biasmare, come ei re e i prenzi ei debbono ischifare. Quali costumi e quali maniere dei uomini fanno da lodare. Che costume e che maniera ha il gentile uomo, e come il principe debbe avere. Che costumi e che maniere anno l’uomo ricco e come ei re e i prenzi ei debbono. Che modi e che maniere ánno coloro che sono possenti ed anno signorie, e come li re e li principi si debbono avere in verso la gente convenevolmente. Avere. DEL GOVERNO DELLA FAMIGLIA. Della moglie. L'uomo die naturalmente vivare in compagnia, e che i re i prenzi il debbono sapere. Che, acciò che la casa sia perfetta, si vi conviene avere quattro maniere di persone, e come e' conviene questo secondo libro divisare in tre parti. Quella casa è perfetta ove v'à assembramento di un uomo e di una femmina, un figliuolo, e servi. L'uomo naturalmente si die ammogliare e che quelli che non vogliono vivare in matrimonio, o elli posono bestia, o ellino sono migliori che l’uomo. Ciascuno uomo e ciascuna femmina, e medesimamente ei re e i prenzi che sono ammogliati, si debbono tenere in matrimonio senza partirsi o senza divídarsi. A ciascun uomo die bastare una femmina, e che i re e i prenzi e ciascun altro uomo si die tenere appagato a una femmina. Un uomo die bastare a una femmina, e che una femmina si die chiamare contenta d'un uomo. L’uomo non die prendare moglie la quale sia troppo presso a lui di parentato o di lignaggio. Come le moglie dei re e dei prenzi e di ciascuno altro uomo debbono avere abbondanza di beni temporali. Come nè i re né i prenzi, nė cia scuno altro uomo non debbe chiėdare solamente ei beni temporali delle loro mogli ma anco ei beni del CORPO e quelli dell'anima, e ciò e il bello e il casto. L’uomo non die governare nė tenere la moglie nella maniera ch'elli die tenere e governare il suo figliuolo. L’uomo non die tenere nė governare la moglie nella manera che l'uomo die tenere e governare e fanti. Che elli non si conviene nė ai re nè ai prenzi ned a nessuno altro uomo, ch'ellino usino il matrimonio in troppo giovano tempo. L’uomo die piuttosto fare l'opera del matrimonio nel verno che nella state. Come alcune cose sono nelle femmine che sono da biasmare. Come ei re e i prenzi e ciascuno altro uomo die avvenevolmente governare e addrizzare la moglie. Come gli uomini si debbono portare con le loro mogli. Come la femmina maritata deb bono convenevolmente adornare il loro corpo. Né I re ne i prenzi, nė li altri uomini, non debbano essere troppo gelosi delle loro mogli. Che cosa è ' l consiglio della femmina, e che 'l suo consiglio l'uomo non die credere se non in alcun tempo. Com’l’uomo non debbe dire il suo secreto alla sua moglie. Dei figli. Il padre die essere curioso di guardare il suo figliuolo. Che ciò s'avviene maggiormente ai re ed ai prenzi, cioè ch'ellino sieno guardatori e curiosi dei loro figliuoli. Il padre governa il suo figliuolo per L’AMORE ch'elli à in lui. L’AMORE NATURALE il quale die essere da padre a figliuolo prova sufficientemente che il padre debbe governare i suo figliuolo e il figliuolo debbe ubbidire il padre. Nel quale dice che i re e i prenzi e ciascuno altro uomo debbono da gioventudine insegnare la fede ai loro figliuoli. I re e i prenzi e ciascuno altro uomo debbono da gioventudine insegnare ed appréndare ei buoni costumi e le buone maniere ai loro figliuoli. Il figliuolo del gentile uomo debbe apprendere le scienze della chericia, ciò sono, morali, naturali e matematice. Quale arte il figliuolo di un gentile uomini debbe apprendere. Quale die ėssare il tutore del figliuolo di un gentile uomo. Il padre die insegnare al suo fanciullo a parlare e a vedere ed a udire. In quante maniere l'uomo puó peccare in mangiare e come il garzone si debbe contenere. Come il padre die insegnare al suo fanciullo acciò che si sappiano portar avvenevolmente nel bere e ne' diletto della femmina. Come il garzone si debbe contenere nel diletto del corpo. Come in giovanezza l'uomo die schifare le malvagie compagnie. Che guardia l’uomo die avere de' figliuoli da che sono nati, insino a’ sette anni. Che guardia l'uomo die avere de' fanciulli da sette anni fino a quattordici. Che guardia l'uomo die avere del figliuolo da quattordici anni innanzi. Che il padre non die insegnare al figliuolo uno medesimo travaglio di corpo. Della casa e dei servi. L'uomo die diterminare e parlare delle cose donde la vita umana può esser sostenuta, volendo governare la sua famiglia e la sua casa. Il casino della villa del’uomo, die esser fatto sottilmente ed in buon áire. Il casamento dei re e dei prenzi, e di ciascuno altro uomo, die esser fatto in luogo dove abbia abbondanza di buona acqua e di chiara. Naturalmente l’uomo die avere possessione in alcun modo e che quellino che rifiutano le possessioni, non vivono come uomini, anzi sono migliori che uomo. Elli è grande utilità alla vita umana, che l'uomo possa vivare della sua propria ricchezza. Come l'uomo die usare dei beni temporali, e quale maniera di vivare è buona e onesta. Nel quale dice che ciascuno uomo, e medesimamente ei re ei prenzi, non debbono desiderare troppo grande abbondanza di ricchezze ne di possessioni. Quante maniere elli sono di vendere e di comperare e perchè ei denari fuoro prima mente fatti e trovati. L'usura è generalmente malvagia, e ch'ei re ed i prenzi la debbono difendare ch’ella non sia fatta nella loro terra. Nel quale dice ch’ei sono diverse maniere di guadagnare denari e che alcuna di queste maniere è avve nevole ai re ed ai prenzi. Alcuna gente è serva per natura e ch'elli è loro utilità ch'ellino sieno suggetti ad altrui. Nel quale dice che alcune genti che sono servi per natura e per legge. Nel quale dice ch’ellino sono alcune genti le quali sono serve per prezzo ed alcuna gente che servono per l’amore ch’elli ánno ai suo signore. L'uomo die dare gli ufici ai suoi fanti nelle case dei re e dei prenzi. Come ei re e i prenzi debbono provvedere ai loro sergenti robe e vestimento. Che cosa é cortesia e ched e' conviene ai fanti dei re e dei prenzi ched ellino sia cortese Nel quale dice come ei re e i prenzi si debbono contenere inverso ei loro sergenti. Che quelli che servono e quelli che mangiano alla tavola dei re e dei prenzi, e generalmente che il gentile uomo non debbe molto favellare. DEL GOVERNO CIVILE. Detti dei filosofi nel governamento delle città. Nel quale dice che la villa e ordinata e stabilita per alcuno bene. Fu grande utilità alla vita umana che colla comunità della villa e delle città, li uomini ordinassero la comunità del reame. Nel quale dice ceme Platone e Socrate dissero che l’uomo dovea ordinare e governare le città. Nel quale insegna che i re e i prenzi debbono sapere che tutte le cose non debbono essere COMUNE siccome Platone e Socrate dissero. Nel quale dice quanti mali avverrebbero se il figliouolo fusse comune. Nel quale dice come la possessione debbe essere proprie, e come debbono essere comuni, secondo l'utilità delle ville e delle città. I re ei prenzi non debbono sofferire che una medesima gente duri sempre in una medesima signoria. Nel quale dice che l'uomo non die cosi ordinare la città come Socrate disse, che dovieno essere ordinate. Come l'uomo può trarre a buono intendimento le parole che Socrate disse, al governa mento delle città. Come un filósafo, ch'ebbe nome Fal lea, disse, che l'uomo dovea ordinare le città. Le possessioni non debbono essere eguali, siccome disse Fallea. Come quelli che signoreggia alcuna città, elli die più principalmente intendare a cessare le malvagie volontà e i malvagi desideri e convoitigine, ched elli non die intendere a cessare la disuguaglianza delle possessiono. Nel quale dice, come un filósafo ch'ebbe nome Ippodamo, disse che l’uomo dovea ordinare le città. Nel quale dice quali cose sono da riprendare in quello che Ippodamo disse del governamento della comunità. Della migliore maniera di governare le città. Il quale insegna come l’uomo die governare le città in tempo di pace, e quante cose l’uomo die guardare in cotale governamento. Quante maniere sono di signorie e quali sono buone e quali sono rie. Ched o' val meglio che le città e ' rea mi sieno governati e retti per un solo uomo che per molti e che quest' è la migliore signoria che sia quando un solo uomo signoreggia ed elli intende il bene comune. Nel quale dice per quali ragioni alcuna gente volsero provare ched e’ valeva meglio che le terre e le città fossero governale per molti uomini che per un solo e dice in questo capitolo ciò che si die rispóndare a cotali ragioni. Ched e' val meglio che le terre e le signorie e' reami vadano per redità per successione DEL FIGLIOUOLO che per elezione. Nel quale dice quali sono le cose ne le quali il re die sormontare gli altri, e che diversità elli à intra'l re 'e'l tiranno. Nel quale dice che la signoria del tiranno è la peggiore signoria che sia e che i re ei prenzi si debbono molto guardare ch'ellino non sieno tiranni. Quale dia esser l'ufficio dei re e dei prenzi, e com’essi si debbono contenere in governare le loro città e i loro reami. Quali sono le cose che’ l buono re die fare, le quali il tiranno mostra di fare ma non le fa nèmica. Nel quale dice per quante cautele il tiranno si sforza di guardare sė ne la sua signoria. Ched elli è molto isconvenevole cosa ai re ed ai prenzi ched ellino sieno tiranni, perciò che tutte le malizie che sono nell’altre malvagie signorie, sono ne là signoria del tiranno. Nel quale dice che i re e i prenzi debbono molto ischifare la compagnia del tiranno, perciò che per molte cose ei soggetti aguaitano ed assaliscono il loro signore quand’elli é tiranno. Nel quale dice quali cose guardano e salvano la signoria del re e ched e'conviene fare al re sed e' si vuole guardare ne la sua signoria e nel suo reame. Quali cose fanno a consigliare e di quali l'uomo die avere consiglio. Nel quale dice che cosa è consiglio, e come l'uomo die fare ei consigli. Nel quale dice che consiglieri ei re e i preozi debbono avere ai loro consigli. Nel quale dice quante cose conviene sapere a quellino che consigliano ei re e i prenzi e in quali cose l’uomo die préndare consiglio. Nel quale dice che tutte le cose donde l’uomo giudica, l'uomo die giudicare secondo le leggi e che l’uomo die fare pochi giudicamenti e dare poche sentenze per arbitrio o per credenza. Nel quale dice come l’uomo dic fare ei giudicamenti: e ch’e giudici debbono vetare che li uomini che piateggiano non dicano parole dinanzi al giudice che’l possa muovere ad amore nè ad odio contra ad alcuna de le parti. Nel quale dice quante cose conviene avere a’giudicatori a ciò ch’ellino giudichino bene e drittamente. Nel quale dice quante e quali cose conviene riguardare al giudice, acciò ch’elli perdoni e sia più di buonarie che crudele. Nel quale dice ched e’ sono diverse maniere di leggi e diverse maniere di giustizia e che al dritto natu rale ed al diritto iscritto tutti gli altri dritti sono ridotti e ramenali. Quali debbono esser le leggi umane e ched elli fu grande utilità ai reami ed a le città a fare cotali leggi. Nel quale dice che ciascuno non die némica istabilire nė ordinare le leggi; e ched e' conviene che le leggi sieno publicate é fạtte sapere acciò ch’ell’abbiano forza d’obbligare le genti. Quante opere e quali le leggi ch'ei re e i prenzi istabiliscono ed ordinano, debbono contenere. Nel quale dice quale vale meglio o che le città o i reami sieno governati per un buono re o per una buona legge. Nel quale dice che co la legge naturale e co la legge iscritta e' conviene che l’uomo abbia la legge di Dio e la legge del Vangelo. Come l’uomo può, si die guardare le leggi del paese e ch'elli non è utile ch'elle si rimutino ispesso. Nel quale dice che cosa è città e che cosa è reame e chénte die essere il popolo ch’è ne le città e ne' reami. Nel quale dice che allora è la città e’l reame trasbuono e 'l popolo trasbuono, quand’elli v’à molte di mezzane persone. Nel quale dice ched elli é grande utilità al popolo di portare grande riverenza al prenze ed al signore e ched ellino guardino diligentemente le leggi che i re e i prenzi ánno ordinate. Come il popolo e generalmente tutti quelli che dimorano nel reame, si debbono mante nere saviamente, acciò che’l re o’l prenze non abbia corruccio nė odio contra loro. Come ei re ei prenzi si deb bono mantenere, acciò ch'ellino sieno amati e temuti dal lor popolo. Ed insegna questo capitolo che tutto debbiano ei re ei prenzi esser amati e temuti dal lor popolo, ellino debbono maggiormente volere essere amati che temuti. Del governo in tempo di guerra. Che cosa è cavalleria e da ch'ella é ordinate. Nel quale insegna in quale terra sono e’migliori combattieri e quali l’uomo die iscegliere per combattere dell’uomini che debbono andare a la battaglia. In quale tempo l'uomo die acco stumare il fanciullo all' opere dela battaglia e per quali segni l'uomo può conosciare ei migliori battaglieri. Nel quale insegna quante cose e quali e' conviene avere a' buoni battaglieri, acciò ch'ellino si combattano bene e giustamente. Nel quale insegna quali sono migliori battaglieri o i gentili uomini, oi villani, o quellino che nel campo dimorano, ciò sono ei lavoratori. Nel quale insegna ch’elli è grande utilità ai baltaglieri chedellino sieno bene esercitati all'arme; e che l’uomo die ei battallieri apprendare a correre ed a saltare ed andare ordinatamente. Nel quate insegna ched e’si conviene appréndare ai battaglieri molte altre cose che quelle che sono dette, cioè a córrare ed assaltare ed andare ordinatamente. Nel quale insegna che l’uomo die fare nell’oste fossati e castelli. Ed insegna questo capitolo come l’uomo die fare ei castelli e quante cose l’uomo die guardare in farli. Nel quale dice quante cose l’uomo die guardare quand’elli vuole o die imprèndare battaglia comune. Nel quale dice ch’elli è grande utilità ne le battaglie di portare bandiere e gonfaloni: e che l’uomo die ordinare capitano e maggiore a ciascuna ischiera. E so - nemici migliantemente questo capitolo insegna quali debbono essere e banderari e i capitani di quelli a piè e di quelli a cavallo. Nel quale dice che avvedimenti die avere e che die fare il signore dell’oste acciò che la sua gente non possa essere gravata dai nemici per la via. Nelquale dice come l’uomo die ordinare le schiere e le battaglie, quando l’uomo si die combattere contra I Nel quale insegna che l'uomo die ferire il suo nemico nello battaglia di puntone e non di ramata. Nel quale dice quante cose fanno gli avversari più forte che quelli dell’oste é come l’uomo die assalire ei suoi nemici. Nel quale insegna come ei battallieri si debbono tenere quando vogliono ferire ei loro nemici, e com’ellino ei debbono inchinare e come l'uomo si die trarre in drieto quando la battaglia non porta utilità. Nel quale insegna quante maniere ei sono di battaglie; e in quanti modi l’uomo può prendare le città e le castella ed in che tempo l’uomo le die assediare. Come quelli dell'oste si debbono fornire e come l'uomo può vénciare le castella per cava. Come per l’ingegni del legno che l'uomo può menare al muro del castello, l’uomo lo può prendare. Come l’uomo può e die edificare le castella acciò ch'elle non sieno leggermente prese ně come l'uomo può e die guérnire le castella acciò ch'elle non possano esser prese. Nel quale dice come quelli che sono nel castello assiso possono e debbonsi difendersi da la cava e dai tra bocchi e dalli altri ingegni che quellino dell'oste vi fanno. Come l'uomo die fare le navi, e come l'uomo si die combattere nell'acqua o nel mare, da che cosa tutte le battaglie debbono essere ordinate assediate. Che cosa è una virtù che l’uomo chia ma piacevolezza, cioè di sapere CONVERSARE piacevolmente con le genti, e in che cose la detta virtù die essere, e che si conviene che i re e i prenzi sieno piacevoli. Appresso ciò che noi avemo detto che cosa è debonarietà, noi diremo d’un'altra virtù, che l’uomo chiama piacevolezza. E dovemo sapere che le opere e le parole dell'uomo sono ordinate a tre cose, si come ad avere piacevolezza e verità, ed avere diletti e giuochi nei solazzi e nelle allegrezze. LA PRIMA RAGIONE: E la piacevolezza si è, in SAPERE BENE CONVERSARE, unde quelli che sa onorare e riverire gli uomini convene volmente e secondo ragione, si à la virtù della piacevolezza. La SECONDA ragione si è, che le opere e le parole dell’uomo sono ordinate sie a verità che, per le opere e per le parole dell'uomo può l'altro uomo conosciare chi egli è (“Conversation maketh the man”). Donde, verità non è altro se non che l'uomo non sia vantatore e che nè per parole nè per fatti elli non dimostri maggior cosa in lui che vi sia, nè che l'uomo non si faccia ispiacevole nè per parole nè per fatti oltre quello che ragione insegna, perchè elli sia gabbato ne dispregiato. La TERZA RAGIONE a che l'opere e le parole dell'uomo sono ordinate, si è, acciò che l'uomo sia sollazzevole convenevolmente, e si sappia bene portare nei giochi, e nelle allegrezze e nei sollazzi. Donde, se l'uomo vuole CONVENEVOMENTE CONVERSARE e' die essere giochevole e piace vole e veritiere. E di queste tre virtù noi diremo partitamente, ma prima diremo della piacevolezza. E dovemo sapere che, NEL CONVERSARE, alcuni si mostrano troppo piacevoli, si come sono e lusinghieri, e quelli che’n ogne cosa vogliono piacere altrui, che acciò che piacciano altrui, si lo dano tutti ei fatti è tutti ei detti di ciascuno uomo. E alcuni sono, che anno troppo gran difalta NEL CONVERSARE co le genti, si come sono ei malvagi e quellino che sono battaglieri, e tenzonieri; e questi fanno contra a ragione. Chè neuno die volere essere si piacevole nè si compagnevole, ch’elli ne do venti o ne sia lusinghieri, e piacere a tutti gli uomini, nė neuno die essere si pieno di contenzione e di noia, che li con venga cessare della compagnia delli uomini, ma quelli è da lodare che si sa mezzanamente portare e secondo ragione, nel CONVERSARE. Donde la virtù che l’uomo chiama piacevolezza cessa la contenzione dell'uomo e tempera il lusingare, e quello per lo quale l'uomo vuole a tutti gli uomini piacere. E perciò che l'uomo è per natura compagnevole, si come dice il filosafo, si conviene dare una virtù per la quale ne le parole e nei fatti sappia CONVERSARE COOPERATIVAMENTE E convenevolmente e secondo ragione. E questa virtù che l'uomo chiama piacevolezza, tutto sie cosa che, tutti quelli che vogliono essere piacevoli e vivare in cooperazione, compagnia ed in comunità con l’altro, conviene ch'elli abbiano, acciò che siamo cortesi e piacevoli, non perciò debbiamo essere si cortesi ne si piacevoli ad uno come un altro: chè la dritta ragione insegna, che, secondo la diversità dei due conversatori, l'uomo si die portare in maniera appropriata con l’altro. E perciò che troppa amistà e troppa gran compagnia mostrare ad ogni uomo fa l’uomo ispiacevole e vile; il gentile uomo si debbe più alteramente contenere che l’altro, acció che l'uomo lor porti più onore e più reverenza, e che la dignità de la loro grandezza non sia abbassata nè avvilata. Donde il filosafo dice che i re e i prenzi debbono mostrare ch’ellino sieno persone degne d’onore e di reverenza. Chè si come noi vedemo che alcuna vianda fuôra soperchio a uno infermo che non basterebbe ad uno sano, cosi è nell'essere piacevole e cortese, che alcuna piacevolezza s’aviene a’re secondo ragione, che non s’aviene cosi ad un’altra persona comune. L’Enciclopedia italiana cura l’edizione critica del “Il regime del principe”,  testimoniato da nove manoscritti, tra cui il codice della Biblioteca di Firenze (sig, che si distingue sia per motivi cronologici (nell’explicit reca la data) sia per la veste linguistica, in prevalenza senese, verosimilmente molto vicina a quella dell’originale, ciò che lo rende un documento di lingua privilegiato rispetto alle coeve attestazioni di varietà toscane non fiorentine tra fine Due- e inizio Trecento. L’opera discende dal “Il regime del principe”, composto da Colonna filosofo tra i più autorevoli della sua epoca, nato a Roma. Dedicato a un principe, di cui Colonna fu tutore e ispirato alla Retorica, la Etica, e la Politica di Aristotele, esuddiviso in tre libri concernenti la “morale», ossia l’etica (disciplina dell’individuo), l’oeconomia (della casa), e la politica (della città o reame o villa) - è il più corposo trattato basso-medievale sul regime del ‘gentile uomo’ ed ebbe non solo una straordinaria fortuna in Italia fino a tutto il XV secolo come elogio della cavalleria. Esercita una notevole influenza sul Convivio, sul “De vulgari eloquentia” e sulla “Monarchia” di Alighieri. “E lasciando lo figurato che di questo diverso processo dell’etadi tiene Virgilio nello Eneida, e lasciando stare quello che Egidio eremita [il filosofo appartenne all’Ordine degli Eremitani di Sant’Agostino ne dice nella prima parte dello Regime del Gentile Uomo. L’ampia Introduzione, oltre a tracciare il profilo biografico di Egidio illustrando contenuto, fonti e storia della ricezione del suo capolavoro, esamina nei dettagli il debito di Alighieri, la fortuna figurative o iconografica del trattato (l’affresco giottesco della Cappella degli Scrovegni di Padova, precisamente nella Virtù; l’Allegoria ed Effetti del Buono Governo realizzata da Lorenzetti a Siena, specie nella particolare raffigurazione della giustizia commutativa e la giustizia distributiva alla sinistra dell’affresco -- i rapporti tra il De regime e il Livre dou gouvernement (una drastica riduzione non sempre perspicua, di cui sono noti trentasei manoscritti) e tra questo e il Livro del governamento, la prima traduzione, pur parziale, di opere che solo successivamente furono volgarizzate nella loro interezza, ad opera di un anonimo senese, come avevano già ipotizzato, tra gli altri, Segre e Castellani. Inoltre si auspica - e intanto s’imposta in modo acuto e pregnante - un commento dedicato alle fonti del “Regime”, ormai indispensabile alla luce della ri-valutazione della filosofia nel vernacolare tra Medioevo e Rinascimento portata avanti dalla bibliografia più recente. Grazie infatti agli studi degli ultimi due decenni, siamo oggi più informati sui modi in cui la cultura vernacolare interagì con quella antica, bolognese, tradizionalmente ritenuta ‘più alta’, e sul diverso pubblico, dichiarato o reale, cui si indirizzava la trattatistica filosofica dei secoli dal XIII-XIV in avanti. Infine, si passano in rassegna le altre versioni del De regimine (quella senese è bensì la più antica, ma non l’unica: se ne conoscono almeno altre cinque).  Nella parte prima della Nota al testo si dà conto della tradizione manoscritta dei testimoni completi e dei testimoni parziali (descrizione esterna, descrizione interna, bibliografia), offrendo dati preziosi sulla tradizione a stampa del De regimine e sulle edizioni del Governamento. Nella parte seconda si indicano i criterî di edizione e gli usi del copista.  L’appendice prima alla Nota al testo raccoglie le aggiunte inter-lineari e marginali al Governamento del manoscrito fiorentino, mentre in una seconda appendice si riportano alcune annotazioni sulle relazioni fra i testimoni del Governamento. La prima e fondamentale caratteristica della tradizione è che tutti i mss. paiono al tempo stesso testimoni molto vicini tra loro tanto che è dimostrabile la presenza di un archetipo a monte della tradizione, ma non per questo facilmente classificabili nei loro rapporti reciproci, principalmente perché spesso contaminati dal ricorso alla versione nella lingua antica. Il secondo volume è interamente dedicato allo spoglio linguistico sistematico sull’intero testo, tendente per quanto possibile «all’esaustività delle allegazioni per ciascuna forma»: grafia, fonetica, morfologia, sintassi.  Chiudono il volume un ricco repertorio bibliografico e gl’indici onomastico, toponomastico, dei nomi e dei manoscritti. Grice: “Poor Ockham is known as Ockham – god knows, but he is not telling, what his surname was, if any! On the other hand, the rather pompous Romans have Egidio as a ‘Colonna,’ even if,  as the Treccani notes, ‘the links with the Roman family are unclear’!” -- Romano: Egidio Romano,  arcivescovo della Chiesa cattolica Filip4 Gilles de RomeEgidio Romano e Filippo il Bello (miniatura di un codice medievale). Template-Archbishop.svg   Incarichi ricopertiArcivescovo di Bourges Roma Nominato arcivescovo25 aprile 1295 Deceduto22 dicembre 1316, Roma. Egidio Romano, latinizzato come Ægidius Romanus, indicato anche come Egidio Colonna (Roma), filosofo. Generale dell'Ordine di Sant'Agostino. Dopo la sua morte, gli furono tributati i titoli onorifici di Doctor fundatissimus e Theologorum princeps.   Fu discepolo di San Tommaso d'Aquino all'Parigi, dove più tardi insegnò, prima di diventare generale degli agostiniani e arcivescovo di Bourges (1295). Fu inoltre il precettore di Filippo il Bello per il quale scrisse il trattato De regimine principum, sostenendo l'efficacia della monarchia come forma di governo.  --  è considerato tra i più autorevoli teologi di ispirazione agostiniana, attivo anche nella vita intellettuale e politica in un contesto culturale ed istituzionale travagliato da frequenti ed aspre polemiche sul problema del rapporto tra potere temporale e potere spirituale. Questo filosofo è generalmente ricordato, insieme al prediletto allievo Giacomo da Viterbo, per il contributo nella redazione della celebre bolla Unam Sanctam del 1302 di Papa Bonifacio VIII e per il ruolo significativo che assunse il Maestro degli Eremitani di Sant'Agostino quale autore del De Ecclesiastica potestate e, dunque, quale teorico famoso e autorevole della plenitudo potestatis pontificia. In Egidio Romano rileviamo subito una compresenza del duplice atteggiamento dottrinale e politico; infatti è possibile rintracciare, fra le opere giovanili, il De regimine principum, opera scritta per Filippo il Bello e di ispirazione aristotelico-tomista inerente alla naturalità dello Stato, erigendola a difensore della potestas regale. Nel De Ecclesiastica potestate, invece, Egidio Romano afferma la superiorità del sacerdotium rispetto al regnum, distinguendosi quale rappresentante della teocrazia papale.  La riscoperta di Aristotele e l'agostinismo politico In seguito alle condanne di Étienne Tempier. Colonna difende la tesi di Tommaso, per la sua qualifica di Baccalaureus formatus, ma, proprio a causa delle condanne stesse, viene sospeso dall'insegnamento. In quegli anni, gli avversari del papato trovano nel pensiero di Aristotele gli strumenti per svolgere un'analisi politica che metta in discussione la sacralità del potere. Dall'altra parte troviamo l'influenza della corrente speculativa dell'agostinismo politico (ossia quel fenomeno, tipicamente medioevale, di compenetrazione fra Stato e Chiesa, all'interno del quale Agostino viene a giocare un ruolo fondamentale dal momento che l'apporto teorico del suo De Civitate Dei conduce a confusioni inevitabili fra il piano spirituale della Civitas Dei Caelestis e il piano temporale della vita terrena che è Civitas Peregrina), che ripropone la teoria delle “due città” e riafferma la superiorità del sacerdotium rispetto al regnum, costituendo un vero e proprio “partito del Papa”.  Egidio rivendica la Plenitudo potestatis come proprietà costitutiva dell'auctoritas del Papa in quanto homo spiritualis. Egidio sostituisce al concetto agostiniano di ecclesia, quello di regnum al fine di estendere gli ambiti del potere del sovrano ecclesiastico. Il sovrano ecclesiastico (il Papa) dovrebbe esercitare la sua sovranità anche sul potere temporale al fine di garantire l'ordine mediante una forma di dominium che coincida con la sua stessa missione spirituale.  Opere:Frontespizio delle In secundum librum sententiarum quaestiones L'edizione critica dell'opera omnia è stata intrapresa, per Leo S. Olschki, (Aegidii Romani opera omnia, collana Corpus Philosophorum Medii AeviTesti e Studi), dal gruppo di ricerca di Francesco Del Punta.   Quaestio de gradibus formarum, Ottaviano Scoto (eredi), Boneto Locatello, 1502.  In secundum librum sententiarum quaestiones,  1, Francesco Ziletti, 1581.  In secundum librum sententiarum quaestiones,  2, Francesco Ziletti, Opere, Antonio Blado, In libros De physico auditu Aristotelis commentaria, Ottaviano Scoto (eredi), Boneto Locatello, 1502.  De materia coeli, Girolamo Duranti, Quodlibeta, Domenico de Lapi. TreccaniEnciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. 3 dicembre. Roberto Lambertini, Giles of Rome, in Edward N. Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford,.  Charles F. Briggs e Peter S. Eardley, A Companion to Giles of Rome, Leiden, Brill,. Silvia Donati, Studi per una cronologia delle opere di Egidio Romano: I. Le opere prima: I commenti aristotelici. "Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale", Gian Carlo Garfagnini, Egidio Romano, in Il contributo italiano alla storia del Pensiero: Filosofia, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana,. Francesco Del Punta-S. Donati-C. Luna, Egidio Romano, in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Filippo Cancelli, Egidio Romano, in Enciclopedia dantesca, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, Papa Bonifacio VIII Teocrazia Altri progetti Collabora a Wikisource Wikisource contiene una pagina dedicata a Egidio Romano Collabora a Wikiquote Citazionio su Egidio Romano Collabora a Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Egidio Romano  Egidio Romano, su TreccaniEnciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.  Ugo Mariani, Egidio Romano, in Enciclopedia Italiana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Egidio Romano, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. su ALCUIN, Ratisbona.  Opere di Egidio Romano, su openMLOL, Horizons Unlimited srl. su Egidio Romano, su Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge. Egidio Romano, in Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company. David M. Cheney, Egidio Romano, in Catholic Hierarchy. Roberto Lambertini, Giles of Rome, in Edward N. Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford. Biografia a cura dell'associazione storico-culturale S. Agostino, su cassiciaco. Predecessore Arcivescovo metropolita di BourgesSuccessoreArchbishopPallium PioM.svg Simone di Beaulie u25 aprile 1295 22 dicembre 1316 Raynaud de La Porte.  NUMISMATIC NOTES  AND MONOGRAPHS. ITALIAN ORDERS OF CHIVALRY  AND MEDALS OF HONOUR    By HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM    THENUMISMATIC SOCIETY  Wonr    nl     PUBLICATIONS    The American Journal of Numismatics,   1866-1920.   Monthly, May, 1866—April, 1870.   Quarterly, July, 1870—October, 1912.   Annually, 1913-1920.   With many plates, illustrations, maps and  tables. Less than a dozen complete sets of  the Journal remain on hand. Prices on  application. The numbers necessary to  complete broken sets may in most cases be  obtained. An index to the first fifty vol¬  umes has been issued as part of Volume  LI. It may also be purchased separately  for $3.00.    The American Numismatic Society. Catalogue  of the International Exhibition of Contem¬  porary Medals. March, 1910. New and  revised edition. New York. 1911. xxxvi,  412 pages, 512 illustrations. $10.00.   The American Numismatic Society. Exhibi¬  tion of United States and Colonial Coins.  1914. vii, 134 pages, 40 plates. NUMISMATIC   NOTES & MONOGRAPHS    Numismatic Notes and Monographs  is devoted to essays and treatises on sub¬  jects relating to coins, paper money,  medals and decorations, and is uniform  with Hispanic Notes and Monographs  published by The Hispanic Society of  America, and with Indian Notes and  Monographs issued by the Museum of the  American Indian—Heye Foundation.    Publication Committee   Agnes Baldwin Brett, Chairman  Henry Russell Drowne  John Reilly, Jr.   Editorial Staff   Sydney Philip Noe, Editor  Howland Wood, Associate Editor  V. E. Earle, Assistant . Italy (savoy)   Order of the Most Sacred Annunciation Plaque     ITALIAN ORDERS OF  CHIVALRY    AND   MEDALS OF HONOUR    BY   HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM     a   )    THK NUMISMATIC SOCIETY  BROADWAY AT I56TH STREET  NEW YORK  1923    t    6 &oo   GrS    COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY  THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY     Press of The Lent & Graff Co., New York   ITALIAN ORDERS OF CHIVALRY  AND MEDALS OF HONOUR   By Harrold E. Gillingham   Students have always found the coinage  of Italy of more than passing interest, and  the country of the early Romans is still a  far from exhausted field of numismatic re¬  search. Few sections of Europe have had  such a varied history. Few have been more  fought over. Greeks, Romans, Vandals,  Goths, Franks, Germans, Normans, Span¬  iards, Austrians and the Papal Authorities  have had a hand in the mismanagement of the  country’s affairs, and all have left traces  of their influence, but nowhere more defi¬  nitely than in the field of numismatics.  The changing coinage has always been  interesting, and the publication of the Corpus  Nummorum Italicorum, undertaken by His Majesty, Victor Emmanuel III, is a magnifi¬  cent demonstration of the value of numis¬  matic research.   In the time of Augustus, “Italia” was  divided into eleven sections. In the feudal  period many of these had been governed for  centuries by members of the same family.  It was a normal condition for these clans to  wage war one upon the other, and this state  of affairs existed almost uninterruptedly  until the middle of the Nineteenth Century.  “The destinies of Italy were decided in the  cabinets and on the battle-fields of Northern  Europe—a Bourbon at Versailles, a Haps-  burg at Vienna or a thick-lipped Lorrainer,  with the stroke of his pen, wrote off province  against province, regarding not the popula¬  tion who had bled for him or thrown them¬  selves upon his mercy.” Through it all, the  Papacy has exerted a powerful influence. In  the early period such a shifting of control was  not to the best interests of the inhabitants.   The Kingdom of Italy, as we know it  today, did not exist, of course, until 1870.  With the fall of the French Empire under  Napoleon III, the assistance of France was    NUMISMATIC NOTES         MEDALS OF HONOUR   3   no longer available, and Rome came under  the dominion of Victor Emmanuel. All of  that gieat mountainous peninsula was  united and free. For over seventy years the  country has been governed by a Prince of the  House of Savoy. Its population has pros¬  pered more during that period than for many  preceding centuries.   These changing conditions were not with¬  out effect upon the organisations which we  class as Orders of Knighthood. Many of the  Orders of Chivalry founded by the Ducal or  Princely rulers of Italy were named for their  patron saints. It has seemed expedient in  this article to treat of the Orders and Decora¬  tions of all of these changing principalities  separately. Insofar as is possible, any  repetition which this course involves has  been avoided.    AND MONOGRAPHS          4   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    LUCCA.   Lucca, the most northern province of  Tuscany, lies between the Apennines and  the Mediterranean Sea. Its principal city,  Lucca, on the River Sarchio, is famous for a  remarkable bridge which is said to have been  built about 1000 A.D. From the time of  the Narses, in the Sixth Century, Lucca was  an important city. Here and at Pisa, the  earliest Italian school of painting flourished  in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries.  Lucca became an autonomous commune  from the death of Matilda (1115). In 1314  Uguccione della Faggiola seized the reins of  Government, but later he was superseded  by the powerful Castruccio Castracani.  Louis of Bavaria, after having occupied it  by his troops, sold it to a Genoese banker,  Gherardo Spinola; it was seized by John,  King of Bohemia, pawned by him to the  Rossi of Parma, sold to Florence, relin¬  quished to Pisa, nominally liberated by  Charles IV (Emperor of Germany, 1346-  1^78) and governed by his vicar. Lucca, MEDALS OF HONOUR   5   subjected to endless vicissitudes, managed  first as a democracy and after 1628 as an  oligarchy, to maintain its independence,  alongside of Venice and Genoa, and painted  the word “Libertas” on its banner until the  French Revolution. In 1805, Napoleon I  gave Lucca to his sister Eliza, who had  married Bacciochi. It was occupied by  the Neapolitans in 1814, and from 1816 to  1847 it was the Duchy of Maria Louisa of  Parma (who married her cousin, Charles IV  of Spain), and was ruled by her son, Charles  Louis. It later formed one of the provinces  of Tuscany. Under the rule of the Lombard  Dukes, Lucca possessed a coinage of its own.   MILITARY ORDER OF SAINT GEORGE  OF LUCCA. Duke Charles Louis Ferdi¬  nand, a Spanish Bourbon, founded this  Order on June 1, 1833. It was called Or dine  di San Giorgio per il Merito Militare, and  was awarded for military services to the  Duchy. It was also issued to officers and  privates whose service exceeded three years.   The Decoration is a Maltese cross, enam¬  elled white. It is edged with gold for the    AND MONOGRAPHS         6   ITALIAN ORDERS    first class, with silver for the second, while  for the third class it is silver without the  enamel. In the centre is a white medallion,  upon which there is a gold figure of St.  George slaying the dragon, surrounded by  the words AL MERITO MI LI TARE on a  green band. The reverse shows the initials  of the founder, C.L., crowned, and the date  183J. The ribbon is bright red with a white  stripe.   ORDER OF SAINT LOUIS. Founded  on December 22, 1836, by Duke Charles  Louis, and awarded for civil merit. It was  reorganized in 1849 by his son, Charles III,  Duke of Parma, a Bourbon, for Civil and  Military service; it is, therefore, classed  with the Orders of Parma also. See page 19.   The badge of the first class is a white-  enamelled cross, with heavy gold lines and  with a large fleur-de-lis at the tip of each  cross-arm. The obverse bears a shield upon  which is an effigy of Saint Louis in golden  armour; the reverse has a shield bearing the  Bourbon crest of three lilies. The second  class cross is of silver and white enamel,    NUMISMATIC NOTES         ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. 1     Parma   Order of Saint Louis        8   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    while the third is all silver but without the  crown. The ribbon is blue with a yellow  stripe on either side.   MEDAL FOR MILITARY SERVICE.  Created on June i, 1833, for officers who had  served over thirty years, and called the  Medaglia di Anzianita. The obverse bears  a gilt Maltese cross with the initials C.L. and  a crown above; on the reverse are the Roman  figures XXX, denoting the years of service.  The ribbon is blue, with yellow stripes—  four of the former and three of the latter.   CIVIL MEDAL OF MERIT. This Dec¬  oration was also instituted by Duke Charles  Louis. It is of silver and bronze. The  initials of the founder, C.L. intertwined, ap¬  pear on the obverse, and the reverse has  inscribed thereon the words, AI BEN EME¬  RITI DELLA SALUTE PUBBLICA.    NUMISMATIC NOTES          MEDALS OF HONOUR   9   MODENA.   In 183 B.C. Mutina, as Modena was then  called, was a Roman colony. For more than  twelve centuries there were constantly  changing rulers. In 1288 A.D. Obizzo II  (1240-1293), of the princely house of Este,  received the lordship of Modena. The  Este family was one of the oldest of North¬  ern Italy, dating back to about 917 A.D.  Through the marriage of an heiress of the  house of Welf, of Bavaria, with a younger  son of the house of Este, this family became  connected with the houses of Brunswick  and Hanover, from which are descended the  Sovereigns of England, through the house of  Guelph. At various periods, the Estensi  received the sovereignties of Ferrara, Modena  and Reggio. The male branch of the family  lost the duchies of Modena and Reggio on  the death of Hercules Rinaldo, who died in  1803. His only daughter, Maria, married  Ferdinand of Austria, son of Francis I and  Maria Theresa. Their son, Francis IV, in  1816 became the first Hapsburg duke of    AND MONOGRAPHS         IO   ITALIAN ORDERS    Modena. He died in 1846, and when his  son Francis V died in 1875, the male line of  the Austrian Estensi became extinct and the  title passed to Francis, son of Archduke  Charles Louis. Members of the Este family  and their descendants had held the Duchy  of Modena almost continuously from 1288  until i860. In that year the territory by  a plebescite was declared part of the King¬  dom of Italy.   ORDER OF THE EAGLE OF ESTE.  Founded by Francis V on December 27,  1855, and awarded for military and civil  merit. The number of the members of the  Order was limited to 20 for the Grand Cross,  40 for the Commander Class and 120 for the  Class of the Knights. The decoration was  surrendered on the death of the Knight.  The insignia is a gold Maltese cross with  gold knobs at the points, white-enamelled  and edged with blue. Between the arms of  the cross are gold scrolls, and the letters  E.S.T.E. are distributed in the angles. On  the blue medallion is the white-crowned  eagle of the house of Este, surrounded by a    NUMISMATIC NOTES         ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. J L     Modena   Order of the Eagle of Este    white-enamelled band, inscribed PROXIMA  SOLI MDCCCLV. The reverse centre of  white enamel bears the figure of Saint Con-  tardo holding a cross. It is surrounded by  a blue-enamelled band bearing three stars  and inscribed S. CON TARDUS ATESTI -  NUS. The ribbon is white, edged with blue  stripes. When awarded for military merit,  the cross is surmounted by a trophy of arms;  for civil merit, by an oak wreath.   MILITARY MEDAL FOR LOYALTY.  Francis IV, the first Hapsburg duke of Mo¬  dena (1816-1846), caused a medal to be struck  and awarded to those of his troops who re  mained faithful during the riot of February   4, 1831. This disturbance was organized  by Ciro Menotti, and forced Francis IV to  flee from his capital. It was thought by  some that the Duke was in league with  Menotti, but as the Duke caused Menotti  to be put to death when the Revolution was  suppressed, this is doubtful. The silver  medal given to his supporting troops bears  the inscription FIDELI MILIT 1  MDCCCXXXI. Within a wreath of laurel,    NUMISMATIC NOTES         MEDALS OF HONOUR   1 3   and below are two crossed swords. The  reverse is inscribed FRA NCI SC US IV DUX  MUTINAE. The ribbon has three stripes,  equal in width; the middle one white, the  side ones blue.   CROSS FOR SERVICE. Authorized by  Francis V, May 16, 1852. This medal was  awarded to officers who had served 25 years  under the banner of the house of Este. It  is a silver cross with a gilt edge. In the  centre is the white eagle of Este, surmounted  by a crown and the letters F. V. The reverse  bears the Roma n figures XX V. The cross  is surmounted by the ducal crown, and the  ribbon is white, edged with blue.   MILITARY MEDAL OF MERIT. This  decoration was created in 1852 for the junior  officers and privates. It is silver. On the  obverse appears a bust of the duke facing  left, and the legend FRANCESCO V DUCA  Dl MODENA EC. EC. ARCIDUCA D’AUS¬  TRIA ESTE EC. EC. On the reverse, within  a laurel wreath, PEL MERITO MI LI TARE.  The ribbon is blue, edged with white.    AND MONOGRAPHS            MEDAL OF FIDELITY. Francis V ap¬  pears to have been in a struggle with his  subjects during most of the thirteen years  of his reign. He was compelled to seek  refuge in Austria in 1849, but he returned to  Modena after the battle of Novara on March  24th of the same year. Ten years later he  was again forced to flee. In i860 Modena  became part of United Italy. To reward  those of his subjects who had remained  faithful to him during his exile, he created  the Medal of Fidelity in 1863. It is bronze,  32mm. in diameter. On the obverse it bears  the effigy of the duke and the inscription  FRANCESCO V AUST. ATESTENUS  DUX MUT 1 NAE ; on the reverse, the  words FI DELI TATI ET CONSTANTIAE  IN ADVERSIS MDCCCLXIIL surrounded  by a wreath of oak leaves. The ribbon is of  blue and white horizontal stripes, edged with  blue and white.    PARMA.   Parma was the Eastern section of Gallia  Cispadane at the time of Constantine. It  lies in the Lombard plain, north of the  Apennines, south of the River Po and west  of Modena. For the first fifteen centuries  of the Christian era, the many rulers of  Parma were of various nationalities. The  duchy came into the possession of the Far-  nese family during the early part of the Six¬  teenth Century. Eight dukes of that family  ruled over the destinies of its people. From  Antonio, who died childless in 1731, the  duchy passed to Charles of Bourbon (Don  Carlos), Infante of Spain, who became King  of Naples in 1735. Both Austria and Spain  governed it at various times. At the Con¬  gress of Vienna in 1815, the duchy was  granted to Marie-Louise (daughter of Fran¬  cis I of Austria), second wife of Napoleon I.  She died in 1847. Spanish and Austrian  rulers again came into possession. Charles  III, a Bourbon and the grandson of Victor  Emmanuel I of Sardinia, reigned from 1849    AND MONOGRAPHS         i6   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    until his assassination in 1854. In i860,  during the regency of his son Robert, Parma  was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy.   ORDER OF CONSTANTINE. Authori¬  ties differ with regard to the date of the insti¬  tution of this Order. It has been said that  it was founded by Constantine the Great  about the year 313 A.D. Others give credit  to thle Byzantine Emperor Isaac II (Isaac  Angelus Comnenus), and fix the year as  1190. This seems the more probable date.  The Order is also called the Order of Saint  Angelus, the Order of the Golden Chevaliers,  and the Military Order of Constantine of  Saint George, it being under the patronage  of that Saint and Martyr. Late in the  Seventeenth Century its control appears to  have been sold to Francis I (Francis of  Farnese), Duke of Parma, who became the  Grand Master. The Order came into high  repute because of the rules he observed in its  distribution, and also because of the large  domains he conferred upon it, including the  church of the Madonna della Steccata at Par¬  ma. Clark attributes its revival to Charles V.    In 1734 or 1735, after the extinction of the  male line of the Farnese family, the heir  to the Duchy of Parma, Infante Don Carlos  (son of Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Far¬  nese), became the Grand Master. He trans¬  ferred the Order to Naples when he ascended  that throne. It was abolished in Naples  by Joseph Bonaparte in 1806 but continued  in Sicily. Revived in 1814, it remained in  existence until the unification of Italy.  Owing to its transfer to Sicily, it is fre¬  quently classed among the Orders of the Two  Sicilies. The members of the Order consist  of Senators, Commanders, Knights, Serving-  brothers and Squires.   On August 8, 1922, the Count d’Caserta  of the Austrian line of Bourbons, and a dis¬  tant cousin of the King of Italy through the  female line, honoured one Michael Cangiano,  the official Interpreter of the Superior Court  of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Signor Can¬  giano was made a Knight of the Order of  Constantine of Saint George of Parma and  of Sicily. This indicates that the Order  has been continued as a Family Order by the  old rulers of those Duchies Pl. Ill     Parma   Order of Constantine       MEDALS OF HONOUR   19   The insignia is a red-enamelled gold cross,  fleurv. On the arms are the letters I.H.S. V.  (In hoc signo vinces). In the centre is the  Labarum, or Standard. Greek letters X  and P crossed,and A (Alpha) and & (Omega).  Harold Bayley, in his book entitled Lost  Language of Symbolism, London, 1913,  writes,—“The Latin P has the same form as  the Greek letter named Rho. One of the most  famous emblems of early Christianity—  known as the Labarum, the seal of Con¬  stantine, or the Chi-Rho monogram—is the  letter X surmounted by a P. The two letters  Chi and Rho are assumed to read Chr, a  contraction for the name Christ, but the  symbol was in use long ages prior to Chris¬  tianity.” The first class members of the  Order wear a gold figure of Saint George  slaying the dragon, suspended from the  cross. The ribbon is light blue moire.   ORDER OF SAINT L OUIS. Charles III,  Duke of Parma, revived this order at Parma,  August 11, 1849, as an award of merit. His  father Charles Louis (or Charles II) had  originated the order in Lucca in 1836. There    are five classes and the insignia is a cross,  composed of four fleurs-de-lis, bound together  by their leaves. On the centre of the  obverse in a blue-enamelled shield are three  gold lilies. On the reverse is a figure of  St. Louis, surrounded by the motto DEUS  ET DIES (God and light). The Grand  Cross and that for Commanders and Cava¬  liers of the first class have a gold figure of  St. Louis surmounted by a gold crown. The  cross for the second class Cavaliers has a  silver figure with a silver crown, and the  fifth class is of enamelled silver without a  crown. The ribbon is light blue and yellow.   MEDAL OF MERIT. Founded during  the reign of Marie Louise. Marie  Louise was the mother of the Little King  of Rome who, fortunately for Italy, never  reigned. The medal is silver, 20 mm.,  and bears on the obverse, AI BENEMER-  ENTI DEL PRINCIPE E DELLO STATO.  On the reverse is the head of Marie Louise  and the inscription, M. LOUIS ARCID. D. D.  AUSTRIA DUCA DI PARMA PIAZ. E.  GUAST. The ribbon is light blue and light red.    NUMISMATIC NOTES          MEDALS OF HONOUR   #   21   SAN MARINO.   When Marinus, the Dalmatian monk,  and his companions settled in the Eastern  Apennines, in the third century, they little  thought they were establishing a community  with such a future. For a long time San  Marino was something like a buffer state,  between hostile Italian dynasties in that  vicinity. In 1631, the Independence of San  Marino was acknowledged by the States of  the Church. Napoleon I preserved its sep¬  arate existence in 1797, and Napoleon III  protected it from the designs of Pope Pius  IX in 1854. At the unification of Italy,  1859-1860, San Marino was still allowed its  independence, and today it is the smallest  Republic in Europe.   ORDER OF CHIVALRY OF SAN MA¬  RINO. Sometimes called the Equestrian  Order of San Marino, created on August 13,  1859, by the Council of the Republic, in  commemoration of the fifteenth century of  its foundation. The purpose of its founda-    AND MONOGRAPHS ITALIAN    DECORATIONS   f    Pl. IV    San Marino   Order of Chivalry of San Marino       MEDALS OF HONOUR   23   tion was to reward those who were promi¬  nent in the welfare of the country and its  people. There are five grades: Grand  Crosses, Grand Officers, Commanders, Offi¬  cers and Chevaliers. The badge or cross,  which is surmounted by a gold crown, is a  gold-edged, white-enamelled cross moline  with a gold ball at the end of each arm. Be¬  tween the arms are four gold towers. The  obverse centre bears the effigy of Saint  Marino to left, surrounded by a blue band,  inscribed SAN MARINO PROTETTORE.  The reverse bears on a gold shield, in the cen¬  tre, the arms of the country—the three  towers. The shield is surrounded by a blue  band bearing the words MERITO CIVILE  E MI LI TARE. The ribbon is of seven  equal stripes, four of blue and three of white.   The writer has four specimens of this cross.  Two have full-faced busts of San Marino,  with white hair and beard. One has a  younger face to the left, with black beard  and hair, while the fourth has a bust in gold,  facing to the left, but on a white-enamelled  field. Two of the specimens bear on the  reverse MERITO CIVILE. Elvin and    AND MONOGRAPHS           24   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    Lawrence-Archer give the inscription as  “Merito Militare,” while the Catalogue  Musee de VArmte has it “Merito Civile.”  Cappelletti and Puca, the Italian authori¬  ties, give the former wording, and the figure  of San Marino facing to the left; and this,  no doubt, is correct.   MEDAL OF MERIT. Instituted on  March 22, i860. This is octagonal in form  and of gold, silver and bronze, according to  the importance of its award. In the centre  of the obverse is the Arms of the Republic,  the three towers, within an oak and laurel  wreath, below which is the word LIBERT AS;  around this is, REPUBBLICA Dl SAN  MARINO. On the reverse, within an oak  wreath, is the word ANZIANITA if the pur¬  pose of the reward is military, or MERITO ,  if for civil award. The ribbon is light blue,  edged with red.    NUMISMATIC NOTES          MEDALS OF HONOUR   25   SARDINIA, SAVOY AND THE  KINGDOM OF ITALY.   Sardinia, one of the islands of the King¬  dom of Italy, is known to have been settled  by the Carthaginians in 512 B.C. Thence¬  forward Romans, Vandals, Goths, Saracens,  and the Genoese ruled the island. In the  year 1325 A.D, the king of Aragon took pos¬  session. From that time until 1403 Sardinia  was an Aragonese province. After the union  of Aragon and Castile, it became Spanish  and so remained until 1713, when it was  ceded to Austria by the treaty of Utrecht.  In 1720 it w r as given to Victor Amadeus II  (1666-1732), Duke of Savoy, in exchange for  the island of Sicily, and he became King of  Sardinia; the title of King of Savoy was con¬  ferred upon him the same year. This title  of King of Sardinia and Savoy continued  until the unification of Italy in 1859-1860.   MEDAL OF VALOUR. Created in 1793  by Victor Amadeus III (1727-1796), King of  Sardinia. It is of gold and silver, 38 mm.    AND MONOGRAPHS         26   ITALIAN ORDERS    in diameter, and bears on the obverse a  bust of the king facing to right and VITTO¬  RIO-AM ADEJJS III. The reverse has a  wreath of oak leaves, within which is a tro¬  phy of arms and flags, and the words AL  V A LORE. The ribbon is dark blue.   About 1404 Amadeus VIII, (the first Duke  of Savoy), extended his provinces. The  teriitory over which he later reigned extend¬  ed from the Lake of Geneva to the Mediter¬  ranean Sea, and from the River Saone (in  France) to ,the River Sesia in Italy. The  Duchy of Savoy also included Nice. This  section remained almost continually in the  possession of the house of Savoy until i860.   It is said that Napoleon III had a secret  treaty with Count Cavour, the Italian states¬  man, before the French army went to assist  the Sardinians to drive the Austrians from  Northern Italy. At the Peace table, Savoy,  the cradle of the house of that name, as well  as Nice, was given to France. Of this set¬  tlement, Garibaldi is reported to have said,  “That man (Cavour) has made me a foreigner  in my own house.”   Inasmuch as the Kingdom of Italy has    NUMISMATIC NOTES         MEDALS OF HONOUR   27   been ruled by princes of the house of Savoy,  it seems proper to describe, in the subsequent  pages, the decorations generally known as  Italian Orders of Chivalry and Medals of  Distinction.   ORDER OF THE MOST SACRED  ANNUNCIATION. This Order is the high¬  est in rank and most important of all the  Italian Decorations. It ranks with the  Golden Fleece of Spain and the Garter of  England. Authorities differ as to its origin,  though many of them give the year 1362 as  the date of its foundation. In that year,  the Order of the Neck Chain 01 Order of the  Collar of Savoy was founded by Amadeus  VI, Count Verde of Savoy. His  grandfather, Amadeus V, called the Great,  assisted the Knights of the Order of Saint  John of Jerusalem at Rhodes, and compelled  the Turks, under Mahomet II, to abandon  their siege of that island in 1310 or, as some  state, in 1315. For this service Amadeus V  was presented with a collar, bearing the let¬  ters F.E.R.T. Fortitudo ejus Rhodum tenuit  (By his bravery Rhodes was held). He was also granted for his Arms, the use of  the white cross of the Crusaders, which later  became the Cross of Savoy (H. W. Finch-  am’s “Order of St. John of Jerusalem in  England”). Although authorities differ as  to the exact meaning of these letters  F.E.R.T., the above is the more generally  accepted explanation, and is that given by  Bernardo Giustinian, the Italian authority,  in 1692. In 1518, new statutes were formu¬  lated for the Order by Charles III, Count of  Savoy. At that time the name was changed  to the Order of the Most Sacred Annuncia¬  tion. Several changes in the Order have  been made by various Counts of Savoy since  that time, among whom were Victor Emman¬  uel II in 1869 and Humbert I in 1889. There  is but one class of Members—Chevaliers or  Knights, whose number, exclusive of the  Sovereign and Church Dignitaries and  Princes, is limited. They must also be of  the Roman Catholic faith. The insignia  consists of a gold medallion on which is a  representation of the Annunciation, above  which is a dove, symbolising the Holy Spirit.  This is surrounded by a group of symbolic    NUMISMATIC NOTES         «£    ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. V     Italy (savoy)   Order of the Most Sacred Annunciation    30   ITALIAN ORDERS    knots of ribbon (lacs d’amour), on which are  numerous roses, a possible reference to the  Mystic Rose. The whole is suspended from  a gold chain, composed of alternate knots of  ribbon and roses, with the letters F.E.R.T.  interwoven. The plaque, or star, is similar  to the badge, surrounded by eight rays of  flame, with the letters F.E.R.T. on the sides.  The ribbon is blue moire. (Frontispiece.)   ORDER OF SAINT MAURICE AND  SAINT LAZARUS. The Order of St. Mau¬  rice was instituted in 1434, at Ripaille,  near the lake of Geneva, by Amadeus VIII  (13^3-1450), Count and first Duke of Savoy.  The Order took its name from the patron  saint of Savoy. Amadeus VIII conferred  this Order on ten of his courtiers when they  accompanied him to his retreat at the priory  of Ripaille. He was elected Pope in 1439,  taking the name of Felix V, but he resigned  in 1448 and retired to the solitude of Ripaille,  where he died in 1450. He is buried at  Lausanne. Shortly after his death, the Or¬  der became dormant. It was revived in    NUMISMATIC NOTES          ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. VI     Italy (savoy)   Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus        1572 by Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy,  to encourage the Catholics to resist the Cal-  vinistic reforms attempted in Savoy. The  Dukes of Savoy were Grand Masters.   The Order of Saint Lazarus was gen¬  erally supposed to have been founded about  the year 1060, during the earlier crusades,  although there was a Fraternity of Ecclesias¬  tical Knights who as early as 366 A.D.  founded a hospital at Jerusalem to care for  the lepers. These were known as the  Knights of St. Lazarus. Elias Ashmole,  in his “History of the most noble Order of  the Garter,” London, 1715, writes—“At  length, through the incursion of the Barba¬  rians, and Injury of Time, it (the order)  lay extinguished, but was revived when the  Latin Princes joyned in a Holy League to  recover the Holy Land. . . . For in that  Time the Monks of this Order added Martial  Discipline to their Skill in Physick; and for  their Services against the Infidels, begat a  great Esteem from Baldwin II, King of  Jerusalem, and some of his Successors.”  The Order was inactive for a long period.    NUMISMATIC NOTES        MEDALS OF HONOUR   33   In 1490 it was united with the Hospitallers  of St. John at Rhodes, but in 1565 Pope Pius  IV restored it and granted additional privi¬  leges. In September, 1572, Pope Gregory  XIII, at the request of Emmanuel Philibert,  Duke of Savoy, restored the Order of Saint  Maurice and united it with that of St. Laz¬  arus, under the title of the ORDER OF  SAINT MAURICE AND SAINT LAZARUS.  Pope Gregory XIII also appointed the Dukes  of Savoy Hereditaries and Masters, and as  Ashmole writes—“oblig’d them to furnish  out two Gallies for the Service of the Papal  See, to be employ’d against Pyrates.”   There have been many changes in the Or¬  der by the various sovereigns, but at present  there are five grades: Knights of the Grand  Cross, Grand Officers, Commanders, Officers  and Chevaliers. The number of the last  grade is unlimited. Many foreigners have  been decorated with this grade. The pres¬  ent form of decoration was established by  Duke Charles Emmanuel I (1562-1630). The  badge consists of a white-enamelled cross,  treflee, of St. Maurice, conjoined at the   *   AND angles with the green Maltese cross of St.  Lazarus, which is ball-tipped at the points.  The badges of the four higher grades are sur¬  mounted by a Royal crown, the size of the  cross and of the crown indicating the par¬  ticular grade. It is suspended by a bright  green watered ribbon. The eight-rayed star  of the Order is silver. In the centre is a  reproduction of the badge or cross, without  the crown.   MEDAL OF SAINT MAURICE. Insti¬  tuted for Military services by King Charles  Albert, 1 King of Sardinia, on July 19, 1839.  It was intended as further recognition of  those officials who had received the cross of  the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus,  and who had served under the flag 11 per la  durati di died lustri” (lustri meaning a five  year enlistment, and died lustri , therefore,  fifty years). The Medal is gold, bearing on  the obverse the equestrian figure of the pa¬  tron saint of Savoy, St. Maurice, holding the  flag of the Order in his right hand. Around  this are the words S. MAURIZIO PRO-    NUMISMATIC NOTES            MEDALS OF HONOUR   35   TETTORE DELLE NOSTRE ARMI. The  reverse is inscribed as below,   AL C A V A LI ERE   MAU RIZIA NO   PER DIECI LUSTRI   NELLA CARRIERA   MI LI TARE   BENEM ERITO   space being reserved for the name of the  recipient. There are two sizes of the medal.  The larger, 55 mm. in diameter, is for Gen¬  erals or Admirals who had received the  higher decoration of the Order of St. Maurice  and St. Lazarus, and the smaller, 39 mm.,  for officers who had received the lower grades  of the same Order. The ribbon is green, the  same as for the Order.   ROYAL MILITARY ORDER OF SAVOY.  Founded at Genoa, on August 14, 1815, by  Victor Emmanuel I (1759-1824). Its pur¬  pose was to reward acts of valour and  magnanimity. The Order was modified on  September 28, 1855, by Victor Emmanuel  II, later king of Italy, who also changed the    decoration to the present form. There are  five classes: Knights of the Grand Cross,  Grand Officers, Commanders, Officers and  Chevaliers. The cross, which is white-  enamelled with curvilinear tips, is edged with  gold. It rests upon a wreath of laurel  leaves. On the red background of the medal¬  lion is the white cross of Savoy, around  which on a circular band are the words AL  M ER 1 TO MI LI T A RE. The reverse medal¬  lion of red enamel has two crossed swords,  points up, above which is the date 1855, and  on either side, the initials V. E. The cross  of the first three classes is surmounted by  a Royal crown, that of the fourth class by a  trophy of flags and arms, while the fifth class  cross has but the suspension ring. The ribbon  is blue moire, with a red band in the centre.   The star, which is of silver, has eight rays;  in the centre is a duplication of the obverse of  the decoration, without the crown. Prior  to 1855, the star or plaque bore the motto  AL MERITO ED AL VALORE.   CIVIL ORDER OF SAVOY. Founded at  Turin, on October 29, 1831, by Charles    Pl. VII     Italy (savoy)  Military Order of Savoy    38   ITALIAN ORDERS    Albert (1798-1849), King of Sardinia and  Savoy. During most of his reign of eighteen  years, he was at war with Austria. Follow¬  ing the revolution of 1848 in France, he  began war for the Independence of Italy  but was compelled to abdicate in 1849 after  his defeat by the Austrians at Novara. The  object of the Order was to rewaid ‘those of  other professions, not less useful than that of  the army, who have become through long and  profound study the ornaments of the State to  which they have rendered important service.’   There is but one class to the Order, known  as Knights, and it is seldom conferred on  foreigners. The decoration is a light blue  Savoy cross edged with gold. The medallion  on the obverse is white with a gold rim; in  the centre are the intials of the founder,   C. A. The reverse has AL MERITO  CIVILE 1831 , in gold lettering on a white  field, on the centre medallion. The moire  ribbon is of three equal stripes—light blue  with white either side.   ORDER OF THE CROWN OF ITALY.  Created on February 20, 1868, by Victor    Pl. VIII     Italy (savoy)  Civil Order of Savoy                40   ITALIAN ORDERS    Emmanuel II (1820-1878), the first King of  United Italy, to commemorate the annexa¬  tion of Venice to that kingdom. This is  sometimes called the Order of the Iron  Crown. Doubtless the origin of the name  arose from the fact that at the coronation  of Agilif, King of the Lombards (592-615),  a crown was used, composed of gold and  precious stones, inset with a band of iron  which was said to have been forged from a  nail of the true Cross. Tradition says that  this crown was kept in the Cathedral of  Monza and removed to Mantua in 1859.  When Napoleon I became King of Italy in  1805, it is said he was crowned with this  crown. The Order of the Iron Crown of  Italy, founded by Napoleon I in 1805, was  abolished in 1814, although revived in  Austria in 1816 by Francis I as the Austrian  Order of the Iron Crown.   The first distribution of the Order of  the Crown of Italy, as founded by King  Victor Emmanuel II, occurred on April  22, 1868, when the heir-apparent, Humbert,  married Princess Marguerite of Savoy.  There are five classes of the Order—Grand    Pl. IX     Italy   Order of the Crown of Italy        Cordons, Grand Officers, Commanders,  Officers and Knights. The grade of Knight  or Chevalier is frequently conferred on  foreigners. The insignia is a white-enam¬  elled cross-pattee edged with gold, and  convex, with knots of gold cord connecting  the arms. In the blue-enamelled medallion  is a gold crown. On the reverse medallion  is the crowned eagle of Savoy. On its  breast is a red shield, bearing the white cross  of Savoy. The ribbon is of red with a white  stripe in the centre. The star of the order,  for the highest grade, is of eight silver rays,  on the centre of which is a gold crown on  blue field, encircled by a white band, in¬  scribed VICTORIUS EMMANUEL II  REX I TALI A E MDCCCLXVI. This device  is surmounted by a crowned eagle bearing the  Arms of Savoy on its breast. The star of the  Grand Officer is an eight-pointed silver star,  on which is a reproduction of the Cross.   ORDER OF INDUSTRY. By a decree of  May 9, 1901, Victor Emmanuel III created  a Decoration called the “Cavalieri del  Lavoro” (Knights of Industry). It is    awarded to those prominent or proficient in  the Industrial, Commercial or Agricultural  work of the Kingdom or of its Colonies.  The decoration consists of a green-enamelled  Savoy cross, edged with gold. On the  obverse is a white medallion, bearing the  words AL MERITO/DEL/LAVORO/1901  The reverse medallion bears the initials of the  founder, V. E., in gold on a white field. The rib¬  bon is dark green with a red stripe in the cen¬  tre. There is but one class to this order, and its  award carries with it no particular privileges.   COLONIAL ORDER OF THE STAR OF  ITALY. Founded in 1911 by King Victor  Emmanuel III. Its purpose was to reward  those deserving of especial recognition who  were prominent in the work of the Colonies.  There are five classes to the Order: Knights  of the Grand Cross, Grand Officers, Com¬  manders, Officers and Chevaliers. The  decoration consists of a white-enamelled  star of five points, edged with gold and ball-  tipped. On the obverse medallion of red,  is the gold monogram (V. E.) of the founder,  with crown above. A green-enamelled circle    AND MONOGRAPHS         44    ITALIAN ORDERS    has at the bottom of it 1911. On the  reverse red medallion are the words AL/ ;  MERI TO /COLO NI ALE in gold letters.  The ribbon is red, with narrow white and  green bands on either side. All grades of  the star have a crown above, except that of  Chevalier, which is plain. The plaque, j  which is worn by the first and second classes  only, consists of thirty-five silver rays, on  which is the uncrowned star described above.   MILITARY CROSS FOR SERVICE.  On November 8, 1900, Victor Emmanuel  III authorized a cross for long and faithful  service, called the “Croce per anzianita di  servizio Militare.” It is of gold for Officers,  and of silver for the troops. The decoration  is a Maltese cross; on the obverse, a medallion  bearing the Royal cipher V E crowned, and  on the reverse Roman characters, denoting  years of service —XXV for the Officers and  XVI for the troops. If the officers have  served forty years and the troops twenty-five  years, the Roman characters vary accordingly,  and the cross has a crown above. The ribbon is  green, with a wide white stripe in the centre.    NUMISMATIC NOTES               ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. X     Italy   Colonial Order of the Star of Italy    46   ITALIAN ORDERS    MILITARY MEDAL OF VALOUR. As  early as 1793, during the war between Pied¬  mont and France, Victor Amadeus III,  King of Sardinia (1727-1796), created a  Medal of Valour. This was awarded for  individual acts of bravery, and was struck  in gold and in silver. Victor Emmanuel I  revived the award in 1815, at the time of the  downfall of Napoleon I, but abolished it in  August of that year when he created the  Military Order of Savoy. When Charles  Albert was King of Sardinia and Savoy,  he reinstituted the medal in 1833, for acts  of valour not sufficiently important to war¬  rant the M ilitary Order of Savoy. From the  time of its inception to 1887, it was always  awarded in gold or silver, but in that year  Humbert I decreed that a bronze medal  should be given for acts of valour of a lesser  degree. This medal ranks in Italy almost  as highly as does the Victoria Cross in Great  Britain or the Medal of Honour in this  country. It is frequently called the Sar¬  dinian Medal of Valour. The earliest model  was 38 mm. in diameter, having on the  obverse the bust of the king facing to the    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XI     Italy (savoy)  Military Medal of Valour        48    IT A    LI A    N ORDERS AND    right and the words VITTORIO AMADEUS  III. The reverse had a wreath of oak leaves,  within this is a trophy of arms and flags and    the words AL V A LORE. About the time  of the Crimean war, the design was changed.  The size was reduced to 33 mm. The  obverse has the Arms of Savoy, surmounted  by a crown in an oval. Below are a palm  and laurel branch, tied at base with a ribbon;    and around the whole, the words AL V A LO¬  RE MI LI TARE. The reverse has two laurel  branches tied with a ribbon, with a space  in the centre for the recipient’s name. The  name of his campaign is placed on the outer  edge. The ribbon has always been a dark  blue moire. Victor Emmanuel II caused a  number of these medals, in both gold and  silver, to be given to the British and French  troops who took part in the Crimean war.  Two of these are in my collection, and have  been awarded to Frenchmen. The reverse  has the name and title of the recipient en¬  graved at the centre, while around the outer  edge of one are the words SPEDIZIONE  D’ORIENTE 1855-1856, in relief. The  second specimen has the same words en-      NUMISMATIC NOTES                 MEDALS OF HONOUR   49   graved. The Musee de VArm'ee of Paris has  a medal with the recipient’s name engraved  and GUERRE DTTALIE 1859 in relief.  This was for the war with Austria. Another  has in relief CAMP A GNA DELLA BASS A  ITALIA 1860-1861 . Mr. C. S. Gifford, of  Boston, has in his collection a variant of  this Medal of Valour. It is but 25 mm. in  diameter. The reverse has around the edge,  outside the wreath, in relief , the words  GUERRA CONTRA VIMPERO D’AUS¬  TRIA.   Many of these medals have been awarded  to the men of other countries who have  assisted Italy in her campaigns. It was a  Military Medal of Valour, of gold, which  General Diaz placed upon the grave of the un¬  known American soldier at Arlington on Nov¬  ember 11,1921, by order of the King of Italy.   CIVIL MEDAL OF VALOUR. Au¬  thorized by King Victor Emmanuel II on  April 3, 1851. It was given in gold, silver  and bronze. Under a decree of April 29,  1888, Humbert I authorized a bronze medal  also. These are awarded to civilians for per-    AND MONOGRAPHS          50   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    sonal acts of courage and valour, such as  rescues at fires and at sea. The medal is  34 mm. in diameter, bearing on the obverse  the Arms of Savoy in an escutcheon, with a  Royal crown above. Around this at the  top are the words AL VALORE CIVILE.  The r everse has a wreath of oak leaves, with  space in the centre for the recipient’s name.  The writer’s medal is engraved D’ONOFRIO  GIO. ANTONIO CERVINARA (AVEL-  LINO) 22 XBRE. 1868. The ribbon for this  medal is of the Italian National colours.  Three equal stripes—red, white and green.   NAVAL MEDAL OF VALOUR. Insti¬  tuted in March, 1836; modified in 1847, and  again by Victor Emmanuel II in i860, to  reward the men of the Navy for heroism.  In 1888, Humbert I established three grades,  gold, silver and bronze, according to the  character of the award. The obverse bears  the Arms of Savoy on a shield, with a crown  above, and encircled by a palm and laurel  branch tied at the bottom; and round the  outer edge is the motto AL VALORE DI  MARINA. On the reverse is an oak    NUMISMATIC NOTES         MEDALS OF HONOUR  wreath (less full than that of the Military  medal of Valour) with a reserve in the  centre for the name of recipient and mention  of the act for which the medal is awarded.  The ribbon is dark blue moire, with one wide  and one narrow white stripe at each side.   MEDAL OF MERIT FOR PUBLIC  SAFETY. This decoration was first insti¬  tuted on September 13, 1854, by Victor  Emmanuel II and was called “La Medaglia  di Benemerenza per i Benemeriti della  salute pubblica” Its purpose was to reward  the services of volunteers in epidemics of  contagious diseases and those who took part  in other ways beneficial to the health and  safety of the public.   It is given in gold, silver and bronze.  On the obverse is a bust of the King to left,  around which is inscribed UMBERTO I  RE D'IT ALIA. On the reverse are oak  and laurel branches, surrounded by the words  SALUTIS PUBLICAE BENEMERENTI-  BUS. A reserve at the centre is left for the  name of the recipient. On the earlier  models the bust and title of Victor Emmanuel    AND MONOGRAPHS            II appeared on the obverse, and the reverse  motto read AI BEN EMERITI DELLA  SALUTE PUBBLICA . The ribbon is light  blue, edged with black.   MEDAL FOR VETERANS GUARDING  THE TOMB OF THE KINGS. This medal  was authorized on July 14, 1879, and altered  on January 1, 1880. It was established to  honour the veterans of the war of 1848-1849  who guarded the tomb of Victor Emmanuel  II. It is 30 mm. in diameter and of silver.  The ribbon is blue with a white stripe in the  centre, with one edge green and the other  red. The first model has on the obverse a  wreath of laurel with a superimposed, five-  pointed star bearing at the centre the bust  of the King and the words UMBERTO 1°  RE D’lTALIA; on the reverse, VETERAN!  1848-49 / GUARDI A D’ONORE / ALLA  TOMB A DEL RE / VITTORIO EMA-  NUELEII. After the death of Humbert I,  Victor Emmanuel III altered the medal.  The obverse bore his own bust and title, and  the reverse read / AI/VETERA Nl 1848-1870  /GUARDIA D’ONORE / ALLE TOMBE    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XII      Italy   Veteran Guard of the Tomb of the Kings       54   ITALIAN ORDERS    DI RE / VIT TO RIO EM AN UELE II / E  UMBERTO I. A specimen of this design  is in my collection.   LIFE SAVING MEDAL. Authorized by  Royal Decree on March 8 , 1888 . This  decoration is awarded to those, not in the  Navy, who have risked their lives to save  others from drowning, or shipwreck, or for  other forms ot personal valour at sea. It is  issued by the Ministry of the Marine. The  medal is in silver and in bronze only and is  not to be worn on the person. The obverse  bears the effigy of the King, facing left, and  the inscription VITTORIO EMANUELE  III RE D J IT ALIA. The reverse has two  circles, one within the other; in the outer  circle occur the words MIN1STERO DELLA  MARIN A, while the inner one is left blank  for the name of the recipient, the date and  the statement regarding the occasion of the  award.   MEDAL OF MERIT. Authorized by a  Decree of May 6, 1909. This medal was  awarded to all persons, including many    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XIII      Italy   Medal of Merit    56   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    foreigners, who from philanthropic or  charitable motives went to the relief of the  inhabitants of Sicily and Southern Calabria  at the time of the earthquake of December  28, 1908. It is 34 mm. in diameter, and  was issued in gold, silver and bronze. The  obverse bears the effigy of the King, facing  left, and the words VITTORIO EMA-  NUELE III. On the reverse, the inscription  TERREMOTO / 28 DICEMBRE 1908  /IN CALABRIA / E IN SICILIA, sur¬  rounded by a wreath of oak leaves. The  ribbon is green with a white stripe on either  side. A variation of this medal was issued,  bearing on the obverse the bust of the king  surrounded by the inscription VITTORIO  EMANUELE III RE D’I TALI A. The  reverse reads MEDAGLIA/COMMEMO-  RA TI V A / TERREMOTO / C ALABRO  SICULO/28 DICEMBRE /1908. The  ribbon for this has 5 stripes, alternately  white and green.   The writer possesses an interesting medal,  for the official issuance of which no authority  has been found. It is of silver, 33 mm. in  diameter. The obverse bears the head of    NUMISMATIC NOTES        MEDALS OF HONOUR    57    the King of Sardinia and Savoy, facing left,  with A CARLO ALBERTO at the sides.  Under the bust, the letters S.J. (probably  standing for Stephano Johnson). The  reverse reads I VETERANI/ITALIANI  /IN/PELLEGRINAGGIO /ALLA SUA  TOMB A /A SUP ERG A . The ribbon is dark  blue with a yellow stripe each side. It is  believed that these medals were given to the  veteran soldiers of Charles Albert who made  the pilgrimage to his last resting place.  The Abbey of Superga was founded by  Victor Amadeus III near Turin. In its church  rest the remains of the Princes of Savoy.  Charles Albert (1789-1849) died at Oporto in  1849. His body was buried on the heights of  Superga. Italy later recognized his devotion,  and pilgrims still journey to his tomb.   CRI MEAN M EDAL. Italy was not back¬  ward in awarding what are commonly  known as Campaign or Service Medals but  which the Italian authorities style “Medaglie  Commemorative.” That for the Crimean war  was the first. It was authorized on October  22, 1856, and was issued to the Piedmont    AND MONOGRAPHS  ITALIAN ORDERS AND    troops serving during that campaign under  General La Marmora. The medal is of  silver, 35 mm. in diameter. On the obverse  appears the effigy of the King, facing left,  and the inscription VITTORIO EM AN U ELE  II. The reverse has in large letters, in  relief, CRIMEA/1855-1856. The ribbon is  light blue with a narrow gold edge. Some  authorities assign a ribbon of the Italian  National colours—red, white and green.   MEDAL FOR THE LIBERATION OF  SICILY. This medal was issued to com¬  memorate the dethronement of Ferdinand  II and the union of the ancient Kingdom of  Sicily with the Kingdom of Italy. As a  result of that insurrection, Garibaldi with  his thousand troops landed at Marsala, and  in three weeks was master of Messina. The  medal (30 mm.) is of silver and bronze.  On the obverse is the bust of the king and  the words VITTORIO EM AN U ELE; below  the bust, the initials S.J., probably standing  for Stephano Johnson, the maker. The re¬  verse is inscribed IT ALIA / E CASA DI  SA VOIA / LIBERAZIONE DI / SICILIA    NUMISMATIC NOTES           MEDALS OF HONOUR    59    1860. The ribbon is red, with one white  and one green edge.   STAR OF THE THOUSAND. Here might  appropriately be mentioned a unique dec¬  oration. On January 9, 1861, General Turr  went to the island of Caprera to carry to  that great Italian patriot, General Giuseppe  Garibaldi (1807-1882), the Star of Honour  which his famous thousand companions had  offered him. It is a gold star of seven points,  loosely set with diamonds. In the centre  on a blue-enamelled field in letters of gold is  ARTURO (a star which is said to protect  any one with an ideal). On this is super¬  imposed a gold Trinacria, the emblem of  Sicily. This is surrounded by an enamelled  band of white, green and red, inscribed in  letters of gold I MILLE AL LORO DUCE  (The thousand to their chief). This was  the only decoration which that great  General consented to wear; and after his  death at Caprera on June 2, 1882, the star  was given by his sons to the Quirinal Museum  in Rome where it may now be seen.    AND MONOGRAPHS           6o   ITALIAN ORDERS    MEDAL OF THE THOUSAND, or  MARSALA MEDAL. Issued by the city  of Palermo, and authorized by the Italian  government in 1865. It was presented to  the troops of Garibaldi who entered the City  in i860, and is called LA MEDAGLIA DEI  MILLE. The obverse has in the centre an  eagle with raised wings, standing on a fillet  inscribed S. P. Q. R. Around this are the  words AI PRODI CUI FU DUCE GARI¬  BALDI (To the brave men who were led by  Garibaldi). On the reverse within a wreath  of laurel is IL MUNICIPIO/PALERMI-  TANO / RI VENDICA TO / MDCCCLX.  Around this, outside the wreath are the words  MARSALA CALATAFIMI PALERMO.  The medal was issued in silver and in bronze.  The ribbon is bright red, with a gold stripe each  side, and on the face of the ribbon is fastened  a silver Trinacria , the emblem of Sicily.   MEDAL OF ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE.  This decoration was authorized in 1862. It  is of silver, and 32 mm. in diameter. On the  obverse is the head of the king, to left,    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XIV     Italy   Medal of the Thousand    62   ITALIAN ORDERS    around which are the words VITTORIO  EMANUELE II RE D’I TALI A The  reverse depicts a standing female figure,  symbolizing Italy, holding in her right hand  a spear, and in the left, a shield with the  Arms of Savoy. Around the whole is in¬  scribed GUERRE PER LTNDIPENDENZA  E V UNIT A D’IT ALIA. The ribbon is  composed of six narrow stripes of the  National colours—green, white and red.  Bars or barrets are issued in silver to be  attached to the ribbon, as follows: 1848-  1849 (war with Austria), 1855-1856 (Cri¬  mean War), 1859 (war with Austria), 1860-  1861 (Garibaldi’s expedition in Sicily and  the Campaign in central Italy), 1866 (war  with Austria), 1867 (Campaign against  Rome), and 1870 (Capture of Rome).   MEDAL FOR UNITED ITALY. This  medal was authorized in 1883. It is 32 mm.  in size, and of silver and bronze. On the  obverse is the effigy of the King and the  words UMBERTO I RE D’lTALIA. On  the reverse, within a laurel wreath the in¬  scription UNITA/D’ITALI A/1848-1870.    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XV     Italy   Medal of Italian Independence    ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XVI     Italy   Medal for United Italy           MEDALS OF HONOUR    65    The ribbon has a broad green stripe with a  white and a red stripe on both sides.   Unlike the British campaign medals, few  of the Italian medals are inscribed on the  edges. The writer has a group of three  medals, inscribed PHILIP FIGYELMESY  COM ANDANTE USSERI UNGHERESI.  These are for the Campaign of United Italy,  Liberation of Sicily, and for Italian Inde¬  pendence.    MEDAL FOR AFRICA. Created on  November 3, 1894; sometimes called the  “Medal for Abyssinia.” It was awarded to  the forces of the Army and Navy which took  part in the operations in Abyssinia, especially  in that portion bordering on the Red Sea,  called Eritrea. This included the campaign  of 1887-1897 against Menelik II, who was  the Negus of Abyssinia. The medal was  issued in bronze, 32 mm., and bears on the  obverse the crowned head of King Humbert  I, facing right. On the reverse, within a  laurel wreath, are the words CAMPAGNE  D } AFRICA. The ribbon is red with blue  borders. Silver bars, suitably inscribed,    AND MONOGRAPHS          66   ITALIAN ORDERS    were issued to the troops taking part in the  following expeditions, viz: Campagna 1887-  1888, Saati, Dogali Saganeiti, Keren,  Asmara, Adua, Agordat (1890), Halat,  Serobeti, Agordat (1893), Kassala, Halai,  Coatit, Campagna 1895-1896 and Cam¬  pagna 1897.   MEDAL FOR THE FAR EAST. Au¬  thorized on June 23, 1901, and also known  as the “Medal for China/’ or the “Medal  for the Boxer Uprising.” At the time of  that unfortunate affair, when so many of  the Nations went to the relief of their lega¬  tions at Pekin, Italy was among the first.  To all those taking part in this expedition,  and to those who remained as guardians of  the territory until the end of the year 1901,  this medal was given. It is of bronze,  32 mm., and bears on the obverse the effigy  of the King facing left and the words VIT-  TORIO EMANUELE III RE D’lTALIA;  on the reverse, within a wreath of laurel,  CINA 1900 - 1901 . The ribbon is yellow,  with four dark blue stripes. Another medal  for China is exactly like the above, excepting    NUMISMATIC NOTES               ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XVII     Italy   Medal for Africa         68   ITALIAN ORDERS    that the reverse bears the word CINA only.  This was given to the troops and sailors  who served in China from December 31,  1901 to April 1, 1908. The ribbon is  similar.   MEDAL FOR THE TURKISH WAR OF  1911 - 1912 . But a few years ago Italy and  Turkey were fighting desperately for the  control of Tripoli, a section of Northern  Africa which had been under Turkish rule  for several centuries. It was at this time  that Germany all but precipitated a Euro¬  pean war by insisting upon certain methods  of settlement. Fortunately conflict was  averted by the treaty of Lausanne. To  commemorate the triumph over Turkey and  to honor those engaged there, a silver medal  of 32 mm. was authorized on November 21,  1912. The medal was issued to all men of  the Army and Navy who took part in the  operations against the Ottoman Empire,  whether in Africa or in Turkish territory.  On the obverse of the medal is the head of  the King, facing right, and the inscription,  VITTORIO EM A N V ELE. III. RE    NUMISMATIC NOTES        Pl. XVI 11     Italy  War Cross      70   ITALIAN ORDERS    D* I TALI A. On the reverse, within a  wreath of laurel, the words GUERRA /  ITALO-TURCA,/ 1911 - 1912 . The ribbon is  of six narrow blue and five narrow red stripes  of equal width.   MEDAL FOR THE WAR IN LIBYA.  The treaty of Lausanne did not stop all war  operations on the part of Italy. The tribes  of the newly acquired Colonial possessions  continued to make trouble. To reward the  troops taking part in such campaigns, a  silver medal of 32 mm. was authorized on  September 6, 1913. This was identical with  the Turkish war medal, except that the re¬  verse bears the words GUERRA/IN LIBIA.  The ribbon is of the same design and colour.   WAR CROSS OF ITALY. Authorized in  1918. It was awarded to those worthy of  official recognition during the World War,  but whose service was not of sufficient im¬  portance to warrant the Medal of Military  Valour. The Decoration is of bronze, 38  mm., in the form of the Savoy Cross. On  the obverse is inscribed MER 1 T 0 Dl    NUMISMATIC NOTES             ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XIX     Italy   Medal for the World War    72   ITALIAN ORDERS    GUERRA , above which is the King’s  crowned monogram, V. E. and III. On the  lower arm of the cross is an upright sword  entwined with a branch of oak. The  reverse has a. star in the centre surrounded  by rays. The ribbon is dark blue with  two white stripes.   MEDAL FOR THE WORLD WAR.  Created on July 29, 1920 and made from  captured Austrian cannon. It is bronze,  32 mm. On the obverse appears the hel-  meted bust of the King, encircled by the  inscription, GUERRA PER V UNIT A  D' I TALI A 1915-1918 and three branches of  oak leaves. The reverse has an allegorical  figure of Victory, standing on a support  borne by two helmeted soldiers, and the  inscription CONIT A NEL BRONZE N E-  MICO (Coined from enemy bronze). The  ribbon has eighteen narrow stripes of green,  white and red—six of each colour. Bars  were issued to be worn on the ribbon to  designate the years of service in the war.  These bear the dates of 1915 , 1916,1917 and  1918 .    NUMIS M ATIC NOTES            ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XX     Italy   Medal of National Gratitude       74   ITALIAN ORDERS    VICTORY MEDAL. Created on De¬  cember 16, 1920, but not issued until 1922.  The medal is bronze, 36 mm. As with the  Victory medals of the other allies, the winged  Victory is the dominant feature. This  figure stands facing on a triumphal chariot  drawn by four lions. The reverse shows a  tripod above which two doves of peace are to  be seen. At top the inscription GRANDE-  G VERRA-PER-LA-Cl VILTA . In field, at  each side of tripod MCMXIV-MCMXVIII,  below, in two lines, AI COMBATTENTI  BELLE NAZIONI/ALLEA TE ED ASSO¬  CIATE. The badge is suspended by the  rainbow ribbon as are all the Victory  medals.   MEDAL OF NATIONAL GRATITUDE.  This medal is awarded to mothers who lost  sons in the World War. The obverse shows  an allegorical figure presenting a wreath to  a fallen warrior. Standing alongside is  another female in an attitude of grief. The  reverse has an inscription in eight lines  IL FIGLIO / CHE TI NACQUE / DAL  DOLORE / TI RINASCE “0 BEAT A”  /    NUMISMATIC NOTES         ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXI     Italy   Victory Medal        7 6   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    NELLA GLORIA / E IL VIVO EROE /  “PIENA DI GRAZIA” / E PECO. The  ribbon is grey with center composed of  narrow green, white and red stripes.    MEDAL FOR WAR ORPHANS. This  medal has also been authorized but no  information has been received concerning it.    ITALIAN UNITY MEDAL. This medal  has not as yet been distributed and details  concerning it are lacking. It is to be sold  and the money received is to go to the widows  and mothers of those killed in the war.    MEDAL FOR WAR VOLUNTEERS,  Notice has been received that a medal will  be issued shortly to those who volunteered  in the World War.    CROWN OF MERIT. At this writing,  and before any confirmation could be secured,  advices have come that the Councils of  Ministers have proposed a decoration to be  awarded to clerks and workingmen who have  remained faithful to their employers for    NUMISMATIC NOTES          MEDALS OF HONOUR   77   twenty-five years or more. Presumably this  medal is intended to stimulate a spirit of co¬  operation between the employed and em¬  ployer. No decision as to the design has  been announced.   Several of the municipalities of Northern  Italy issued medals to honor those who aided  in the efforts to free that country during the  strenuous days of 1848-1849. None of  these medals of the cities are official medals,  and consequently few if any of the authori¬  ties mention them. They are inserted here  in order that the numismatist may have  some facts relating to them.   Como had a medal inscribed on the ob¬  verse, COMO LIBERATA NELLE GLORI-  OSE GIORNATE 18-22 MARZO 1848 .  The reverse bears the Arms of the city and  the words AL VALORE DEL CITTADINO.   Bologna issued a medal inscribed VIT¬  TORIO BOLOGNA 8 ./ 8 . 1848 . On the re¬  verse, QUANDA IL POPOLO SI DESTA  DIO SI PONE ALLA SUA TESTA.   Livorno’s medal bears on the obverse  AI V A LOROSI DIFENSORI DI LIVORNO  10 E 11/5 18 49. The reverse bears the    AND MONOGRAPHS         78   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    Arms of the State and the words MUNICI-  PIO DI LIVORNO. The ribbons for the  above medals are red and white.   Milano likewise had a medal to show her  appreciation of the efforts of her citizens for  freedom. It bears on the obverse a figure  of Victory and the dome of the Cathedral.  The reverse has the Arms of the State and  the inscription COMMUNE DI MILANO.  The ribbon is red and yellow.   Cadore, Vicenza and Brescia are also said  to have issued medals, but a dependable  description has not been obtainable.   During the war of 1848-1849 against  Austria, and the several Principalities of  which Italy is now composed, Rome, too,  became involved. At the time of the  Insurrection of 1848, Pope Pius IX fled to  Gaeta, where he remained until 1850. On  February 9, 1849, Rome was declared a  Republic. To those who took part in the  Insurrection, and who aided in the formation  of the short-lived Republic, as well as for  connection with subsequent events, Rome  awarded several medals. As with the others,  authentic information is difficult to obtain.    NUMISMATIC NOTES          MEDALS OF HONOUR   79   MEDAL OF MERIT. Issued for the  battle of Vicenza on June io, 1848. This  medal was of both silver and bronze, and  30 mm. in diameter. On the obverse within  a wreath of oak leaves, the Arms of the city  of Rome—a crowned shield, bearing the  letters S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populus que  jRoman us —The Senate and the people of  Rome). Around this device is the inscription  ALMAE VRBIS COSS BENEMERENTI.  On a plain reverse is the motto, P VGNA  STRENVE / AD VICETIAM/PVGNA TA  / IV.EIDVS VINIAS / M.DCCC. XL VIII.  The ribbon is of equal stripes of magenta  and yellow—the colours of Rome.   MEDAL OF MERIT (Rome). Issued in  silver and bronze. The obverse has in the  centre, the she-wolf with Romulus and  Remus. Around this is BENEMERITO  DELLA PATRIA, with an oak and olive  branch beneath. The reverse has in the  centre a group of flags and a trophy of arms,  surrounded by the inscription INDIPEN-  DENZA ITALIAN A 1848 . The ribbon is  similar to the preceding.    AND MONOGRAPHS         8o   ITALIAN ORDERS    MEDAL OF MERIT. Struck in silver  and bronze, and is said to have been issued  by the Republic of Rome to those who dis¬  tinguished themselves during the Insurrec¬  tion of 1848. It is 30 mm., and has on the  obverse the she-wolf with Romulus and  Remus, standing on a pedestal, bearing the  letteisS. P. Q. R . The reverse reads AL  MERITO, surrounded by an oak wreath.  The ribbon is magenta and yellow.   Another medal is described by one au¬  thority as a reward to the combatants of  1848. It is 23 mm., bronze, and bears on  the obverse an allegorical female figure,  holding a spear in her right hand and a  cornucopia in her left. At her feet is a  globe surmounted by an eagle. Above is a  rayed .star. On the edge is inscribed  REPUBLIC A ROM AN A. On the reverse  is the motto ALLA VIRTU CITTADINA  within an oak wreath. This is surrounded  by the inscription LA P ATRIA RICONO-  SCENTE. No ribbon is described.   According to Padiglione still another  Medal of Merit was issued in commemora¬  tion of September 20, 1870, when Rome was    NUMISMATIC NOTES         ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXII     Rome. Battle of Vicenza  Rome. Medal of Merit    82    ITALIAN ORDERS AND    admitted into the Kingdom of Italy. Scul-  fort, a French writer, says this medal was  given to commemorate the proclamation of  the Republic of Rome in 1848; although  preference is here given to the Italian  authority’s version. The medal was issued  in silver and bronze, 30 mm. in diameter.  On the obverse is a shield bearing the Arms  of the City, surmounted by the she-wolf  with Romulus and Remus. This device  rests upon two crossed battle axes and an  oak wreath. The reverse bears within an  oak wreath ROMA /RIVENDICA TA ,/AI  SUOI/LIBERATORI, surmounted by a  star. The ribbon has narrow alternating  stripes of magenta and yellow. Some rib¬  bons have nineteen stripes; others have  eleven.    NUMISMATIC NOTES              MEDALS OF HONOUR   83   THE TWO SICILIES   Even more so than with Italy proper,  Sicily has been a battle-ground from the  earliest times. And this condition, as is  usually the case, has made the numismatics  of Sicily of great importance. Before the  period of coinage, the Sikels dwelt in the  land. Later the Carthaginians disputed  with the Greeks for its control, both yielding  ultimately to the Romans. In addition to  the struggles between the Normans and the  Spaniards for its possession, it had to with¬  stand the onslaught of the Saracens.   Sicily, especially in the mediaeval period,  has shared the fate of the kingdom of  Naples, or, as they came to be known, the  Kingdom of the two Sicilies—a title which  in itself is a commentary of the relative  importance of Naples. After the Lombard  rule in the nth century, the Normans,under  Count Roger, brought about a consolidation  of Naples and Sicily. The conquest dates  from 1130 A.D., when he assumed the title    AND MONOGRAPHS         8 4   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    of King of Naples and Sicily. There were  two periods of separation—1282 to 1442  and 1458 to 1504, but after the last-named  year the two kingdoms remained under one  crown until the unification of Italy in 1861.   It is unnecessary here to dwell upon the  constantly changing rule for the two king¬  doms more than to mention the conflict  between the House of Anjou and of Aragon  through the 14th and 15th centuries. Under  Charles VIII (from 1494), the French ruled,  while between 1504 and 1707 the Spanish  were in control. They were followed by  the Austrians (until 1720). After that  date Spanish Bourbons held possession.   The Napoleonic rule on the mainland  dates from 1805, while Ferdinand IV con¬  trolled the island of Sicily. The downfall  of Napoleon at Waterloo saw the two  kingdoms again united under the Bourbons.  The wars for the independence of Italy, and  the efforts of Garibaldi in 1859 and i860,  finally brought both sections into the  Kingdom of Italy and under the rule of the  house of Savoy.    NUMISMATIC NOTES        M EDALS OF HONOUR   85   ORDER OF THE SHIP. In 1269, St.  Louis founded in France the Order of the  Ship or of the Double Crescent. Upon his  death in 1270, his brother, Charles d’Anjou,  established this order in the Kingdom of  Naples. Owing to the design of the collar,  this order is sometimes given a third name—  The Order of the Sea Shell. The insignia was  a gold collar of scallop shells, alternating with  double crescents. From this was suspended a  medal with a ship as its design. The motto  is NON CREDO TEMPORI. Clark, an Eng¬  lish writer, describes an order founded in 1382  by Charles III, King of Naples, called the  “Order of St. Nicholas,” while Elias Ashmole  styles it “The Order of the Argonauts of  St. Nicholas.” Both give the motto as NON  CREDO TEMPORE Apparently, therefore,  this is a survival or a later form of the  Order of the Double Crescent.   ORDER OF THE CRESCENT. Favine  states that this order was founded in An-  giers, France, in 1464, by Rene, Duke of  Anjou, King of Jerusalem and Sicily.  Ashmole quotes St. Marthes as giving 1448    AND MONOGRAPHS          86   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    as the date for its foundation. Rene was  unable to hold his island kingdom very long.  The order was not popular, and those  honoured with it were afraid to wear the  badge. The insignia consisted of three gold  chains from which is suspended a gold  crescent, bearing three letters in red, L.O.Z.,  which signify, according to Favine, L’oz en  croissant (Praise by increasing). To the  crescent were attached gold tags indicating  the battles and feats of honour in which the  knights had been engaged. 2   Aragon controlled the Island Kingdom of  Sicily from 1282 to 1442. In 1351 Louis I,  King of Sicily, founded the ORDER OF THE  STAR to replace that of the CRESCENT  MOON. This insignia was a Maltese  cross, in the centre of which is an eight-  pointed star. This Order seems to have  been discontinued in 1394. Giustinian, the  Italian writer in 1692, gives a list of eighteen  Grand Masters of the Order of the Crescent  Moon and of the Star from 1268 to 1667.  This would seem to indicate that the Orders  described above were connected or continued  by the several rulers under different titles.    NUMISMATIC NOTES         MEDALS OF HONOUR   OO   ^4   ORDER OF THE SPUR. Founded in  1266 by Charles d’Anjou, King of Naples  and Sicily, to commemorate his triumph over  Manfred near Benevento. The insignia is  a white-enamelled cross, each of the arms  having double points. A spur is attached  at the base. The Order was shortlived.    ORDER OF THE KNOT OF NAPLES.  Created in 1351 by Louis of Taranto when  he married the Queen of Naples. This was  also termed the “Order of the Holy Spirit  of the Right Desire.” It ceased to exist  after the death of the founder. The  insignia is a knot of cord entwined with  i gold thread.    ORDER OF THE REEL AND LIONESS  (Naples). This Order, of short duration,  was instituted by partisans of the house of  Anjou, during the troubles of 1386-1390.  The insignia is a yarn reel and a lioness, the  significance of which is difficult to learn.  Clark, writing in 1784, states that the  followers of Louis II, Duke of Anjou, were  divided into two factions, one of which wore    AND MONOGRAPHS             88   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    on its arms an embroidered reel as a sign  of contempt for Queen Margaret, widow of  Charles III, who desired to hold the reins of  government. This faction took the name  of “Knights of the Reel.” The other, the  Knights of the Lioness, wore on its breast  the figure of a lioness with feet tied, indi¬  cating that it looked upon Queen Margaret  as one tied by the leg.   ORDER OF THE ERMINE (Naples).  Founded in 1463, by Ferdinand I (1423-  1494) Aragon, King of Naples, at the end  of the war which he had been waging against  John of Anjou, Duke of Calabria. He was  led into this war by his brother-in-law,  Marinus Marcianus, Duke of Sesso, who  conspired to murder Ferdinand. Marinus  Was not only pardoned for his treachery but  was admitted into this Order. The motto  was MALO MORI QUAM FOEDARI  (Death is preferable to dishonor), and the  patron was St. Basil. The badge is a gold  ermine suspended from a gold chain. Au¬  thorities differ as to the exact date of both  the creating and discontinuance of this Order.    NUMISMATIC NOTES             MEDALS OF HONOUR   89   ORDER OF THE GRIFFIN (Naples).  Attributed to Alphonse by Perrot and by  De Genouillac. The date of its founding is  given as 1489. As Alphonse died in 1458 and  was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand I, who  reigned until 1494, it may, therefore, have  been instituted by Ferdinand. No descrip¬  tion of the insignia can be found.   ORDER OF SAINT MICHAEL (Naples).  This Order is likewise attributed to Ferdi¬  nand I, and the insignia is described by  Ashmole as an oval, bearing the word  DECORUM . No other record has been  found.   ORDER OF SAINT JANUARIUS (of the  Two Sicilies). Founded on July 6, 1738, by  King Charles of Sicily (1716-1788), to cele¬  brate his marriage with Princess Amelia,  daughter of Augustus III of Poland. Charles  was of the Spanish Bourbons, and second  son of Philip V. His army had conquered  Sicily, and he became its King in 1735 at  the age of eighteen, having previously borne  the titles of Duke of Parma and Grand-Duke    AND MONOGRAPHS         90   ITALIAN ORDERS    of Tuscany. In 1759 he became Charles  III of Spain, at which time he resigned his  Neapolitan and Sicilian Kingdom in favor  of his son, Ferdinand. Charles formed the  Noble Order of the Immaculate Conception  of the Virgin Mary, often also called “The  Order of Charles III of Spain.” It was he  who, as King of Spain, joined France in  sending assistance to the American Colonies  in their war of Independence. At the Peace  Treaty following that conflict, he recovered  Florida for Spain from England, to whom it  had been ceded in 1763.   Saint Januarius (San Genaro), for whom  this Order is named, was the Patron Saint  of Naples. Relics of this Saint, to whom  miraculous cures are attributed, are pre¬  served in the cathedral named for him in  that city. When the French invaded  Naples in 1806, the Order was abolished in  that country, though it continued in Sicily,  whither Ferdinand had fled. It was revived  after 1814. At the present time it is classed  among the non-active Orders of Italy.  There are two classes: Knights and Honor¬  ary Knights. The badge of the Order is a    NUMISMATIC NOTES          ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXIII     Two Sicilies  Order of Saint Januarius     ITALIAN ORDERS AND    gold Maltese cross, enamelled red with  white edges; gold Bourbon lilies in the  angles. The obverse centre has a figure of  the patron saint, San Genaro, clad in a red  robe and hat, with an open book in the left  hand. The reverse shows an open book and  two receptacles partly filled with the mirac¬  ulous blood of this martyr. The ribbon is  bright red. The plaque is of silver, the same  design as the cross, and bears the words  IN SANGUINE FOEDUS (the Covenant  in Blood).   ROYAL MILITARY ORDER OF SAINT  CHARLES. Instituted by Royal Decree of  October 22, 1738, by King Charles, its  purpose was to reward citizens and members  of the army and navy who had shown  exceptional zeal and fidelity to the crown.  This Order supposedly never received the  Apostolic confirmation of the Pope, and  according to an Italian writer, Ruo, was  shortlived, all record of its existence having  been lost when Charles, its founder, assumed  the throne of Spain in 1759.   The decoration is a fou r-armed cross, each    NUMISMATIC NOTES               MEDALS OF HONOUR   93   arm terminating in the form of a lily, and  the whole surmounted by a royal crown.  The centre medallion bears the image of  Saint Charles. No description of the  reverse is given. The ribbon is violet.   ORDER OF SAINT FERDINAND and  OF MERIT. Founded on April i, 1800 by  Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (also Ferdi¬  nand III of Sicily and I of the Two Sicilies).  It was instituted in commemoration of his  having been restored to his Kingdom after  the defeat of the French by the united  forces of England, Austria, Russia and   I Turkey. The object of the Order was to  reward the Neapolitans who had remained  faithful to the King and his monarchy.  Lord Nelson, Duke of Bronte, was one of  the first foreigners to have this Order  bestowed upon him. He was made a  Knight of the Grand Cross. Like the Order  of Saint Januarius, this was suppressed in  Naples when the French under Joseph  Bonaparte controlled that country. It was  continued in Sicily until 1814 but is said to  have been definitely abolished in i860.    AND MONOGRAPHS              94   ITALIAN ORDERS    There were three classes: Knights of the  Grand Cross, Commanders and Chevaliers.  The cross of this Order is a gold star of six  branches, in the form of rays. In the angles  are Bourbon lilies. The whole is surmounted  by a crown of gold. The gold-centred  medallion bears a figure of St. Ferdinand in  Royal robes and crowned, holding a laurel  wreath in the left and a sword in his  right hand. The encircling blue-enamelled  band is inscribed FI DEI ET MERITO.  The reverse centre of gold is inscribed FERD.  IV. INST. ANNO 1800 . The plaque of the  Order is similar to the obverse of the cross,  without the crown. A dark blue ribbon with  red edges is used for suspension of the cross.   MEDAL OF HONOUR. By a decree of  July 25, 1810, Ferdinand IV added a gold  and silver Medal of Honour. This was  33 mm. in diameter, with the obverse similar  to the cross. The reverse was inscribed  FI DEI ET MERITO. This was worn with  a similar ribbon. Officers and privates of  the Army and Navy were awarded this  medal for distinguished services.    NUMISMATIC NOTES               ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXIV     Two Sicilies  Medal of Honour    96   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    MEDAL OF MERIT FOR LOMBARDY.  Ferdinand IV instituted a medal of silver  for the Neapolitan troops who assisted him  in the campaign in Lombardy against the  French in 1796. This was 38 mm., bearing  on the obverse the helmeted effigy of the  king and the title, FERDIN. IV UTRI  SICILIAE REX P.F.A. ( P-Pio , devout,   F-Forte, brave, A-Augusto , august). On the  reverse, within a laurel wreath, FI DEI/  REGIAE DOM US / PA TRIAE / PROPUG-  NA TORI /OB / EG REGIA FACTA . In the  exergue, E. V.A/MDCCXC VI.   MEDAL OF MERIT FOR SIENA. This  medal was of gold and awarded by Ferdi¬  nand IV to the troops who distinguished  themselves in the Siena campaign in 1797.  On the obverse is the helmeted effigy of the  king and his title FERDIN AN DUS IV  UTRIUSQ. SICILIAE REX P.F.A. On  the obverse is an allegorical figure of a  woman crowning a soldier with a laurel  wreath. Surrounding this, an inscription  reads MI LI TIB US BENE DE REGE AC  PATRIA MERIT 1 S. In the exergue is    NUMISMATIC NOTES        MEDALS OF HONOUR   97   E. V.A./MDCCXC VII. The ribbon is blue  and white, edged with narrower stripes of  blue (Sculfort, p. 176).   MEDAL OF HONOUR FOR THE SIEGE  OF GAETA. When Napoleon I sent his  brother Joseph Bonaparte to rule over the  kingdom of Sicily, Ferdinand IV fled to  Gaeta. This fortress was gallantly de¬  fended in 1806 against the French under  Marechal Massena, but was finally forced to  capitulate, and Ferdinand fled to the island  of Sicily. To reward those who valiantly  assisted him to hold his kingdom, Ferdinand  IV instituted this Medal of Honour. It is 35  mm., and was struck in both gold and silver,  and is suspended from a deep red ribbon.  The obverse of the medal has a bust of the  king facing to right, the head wearing a  helmet, laurel wreathed and surmounted by  a dragon. The inscription is FERDI-  NANDUS IV. D.G. SICILIARUM REX.  The reverse has in the centre a view of the  fortress of Gaeta, surrounded by the motto,  MERITO ET FI DEI CAJETAE DEFEN -  SO RUM 1806 .    AND MONOGRAPHS           98   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    ROYAL ORDER OF THE TWO SICI¬  LIES. Created on February 24, 1808, by  Joseph Napoleon, when King > of Naples   It was issued in three classes: Grand Officers,  Commanders and Chevaliers. Joachim Mu¬  rat, when ruler, modified the Order in 1811;  its purpose was to reward those who had  assisted in the conquest of the country.  The decoration is a red-enamelled star of  five points, ball tipped and with gold edges.  Above this is the Imperial eagle surmounted  by a crown. In the centre medallion is the  Arms of Sicily, a Trinacria or Triquetra,  having a face in the centre. This me¬  dallion is surrounded by the title, JOS. NA-  POLEO SICIL. REX INST 1 TUIT. The  reverse medallion bears a prancing horse,  the Arms of Naples, encircled by a blue-  enamelled band inscribed PRO RENO V A TA  PATRIA. The ribbon is dark blue with a  red stripe in centre.   Following the death of Murat on October  13, 1815, the Kingdom was restored to  Ferdinand IV, who changed the design of  the above decoration. The star was at¬  tached to the surmounting crown by a lily    N U M I S M ATIC NOTES          MEDALS OF HONOUR   99   (replacing the eagle). The obverse medal¬  lion contained the Arms of Sicily and of  Naples, surrounded by the inscription  FERDINANDUS BORBONIUS UTRI-  USQUE SICILIAE REX P.F.A. (Pio Forte  Augusta). The reverse medallion had in  the centre a Bourbon lily and the motto  FELICITATE RESTITUTA X. KAL.JUN.  1815 . The ribbon was changed to azure blue  with a red stripe in the centre. This Order  was finally abolished in 1819 and replaced by  the “Order of Saint George of the Reunion.”   MEDAL OF HONOUR FOR THE PRO¬  VINCIAL LEGION. On March 29, 1809,  Joachim Murat, instituted this medal for  the Provincial Legion. It is of silver and  bronze, and bears on the obverse the effigy  of the King, facing to left, encircled by  the words GIOACCHINO NAPOL. RE  DELLA DUE SICIL. On the reverse is a  group of fourteen flags and a royal crown,  the outer flags bearing, respectively, the  words SICUREZZA/INTERNA. Around  this device is the inscription ALLE LEGIONI    AND MONOGRAPHS            IOO   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    PROVINCIALI 26 MARZO 1809 . The  ribbon is light blue moire. Ruo, the  Italian writer, states that the inscription on  the obverse is Gioacchino Napoleone, but the  previous description is taken from a medal  and various French authorities.   MEDAL OF HONOUR FOR NAPLES.  Murat authorized another Medal of Honour  on November i, 1814, to reward the guard of  Naples for its devotion to his cause. It is  of gold and silver, in the form of a wreath of  oak and laurel leaves, tied with a ribbon and  surmounted by a crown. Superimposed  on the wreath are two crossed flags, enam¬  elled in the colours of the kingdom. On  the obverse centre medallion of white is the  bust of the king, facing to left, and the title  GIOACCHINO NAPOLEONE (or GIO¬  ACCHINO RE DI NAPOLI ). On the re¬  verse medallion are the words ONORE ET  FEDELTA. The ribbon is magenta. The  Medal for Civil Merit is similar to the above,  except that the reverse is inscribed ONORE  ET MERITO.    NUMISMATIC NOTES              MEDALS OF HONOUR   IOI   MEDAL OF HONOUR. After the death  of Murat at Pizzo, a medal of 38 mm. was  authorized by Ferdinand IV. It was issued  in gold and silver, and worn with a bright  red ribbon. On the obverse is a crowned  effigy of the restored king, facing to left,  and the inscription FERDINANDUS IV  UTRI USQUE SICILIA E REX P.F.A.  The reverse has in the centre a large Bourbon  lily, surrounded by the inscription OB  EGREGIAM URBIS PITH FIDELITA-  TEM. In the exergue, POSTRIDIE NO¬  NAS OCTOBRIS/ANNI R. S./MDCCCXV.   MEDAL OF HONOUR (Sicily). By de¬  crees of August 9 and 30, 1816, bronze  medals were authorized and awarded to  soldiers and sailors who were faithful to the  cause of Ferdinand IV. This is a green-  enamelled Maltese cross with gold Bourbon  lilies in each angle. The centre medallion  bears the effigy of the king to right, and the  words FERDINANDO IV INSTITUI 1816 .  The reverse has in the centre a lily and the  inscription CONSTANTE ATTACCA-  MENTO. This was worn with a red ribbon.    AND MONOGRAPHS         102   ITALIAN ORDERS    SECURITY GUARD MEDAL. Created  on May 30, 1816, and issued in gold and  silver; it was worn with a Bourbon red rib¬  bon. The medal is surrounded by a wreath  of oak leaves and surmounted by a crown,  attached by laurel branches. On the  obverse is the effigy of the king surrounded  by the title FERDINANDO IV RE DELLE  DUE SI Cl LIE P.F.A. The reverse bears  a lily and the motto ALLA GUARDI A Dl  SICUREZZA. In the exergue, PER LA  GIORNATA DE 22 MAGGIO 1815 .   ROYAL MILITARY ORDER OF SAINT  GEORGE OF THE REUNION. This  order was created on January 1, 1819, by  Ferdinand IV. It commemorated the  reunion of Naples and Sicily, and was  awarded for valour, military distinction and  loyalty. There are four classes: Knights of  the Grand Cross, Commanders, Officers and  Chevaliers, the decoration varying in size  according to the grade. This Order was  discontinued in i860, with the formation  of the present Kingdom of Italy. The  insignia is a red-enamelled cross, fleuree, with i    NUMISMATIC NOTES                 ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXV     Two Sicilies   Order of Saint George of the Reunion    104    ITALIAN ORDERS AND    concave arms. Two gold swords cross at  the angles, and a wreath of green-enamelled  laurel connects the arms of the cross and  the swords. The medallion bears a figure  of Saint George slaying the dragon; around  this is a blue-enamelled band inscribed IN  HOC SIGNO VINCES. The reverse is the  same, with the word VIRTUTI above.  The ribbon is light blue moire. The decora¬  tion of the Knights of the Grand Cross is  distinguished from the other grades by a  gold pendant of St. George and the dragon.  The Chevalier’s cross has no such pendant;  and on the reverse is the word MERITO.   MEDAL OF ST. GEORGE. In addition  to the “Order of Saint George of the Re¬  union,” gold medals were awarded for  heroism in war, and in silver for continued  service. These are 28 mm., bearing in the  centre the figure of St. George slaying the  dragon, encircled by a wreath and the words  VIRTUTI or MERITO according to the  purpose of the award. The obverse and  reverse are the same. The ribbon is blue  with yellow edges.    NUMISMATIC NOTES         MEDALS OF HONOUR    105    ORDER OF CONSTANTINE, (described  on page 18). Instituted in Naples and  Sicily by Don Carlos in 1734. Joseph  Bonaparte abolished it in 1808, although it  continued in the island of Sicily. Upon the  return of Ferdinand IV to Naples in 1814,  it was restored in both Kingdoms.    ROYAL ORDER OF FRANCIS I.  Francis I, upon the death of his father,  Ferdinand IV, became King of the Two  Sicilies on January 4, 1825. He was of the  Neapolitan branch of the Bourbon family.  On September 28, 1829, he founded the  Royal Order of Francis I. Though usually  conferred as a reward for Civil Merit, the  army was not debarred from its honours.  There are five classes: Grand Cross, Com¬  manders, Officers, Knights and Chevaliers.  The fourth and fifth classes receive, re¬  spectively, the gold and silver medals,  described later. This Order was discon¬  tinued in i860 when the Kingdom of the  Two Sicilies became part of Italy, though, as  a family Order, it was continued for a while  longer. The decoration is a four-armed,    AND MONOGRAPHS            io6   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    double-pointed cross of white enamel with  gold edges, surmounted by a gold crown.  Bourbon lilies of gold are in each angle.  The medallion is larger than in most of the  other Orders. In the centre, on a field of  gold, appear the initials of the founder, F.I.,  with crown above. These are surrounded  by a laurel wreath of enamel. On the blue  encircling band are the words, DE REGE  OP TIME MERITO. The reverse bears the  inscription FRANCISCUS PRIMUS IN-  STITUIT MDCCCXXIX, within a green  wreath. The ribbon is bright red with  blue edges. The star or plaque of the order  is a silver cross without the crown, and  with the same centre medallion.   The gold and silver medals, worn by the  fourth and fifth classes, are 36 mm. in diam¬  eter, bearing on the obverse the portrait  of the founder, within a laurel wreath, and  the inscription FRANCISCUS I.D.G.UTRI¬  USQUE SICIL. ETHIER. REX. The reverse  has three Bourbon lilies in the centre within a  wreath, and the motto DE REGE OPTIME  MERITO 1829 . The ribbon is dark red with  blue edges; not as wide as that for the Cross.    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXVI     Two Sicilies  Order of Francis I    io8   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    MEDAL OF CIVIL MERIT. Authorized  by royal decree of December 17, 1727. It  is of gold and silver and worn with a red  ribbon. The obverse bears an effigy of the  king, and the title FRANCISCUS I.D.G.  REGNI UTRIUSQUE SICIL. ET HIER.  REX. On the plain reverse is engraved  the name, date and cause of award. A medal  similar to this was awarded during the reign  of Ferdinand II and may be found with  either of the following inscriptions: FERDI-  N AN DUS II REGNI UTRIUSQUE SI CI¬  LIA E ET HIERUS. or FERDINANDO II  RE DEL REGNO DELLE DUE SICILIE.   Another MEDAL OF CIVIL MERIT was  issued, 44 mm. in size. On the obverse are  busts of Francis I and Queen Maria Isabella,  facing to right, surrounded by branches of  laurel. On the reverse is a Bourbon lily,  crowned.   MEDAL FOR MESSINA. Francis I was  succeeded in 1830 by his son, Ferdinand II,  who died in 1859. Ferdinand II instituted  the Medal for Messina for troops faithful  to him, in that city, during the Revolution    NUMISMATIC NOTES                   MEDALS OF HONOUR   109   of 1847. It is of bronze, and 30 mm. On  the obverse, within a wreath of oak and  laurel leaves, is the word FEDELTA with  one Bourbon lily. The reverse reads,  MESSINA 1 SEPTEMBRE 1847 . The  ribbon is light blue and white. A variant  of this medal has on the obverse the effigy  of the king and the words FERDINANDO  II RE DEL REGNO DELLE DUE SICILIE;  and on the reverse the word FEDELTA.    LONG SERVICE MEDAL. Ferdinand  II also created a bronze medal for Long  Service. It is 38 mm. and bears on the  obverse the king’s bust on a pedestal,  surrounded by implements of war and flags.  Above is FERDIN ANDO II. The reverse  reads LODEVOLE SERVIZIO MI LI TARE  DI 25 ANNI. The ribbon is red.    MEDAL FOR THE SIEGE OF MES¬  SINA. After the long siege of the citadel  of Messina in 1848 by Ferdinand II which  resulted in his reconquest of Sicily, a com¬  memorative medal was authorized by the  king. This was to reward the troops who    AND MONOGRAPHS            no   ITALIAN ORDERS    had taken part in the campaign. The  medal for the senior officers was of gold and  enamel, 35 mm. in diameter. On the  obverse within a green-enamelled laurel  wreath, is a pentagonal fort; in the corners  are five bombs, the flames of which rest  upon the wreath. In the centre is the  fleur-de-lis of the Bourbons, in relief. The  reverse is similar, except that in the centre  of the pentagon is the legend, ASSEDIOJ  DELLA 1 CITTADELLA / DI MESSINA /  18 ^ 8 . The ribbon is red. For the junior  officers and soldiers the medal was of bronze  and of the same size, without enamel.  Obverse and reverse are identical, and the  medal was worn with a red ribbon. A variant  of this medal has a plain reverse, no fort, or  bombs, but with the same inscription in relief.   MEDAL FOR SICILY. Created for the  troops who, under the leadership of Filan-  gieri, suppressed the Insurrection of 1848-  1849. This is of bronze-gilt, and displays  the effigy of Ferdinand II facing to right  within a wreath of oak leaves. Outside, the  wreath are two draped flags, the whole is    NUMISMATIC NOTES          ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl.     Two Sicilies  Siege of Messina   Long Service Medal, Ferdinand II    112   ITALIAN ORDERS    surmounted by a Bourbon lily. The plain  reverse has CAMPAGNA DI SICILIA 18 J/. 9 ,  in relief. The ribbon has three equal stripes  of light blue and white.   MEDAL FOR CAMPAIGN OF 1860 .  Francis II came to the throne of Sicily in  1859, about the time of the Garibaldi  campaign for the Independence of Italy.  His reign was short. The Medal for the  Campaign of 1860 was created by him for  those troops who were loyal to him and  opposed to Garibaldi. It is bronze, 37 mm.,  and bears on the obverse the effigy of the  king, facing to left, within a wreath of oak  leaves. Surrounding this is FRANCESCO  II RE DELLE DUE SI Cl LIE. The reverse  bears the words, TRIFRISCO, CAIAZZO,  S.MARIA,S. ANGELO, GARIGLIANO, sur¬  mounted by three Bourbon lilies. Around  this inscription appear the words, CAM¬  PAGN A DI SETT. OTT. 1860 . The ribbon  is red with a blue stripe in the centre.   CAMPAIGN OF EASTERN SICILY.  Authorized in i860. It bears on the obverse    NUMISMATIC NOTES         ITALIAN DECORATIONS Pl. XXVJ1I      Two Sicilies   Medal for Sicily, Ferdinand II    the effigy of Francis II facing to right, and  the words SICILIA OCCIDENT ALE/  APRILE E MAGGIO/1860. On the reverse,  within a wreath of laurel, the words AL   V A LORE. This is bronze, and 27 mm. in  diameter. A variant of this medal was  issued without the likeness of the king on  the obverse.   MEDAL FOR THE DEFENSE OF  CATANIA. The obverse bears the effigy of  Francis II, a trophy of arms, and the words  CATANIA 31 MAGGIO 1860; the reverse,  within a wreath of laurel, the words AL   V A LORE.   MEDAL FOR GAETA. Issued to the  refugees who fled to Gaeta with the Royal  family in 1860-61 when Garibaldi entered  Naples. The medal is silver, 36 mm.,  having on the obverse the jugated busts of  the King and Queen Maria Sophia of Bavaria  and the words FRANCESCO II—MARIA  SOFIA. The reverse shows a view of the  city of Gaeta, with GAETA 1860-1861 in  the exergue. A variation of this medal has    NUMISMATIC NOTES         ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXIX     Two Sicilies   Medal for Gaeta, Francis II        on the reverse the fortress of Gaeta only,  with the same inscription in the exergue.   After the Garibaldi campaign of 1860-  1861 for the freedom of Sicily, and after the  Royal family had given up the Kingdom of  Sicily, Francis II by a decree dated March  12, 1861, authorized medals for all his  soldiers who took part in the second siege of  Messina. It appears that dies were made  but only one medal is known to have been  struck. That rests in the famous Ricciardi  collection in Naples. The writer is in¬  debted to Sig. Guido de’Mayo’s article in  the May-June 1922 issue of Miscellanea  Numismatica, which describes this medal.   It is silver, 35 mm., and bears on the  obverse the jugated busts of the King and  Queen, facing to left (similar to the Gaeta  Medal), and the titles, FRANCESCO II—  MARIA SOFIA. The reverse has a design  of the pentagonal fortress of Messina; in  the corners of the pentagon are five bombs,  the flames of which rest on the wreath which  surrounds the fort. In the centre is the  Bourbon fleur-de-lis. The exergue reads  CITTADELLA DI MESSINA 1860-61.    The ribbon is given as red with blue  stripes.   MEDAL FOR SICILY. This is said to  have been awarded to those who took part  in the uprising against Ferdinand II in 1848,  in the movement for a United Italy, but the  purpose of this award cannot be verified  from the several authorities consulted. It  was issued in silver and bronze, 30 mm.,  and suspended from a ribbon of the Italian  National colours—three equal stripes of  green, white and red. On the obverse is an  allegorical figure of Sicily, armed with a  sword; at her feet is a shield with the Arms of  Sicily, while in the sky, a brilliant sun bears  the Arms of Savoy. In the distance is Mt.  Aetna in eruption. The reverse has in the  centre SICILIA/1848. Around this is the  inscription, INIZIO DEL RISORGIMBNTO  D’lTALIA.    AND MONOGRAPHS         118    ITALIAN ORDERS AND    TUSCANY   Tuscany, the ancient Etruria, lies south  of the Apennines. On the east it was  bounded by the districts of Umbria and the  Marches, while to the south lay the section  known in Classical times as Latium, but  which later, with the rise of the Church,  was usually known as the Papal States.  None of these provinces had boundaries that  were fixed for any great length of time, and  their geographical history is very com¬  plicated.   Between the ioth and 16th Centuries,  Tuscany was composed of several self-  governed communes or Republics, the most  important of which were Lucca, Pisa,  Florence and Siena. The Medici family  was a dominant factor in the government for  a long period. In 1735 the country came  under Austrian rule. Francis, Duke of  Lorraine and afterwards Emperor of Aus¬  tria (1708-1765), became Grand Duke of  Tuscany. He succeeded John Gaston, the  last of his line, and thus the Duchy passed    NUMISMATIC NOTES        MEDALS OF HONOUR   119   from the control of the Medici and into that  of the Hapsburg family. This had been  arranged by treaty.   The Hapsburgs continued in control until  the entrance of the French in 1799 under  Napoleon I, though the battle of Waterloo  in 1815 brought back once more their rule  in the domain. Ferdinand III (1769-1824)  was succeeded by his son, Leopold II, who  lost the Duchy of Tuscany when the constit¬  uent Assembly voted for its inclusion in the  Kingdom of Italy on August 16, i860.  From that time all the Orders of Tuscany  have been discontinued.   ORDER OF SAINT STEPHEN. This  Order was founded at Pisa in 1561 or 1562,  by Cosimo I de’ Medici, Duke of Florence,  afterwards the first duke of Tuscany, to  commemorate his victory over the French at  Siena. The battle took place on St. Stephen’s  day, August 2, 1554 (or August 6 accord¬  ing to some historians). The inhabitants  of the city and the troops under Henry II,  after withstanding a siege of fifteen months,  finally capitulated. In 1567, Pope Pius V    AND MONOGRAPHS          120   ITALIAN ORDERS    granted Cosimo the title of the first Grand  Duke of Tuscany. The Order was named in  honour of Stephen IX, Pope and martyr,  once bishop of Florence, on whose festival  Cosimo de’ Medici gained his victory. It  is said to have been discontinued in 1565,  but Elias Ashmole states that new statutes  were approved in 1590. He also lists it as  one of the Orders extant in 1715; though  Hugh Clark informs us that the Order was  “revived in 1764 and put on a respectable  footing.” Whatever its status in the  interval may have been, the Order was  reorganized in 1817 by Ferdinand III,  Grand Duke of Tuscany (1769-1824), and  its regulations were altered by him at that  time. The insignia is a red-enamelled, gold-  edged cross, similar to that of the Knights  of Malta. In the angles are golden fleurs-  de-lis and above the cross is a ducal crown of  gold. The ribbon is bright red.   ORDER OF SAINT JOSEPH. Founded  by Ferdinand III on March 19, 1807, when  as Grand Duke of Wurtzburg he was ad¬  mitted to the Confederation of the Rhine.    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXX     Tuscany   Order of Saint Stephen    Upon the downfall of the Napoleonic control  of Tuscany in 1814, Ferdinand restored the  Order in Tuscany when he again assumed  control of the Duchy. The Order was for  meritorious service and was awarded to  civilians, ecclesiastics and the military,  whether native or foreign. Generally the  honour was confined to those of the Roman  Catholic faith. There are three classes:  Grand Cross, Commanders and Knights.  The Decoration of the first class is silver,  a double-pointed, six-armed cross, with  rays between the arms. An oval medallion  in the centre bears the figure of St. Joseph;  around this on the band, likewise of silver,  is the motto UBIQUE SI MI LIS (Everywhere  the same), with a branch of laurel and oak.  In the lower centre of the band is the letter  F. The cross of the second class is gold,  and similar to the star of the first class,  though smaller. It has white-enamelled  arms, and the rays and the medallion band  are of red enamel. It is surmounted by a  gold crown and a suspension ring for the  ribbon, which is bright red, with a white  stripe at each edge. The reverse medallion    NUMISMATIC NOTES   _         ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXXI     Tuscany   Order of Saint Joseph    AND    has in the centre S.J.F .1807 (SanctoJosepho  Ferdinando —Dedicated by Ferdinand to  Saint Joseph). The third class cross is  smaller and worn with a narrower ribbon.    ORDER OF THE WHITE CROSS.  Instituted by Grand Duke Ferdinand III  in 1814. This was a decoration solely for  the military faithful to him. It is sometimes  called the “Cross of Loyalty.” A MEDAL  OF HONOUR was also founded in 1816 for  those who had distinguished themselves in  the Duchy. No description of these two  insignia is obtainable from the several  authorities consulted.   MILITARY MEDAL. Authorized in 1815  for distinguished service. It was awarded  only to junior officers and soldiers. This  medal is silver, bearing on the obverse a  bust of the founder facing to right, and the  title FERDINANDO III.A.D.A.GRAND.  DI TOSCANA. The reverse has in relief  AI PRODI E FED ELI TOSCANI 1815 .  (To the brave and faithful Tuscans.) The  ribbon is half red and half white.    LONG SERVICE MEDAL. Founded in  1816 and issued to junior officers and sol¬  diers. It is bronze, 37 mm., and bears on  the obverse two crossed swords, with a  shield bearing the letter F superimposed.  Above this device is a crown, and below is  1816, the date of its creation. The reverse  reads, in relief, AL LUNGO E FED EL  SERVIZIO. The ribbon is half red and  half white.    MEDAL OF MILITARY MERIT. This  was founded by Leopold II on May 19, 1841,  and bears the effigy of the Duke and the  words LEOPOLDO II GRANDUCA DI  TOSCANA. The reverse has in relief  FI DELTA E V A LORE. The ribbon is  half red and half black.    ORDER OF MILITARY MERIT. In¬  stituted on December 19, 1853, by Leopold  II. The decoration is a five-armed white-  enamelled cross of gold on a gold laurel  wreath, which is surmounted by a gold  crown. The obverse medallion is inscribed  L II. surrounded by the words MERITO    AND MONOGRAPHS          126    ITALIAN ORDERS    MILITARE. On the reverse medallion,  1853 records the date of its creation. The  ribbon is of red and black in equal stripes.   MEDAL OF 1848 . Founded by Leopold  II for the war of Italian Independence.  This was a service medal for his troops  taking part in that campaign. It is bronze-  gilt, and bears on the obverse the effigy of  the Grand-duke and title LEOPOLDO II  GRANDUCA DI TOSCANA. On the re¬  verse within a laurel wreath is the inscription  GUERRA/DELLA/INDIPENDENZA /  ITALIANA/18^8. The loop for the ribbon  is a wide bar-like affair, similar to that for  many of the Italian medals. The ribbon is  blue, bordered with two red stripes.   MEDAL OF MERIT. Attributed by but  one authority to Ferdinand IV. Issued  in five classes; gold, of 40 mm. and 30 mm.;  silver, of 49 mm. and 30 mm., and bronze,  45 mm. in diameter, according to the impor¬  tance of the award. On the obverse is a  bust of the Grand-duke and FERDINANDO  IV GRANDUCA DI TOSCANA. The re-    NUMISMATIC NOTES           ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXXII     Tuscany   Order of Military Merit, Leopold II    verse bears the inscription AL MER1T0  within a wreath. The ribbon is dark blue  with black stripes at the sides.   LONG SERVICE MEDAL. Instituted  by Leopold II in December, 1850, for officers  of the Army who had served at least thirty  years. It is 36 mm., a gilt Maltese cross,  having in the centre medallion of silver the  head of Leopold II to left, encircled by  LEOPOLD II G. D. DI TO SC. On the  reverse medallion is the word ANZIANITA,  with a crown above. No information  concerning the ribbon is obtainable.    NUMISMATIC NOTES        ITALIAN DECORATIONS    Pl. XXXIII     Venice. Defence of Venice, 1848  Tuscany. Long Service Medal            VENICE   At the time of Augustus, there was no  city of Venice, and Padua was the chief city  of the district which has since come to be  known as Venetia. This district occupied  the Northeastern section of that country  from the Alps on the North and East to the  Adriatic Sea, and to the River Po on the  West. From the Sixth and Seventh Cen¬  turies, after the foundation and the growth  of Venice, it developed a considerable com¬  merce with its island domains and became a  great maritime power. For many centuries  an independent Republic was maintained,  governed by a Senate and a Doge, elected  by the people; his authority, however, was  limited. Constant wars with neighboring  peoples and with the Turks did not exhaust  the wealth of Venice; and until the Eight¬  eenth Century Venice wielded great in¬  fluence in European politics. The Republic  was unable to withstand the French army,  however, and on October 17, 1797, was  divided—one half of the territory going to    NUMISMATIC NOTES           MEDALS OF HONOUR   131   Austria and the other half to the Cisalpine  Republic; the Ionian Islands went to France.  For a thousand years the Venetian Republic  maintained its independence, and exhibited  a form of government which commanded  universal admiration.   ORDER OF SAINT MARK. Probably  founded early in the Eighth Century.  Giustinian, writing in 1692, states that  Domenico Leoni was the first Grand Master  of the Or dine di San Marco in the year 737.  He also lists a number of the Grand Masters  from that date to 1688, and gives several  authorities. Other writers fix the date of  its origin as 828, when the remains of Saint  Mark were taken from Alexandria to Venice.  No exact information is obtainable as to the  discontinuance of the Order, though Ashmole  indicates its existence in 1672, as does Clark  in 1784.   The insignia is a gold chain to be worn  around the neck. From this a gold medal¬  lion is suspended. On the obverse is the  Arms of Venice—the winged lion of St.  Mark, seated with a sword in the right paw,    and with the left paw resting on an open  book, on which is the motto PAX TIBI  MARCE EVANGELISTA MEUS (Peace  to thee, Mark, my Evangelist). The reverse  is believed to have been plain, although  Ashmole asserts that it had the name of the  Doge then living as well as a portrait—if  that is what may be understood by his words  “a particular impress.” This Order was  conferred by the Senate or by the Doge,  and later was called the Order of the Doge  of Venice. On late forms, the insignia was  changed to a blue-enamelled cross, on the  centre of which was a medallion with the  above described Arms. The reverse bore  the effigy of the reigning Doge, sometimes  represented as on his knees receiving a  standard from the hands of St. Mark.  All recipients of this Order had to show  records of noble birth and were known as  the Knights of Saint Mark.   MEDAL FOR THE DEFENCE OF  VENICE OF 1848 . This medal was issued  in 1849, during the second year of the short¬  lived Republic of Saint Mark—as Venice    was at that time called. It was of silver and  bronze, 27 mm., bearing on the obverse the  Arms of the Republic. Around this are  the words INDIPENDENZA ITALIAN A.  On the reverse is the cross of St. Maurice  surrounded by VESSILLO DI VIT TORI A  18^8. The ribbon is crimson with a narrow  gold stripe at each side. (PI. XXXIII.)   MEDAL FOR BRAVERY. Also issued  in 1849. It was of silver and bronze, but  32 mm. in diameter. The obverse has the  lion of St. Mark and GOVERNO PROVI¬  SO RIO 1848-49.   On the reverse, within an oak wreath, are  the words DI FEN SORE DI VENEZIA.  The ribbon is red with gold stripes at the  sides.   MEDAL FOR THE CIVIL GUARD.  Authorized in 1849. It was silver and  bronze gilt, oval in form, 40 mm. by 34  mm. On the obverse appear two crossed  flags and the words GUARDI A Cl VIC A  VENETA. The reverse reads VV/  VI TALI A. The ribbon is yellow.    OBSOLETE ORDERS   The following Orders listed by the several  authorities consulted, as having been formed  in Italy, have long been discontinued.   Order of the Golden Star of Venice, date  not given.   Order of the Golden Stole, date not given.   Order of the Royal Crown of Mantua, was,  according to Genouillac, created in 771 by  Prince Louis of Gonzaga (son of Witikind,  King of Saxony), in honour of his marriage  with Adalgise of Lombardy, daughter of  Gisulf, due de Frioul.   Order of the Eagle of Italy. Created  February 15,941, by Hugo II of Gonzaga, to  perpetuate the memory of his marriage with  Princess Elizabeth of Gonzaga and Lom¬  bardy. New statutes were formed for the  Order in 968.   Order of Holy Mary, Mother of God.  Founded in Italy in 1233. Its creation is  attributed to Bartholomew, Bishop of  Vincenza. The purpose of its foundation  was to quell the discords which arose    NUMISMATIC NOTES            MEDALS OF HONOUR   135   between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines  and also to defend and support the Roman  Catholic religion. It was approved by  Pope Martin IV, who placed the knights  under the protection of St. Augustin. It was  called by some the “Order of the Brothers  of the Jubilation,” later the “Order of St.  Mary of the Tower,” and the “Order of the  Chevaliers of the Mother of God.” 3 Archer  states that this later Order was founded in  1737. Towards the end of the Sixteenth  Century the Order had entirely disappeared.   Order of the Black Swan of Italy, founded  in 1350 by Amadeus VI and other Italian  Princes, for the purpose of preventing feuds,  then so prevalent.   Order of St. George of Genoa. Founded  in 1472 by Frederick III of Germany. It  was to reward the Genoese for the reception  he received during his journey to Rome,  where he received the Imperial Crown.  The Order was short-lived. The badge is  a plain red cross suspended from a gold  chain. This Order is not to be confused with  the Order of St. George of Austria, founded  in 1468 by the Emperor Frederick III.    and monographs            Order of St. George of Ravenna. Founded  in 1534 by Alexander of Farnese (then  Pope Paul III). Its award was confined  to those who defended the city and its  vicinity from the attack of the Moslems  or Corsairs. On the death of its founder  it ceased to exist. Cappelletti says it was  suppressed by Gregory XIII. The insignia  was a red-enamelled star of eight points,  over which was a gold ducal crown.   Order of the Lily. Founded in 1546 by  Alexander of Farnese.   Order of the Lamb of God of Tuscany.  Founded in 1568 by John III.   Order of the Redeemer or of the Precious  Blood of our Saviour. Founded in 1608 by  Vincent (IV) Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua.   It was in honour of the marriage of his son  Francis with the Princess Marguerite, the  daughter of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of  Savoy. The Order survived about a  century and lapsed in 1708 on the death of  Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua.  An attempt was made to revive it in 1847  but without success. The insignia was an  oval medallion, in the centre of which were    two angels in adoration. Around this was  the motto NIHIL HOC TRISTE RECEPTO.   Order of the Conception. Instituted on  September 8, 1617, by Ferdinand 1 of  Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, in honour of  the conception of the Virgin and placed  under the protection of St. Michael the  Archangel. Like many other Orders founded  about this time, the members swore alle¬  giance to the Church and agreed to fight  against the infidels.   Order of the Virgin or the Order of the  Virgin Mary the Glorious. Created in Italy  by three gentlemen of Spella, named Peter,  John the Baptist, and Bernard, surnamed  Petrignani. The Order was approved by  Pope Paul V in 1618, and placed under the  protection of the holy Virgin. The mem¬  bers agreed to defend and uphold the Roman  Catholic religion and make war on the in¬  fidels. No record has been found of the  discontinuance of the order.   Order of Saint Rosalie of Palermo. Founded  in 1634 by Alderon de Carreto.    iCharles Albert (1789-1849) was of the line of  Savoy-Carignano which was founded by Thomas  Francis (1596-1656), son of Charles Emmanuel the  Great. Carignano, a town in the province of Turin,  was in 1630 bestowed by Charles Emmanuel I upon  his son Thomas Francis, who was known as the Prince  of Carignano. The present reigning king of Italy is  of this house. Ency. Brit. Vol. XXI, p. 342 and Vol.  5. p. 105.   2 “At this Crescent was fastened as many' small  Pieces of Gold fashion’d like Columns and enamell’d  with Red, as the Knights had been engag’d in Battels  and Sieges; for none could be adopted into this Order  unless he had well trod the Paths of Honour.”  Ashmole, E., Hist, of Order of the Garter, 1715, p. 69.   3 Ashmole, 1672, p. 80. ‘‘It was approved and con¬  firmed by Pope Urban IV, anno 1262, and the Rule of  St. Dominick prescribed to the Knights.” Armani, E. Insegne Cavaileresche e Meda-  glie del Regno d'ltalia. Rome, 1915.   Ashmole, Elias. The Institution, Laws and  Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.  London 1672.   Ashmole, Elias. The History of the Most  Noble Order of the Garter. London 1715.    N U M ISMATIC NOTES            MEDALS OF HONOUR   139   Burke, Sir Bernard. The Book of Orders  of Knighthood and Decorations of Honor.  London 1858.   Cappelletti, Licurgo. Ordini Cavalle-  reschi. Livorno 1904.   Cibrario, Luigi. Descrizione e Storica degli  Ordini Cavallereschi. 2 vols. Torino 1846.   Clark, Hugh A. A Concise History of  Knighthood. London 1784.   Cuomo, Raffaele. Ordini Cavallereschi  antichi e moderni. 2 vols. Naples 1894.   Elvin, C. N. Handbook of the Orders of  Chivalry. London 1893.   Favine, Andrew. The Theatre of Honour  and Knighthood. London 1623.—Translated  from a French Edition of 1620.   Genouillac, H. Gourdon de. Diction-  naire historique des ordres de Chevalerie. Paris  i860.   Genouillac, H. Gourdon de. Nouveau  Dictionnaire des ordres de Chevalerie. Paris  1891.   Giorgio, Florindo de. Dellc cerimonie  Pubbliche della onorificenze della nobilta e  de'Titoli e degli Ordini Cavallereschi net Regno  delle Due Sicilie. Naples 1854.   Giustinian, Bernardo. Historic degli Or¬  dini militari, etc. Venezia 1692.    AND MONOGRAPHS          140   ITALIAN ORDERS AND    J. S. The History of Monastical Conven¬  tions and Military Institutions, etc. London  1701.   Lawrence-Archer, Major J. H. The  Orders of Chivalry. London 1897.   Mennenii, Francisci. Deliciae Eqyestrivm  sive Militarivm Ordinvm et Eorundem Origines,  etc. Coloniae Agrippinae 1638.   Perrot, A.-M. Collection J Historique des  Ordres de Chevalerie. Paris 1820.   Puca, Antonio. Gli ordini cavallereschi del  Regno dTtalia. Naples 1879.   Ricciardi, Eduardo. Medaglie delle due  Sicilie. Naples 1910 and 1913.   Ruo, Raffaele. Ordini Cavallereschi ....  instituti nel regno delle Due Sicilie. Naples 1832.   Saint Joachim. An accurate historical account  of all the Orders of Knighthood, by an Officer of  the Chancery of the Order of Saint Joachim.  London 1802. (Said to be by Sir L. Hamon).   Sculfort, Lieut. V. Catalogue; Decorations  et Medailles du Musee de VArmee. Paris 1912.   Trost, L. J. Die Ritter- und Verdienst  Or den, Ehrenziechen und Medaillen aller Sou-  ver'dne und Staaten. Wien & Leipzig 1910.    NUMISMATIC NOTES        MEDALS OF    HONOUR    Lucca   Civil Medal of Merit. 8   Military Service Medal. 8   St. George, Order of. 5   St. Louis, Order of. 6   Modena   Cross for Service. 13   Eagle of Este, Order of. 10   Fidelity Medal. 14   Military Medal for Loyalty. 12   Military Medal of Merit. 13   Parma   Constantine, Order of. 16   Medal of Merit. 20   St. Louis, Order of. 19   San Marino   Medal of Merit. 24   Order of Chivalry. 21   Sardinia, Savoy and Kingdom of Italy   Africa, Medal for. 65   Boxer Uprising, Medal for (Medal for Far   East). 66   China, Medal for (Medal for Far East)... 66    AND MONOGRAPHS                                Civil Medal of Valour.   • 49    Civil Order of Savoy.   • 36    Colonial Order of the Star of Italy.   • 43    Crimean Medal.   ■ 57    Crown of Merit.   • 76    Crown of Italy, Order of.   • 38    Far East, Medal for.   . 66    Industry, Order of.   ■ 42    Italian Independence Medal.   60    Italian Unity Medal.   • 76    Liberation of Sicily, Medal for.   • 58    Life Saving Medal.   • 54    Marsala Medal (Medal of the Thousand).   60    Medal of Merit.   • 54    Medal of Merit (Battle of Vicenza).   • 79    Medal of Merit (Rome).   • 79    Medal of Merit (“S.P.Q.R.”)...   . 80    Medal of the Thousand.   60    Military Cross for Service.   • 44    Military Medal of Valour.   . 46    Most Sacred Annunciation, Order of. . . .   27    National Gratitude, Medal of.   • 74    Naval Medal of Valour.   • 50    Public Safety, Medal of Merit.   • 5i    Royal Military Order of Savoy.   • 35    St. Maurice, Medal of.   • 34    St. Maurice and St. Lazarus, Order of. . .   • 30    Star of the Thousand.   • 59    NUMISMATIC NOT   E S MEDALS OF HONOUR    Turkish War of 1911-1912. 68   United Italy, Medal for. 62   Valour Medal. 25   Veterans Guarding Tomb of the Kings   Medal. 52   Victory Medal. 74   War Cross of Italy. 70   War in Lybia Medal. 70   War Orphans Medal. 76   War Volunteers Medal. 76   World War Medal. 72   See also Obsolete Orders. 134   The Two Sicilies   Campaign of 1860. 112   Civil Merit, Medal of. 108   Constantine, Order of. 105   Crescent, Order of the. 85   Defence of Catania, Medal for the. 114   Double Crescent (Order of the Ship). 85   Eastern Sicily, Campaign of. 112   Ermine (Naples), Order of the. 88   Francis I, Royal Order of. 105   Gaeta Medal. 11 4   Griffin (Naples), Order of the. 89   Holy Spirit of the Right Desire (Order of   the Knot). 8 7   Knot (Naples), Order of. 8 7   Lombardy, Medal of Merit for. 96    AND MONOGRAPHS Long Service Medal. 109   Medal of Honour. 94   Medal of Honour (1815). 101   Medal of Honour (Sicily). 101   Messina, Medal for. 108   Naples, Medal of Honour for. 100   Provincial Legion, Medal of Honour for the 99   Reel and Lioness, Order of. 87   St. Charles, Royal Military Order of. . . . 92   St. Ferdinand, Order of, and Order of   Merit. 93   St. George, Medal of. 104   St. George of the Reunion, Royal Military   Order of. 102   St. Januarius, Order of. 89   St. Michael (Naples), Order of. 89   Security Guard Medal. 102   Ship, Order of the. 85   Sicily, Medal for (Ferd. II.). no   Sicily, Medal for (Nationalist). 117   Siege of Gaeta, Medal of Honour for the. . 97   Siege of Messina, Medal for the. 109   Siena, Medal of Merit for. 96   Spur, Order of the. 87   Two Sicilies, Royal Order of the. 98   Tuscany   Long Service Medal. ^5   Long Service Medal (Leopold II). 128    NUMISMATIC NOTES  Medal of 1848. 126   Medal of Merit. 126   Military Medal. 124   Military Merit, Medal of. 125   Military Merit, Order of. 125   St. Joseph, Order of. 120   St. Stephen, Order of. 119   White Cross, Order of the (Cross of   Loyalty). 124   See also Obsolete Orders. 134   Venice   Bravery, Medal for. 133   Civil Guard, Medal for the. 133   Defence of Venice of 1848, Medal for the. . 132  St. Mark, Order of. 131   Obsolete Orders   Black Swan of Italy, Order of the. 135   Conception, Order of the. 137   Eagle of Italy, Order of the. 134   Golden Star of Venice, Order of the. 134   Golden Stole, Order of the. 134   Holy Mary, Mother of God, Order of the. . 134  Lamb of God of Tuscany, Order of the... 136   Lily, Order of. 136   Precious Blood of Our Saviour (See Order   of the Redeemer). 13b   Redeemer, Order of the. 13b    AND MONOGRAPHS 146   ITALIAN ORDERS    Royal Crown of Mantua, Order of the. . . 134   St. George of Genoa, Order of. 135   St. George of Ravenna, Order of. 136   St. Rosalie of Palermo, Order of. 137   Virgin, Order of the. NUMISMATIC NOTES Numismatic Notes and Monographs    1. Sj'dney P. Noe. Coin Hoards. 1921.   47 pages. 6 plates. 50c.   2. Edward T. Newell. Octobols of Histiaea,   1921. 25 pages. 2 plates. 50c.   3. Edward T. Newell. Alexander Hoards —   Introduction and Kyparissia Hoard.  1921. 21 pages. 2 plates. 50c.   4. Howland Wood. The Mexican Revolu¬   tionary Coinage 1913-1916. 1921. 44   pages. 26 plates. $2.00.   5. Leonidas Westervelt. The Jenny Lind   Medals and Tokens. 1921. 25 pages.  9 plates. 50c.   6. Agnes Baldwin. Five Roman Gold Me¬   dallions. 1921. 103 pages. 8 plates.   $1.50.   7. Sydney P. Noe. Medallic Work of A.   A. Weinman. 1921. 31 pages. 17   plates. $1.00.   8. Gilbert S. Perez. The Mint of the Philippine Islands. 1921. 8 pages. 4 plates.  50c.   9. David Eugene Smith, LL.D. Computing   Jetons. 1921. 70 pages. 25 plates.   $1.50.   10. Edward T. Newell. The First Seleucid  Coinage of Tyre. 1921. 40 pages. 8  plates. $1.00.     Numismatic Notes and Monographs   (Continued)   11. Harrold E. Gillingham. French Orders   and Decorations. 1922. no pages. 35  plates. $2.00.   12. Howland Wood. Gold Dollars of 1858.   1922. 7 pages. 2 plates. 50c.   13. R. B. Whitehead. Pre-Mohammedan   Coinage of N. W. India. 1922. 56   pages. 15 plates. $2.00.   14. George F. Hill. Attambelos I of   Characene. 1922. 12 pages. 3 plates.  $1.00.   15. M. P. Vlasto. Taras Oikistes (A Con¬   tribution to Tarentine Numismatics).  1922. 234 pages. 13 plates. $3.50.   16. Howland Wood. Commemorative Coin¬   age of United States. 1922. 63 pages.  7 plates. $1.50.   17. Agnes Baldwin. Six Roman Bronze   Medallions. 1923. 39 pages. 6 plates.  $1.50.   18. Howland Wood. Tegucigalpa Coinage   of 1823. 1923. 16 pages. 2 plates.   50c.   19. Edward T. Newell. Alexander Hoards—   II. Demanhur Hoard. 1923. 162   pages. 8 plates. $2.50. Egidio Romano. Egidio Colonna. Colonna. Keywords: conversazione cortese, conversazione gentile, padre/figlio, amore naturale, principe, cavalleria, cavaliere, cavalier attitude, cavalier implicature.  Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Colonna” – The Swimming-Pool Library.