Summary of the 27 chapters to Bent, "Storia della repubblica di Genova"

Luigi Speranza


CHAPTER I: GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME.

Petrarch's description of old Genoa

Extent of Genoese commerce

Glance at the palace of Vialata

The old narrow streets and domestic architecture

Genoese ladies and their love of processions

The "Cassacie," and
their procession

The "casse," the pilgrims, penitents, and cross-bearers

Origin of the Cassacie, and their suppression

The Doge: his costume,
and ceremonies connected with him

His Christmas gift from the Val di Bisagno

Genoa's foreign guests

Charles V. entertained by Andrea D'Oria

Dark side of Genoa: her factions, and her stones of infamy—

^-The Jews in Genoa

Hebrew refugees from Spain, and their reception

How the Jews got immunities

Case of child surreptitiously baptized

Plague of pigs

The Lerinensians and their customs

Genoa's lament over her bygone glory.

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CHAPTER II: GENOA AT THE CRUSADES.


Position held by the Italian Republics at the Crusades

Ligurian sharp practice and robbery, instances thereof

First Crusade

Godfrey de Bouillon leaves Genoa

Guglielmo Embriaco—Caffaro the annalist

Return of the Genoese

Their robbery at Myrrha

John the Baptist's bones brought home, and duly honoured by succeeding generations

Matteo Civitale and Innocent VIII.

Second Crusade

Embriaco and the Genoese at the siege of Jerusalem

Their inventions and prowess

Torre degli Embriaci

Genoese decide to build their cathedral

Siege of Csesarea

Riches divided

Embriaco gets the "sacra catino."

Curious history of this relic, its pretensions, and the deception thereof

Siege of Ptolemais

Dastardly conduct of Genoese

Commercial position established by Genoa

Third Crusade

Richard of England and Philip II of France at Genoa, and their treaty with Genoese

************************
Richard adopts standard
of St. George.
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writes for reinforcements to Genoa from Accon

Englishmen in Genoa at that time

The "Comnunda" of St. John, and its history

William Acton—Pope Urban VI.

Fourth Crusade, and the infantile contingent

Siege of Damietta, and the part Genoa took at it

Excitement at home

End of the Holy Wars, and their effect on Genoa

St. Louis' Crusade, and decline of crusading spirit

Some Genoese troubadours:

Folchetto, Cicala, and others.

*********************************

CHAPTER III: GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE.

Diverse opinions as to origin of the name Genoa

Norman and Saracen invaders

Hastings, and his capture of Luna

Dante on Luna

The Saracen scourge, and first attempts to resist it

The old castle and cathedral

The Bishops, sole depositaries of Roman civilization

S. Siro, and legends connected with him

Wealth of the bishops, and their government, their palace, the Cintraco

The companies, the consuls, and the growth of the Commune

General assemblies—First act ot emancipated commune, building of the Cathedral—

Description of the same, and of the Church at Porto Venere

Second act of the Commune, nobles obliged to swear fealty, and their enrolment as citizens

Quarrels of the Castelli and Avvocati

Greatness of the Consulate

The Podesta: his election, and how restrained

The first Podesta

Revolts along the Riviera

Introduction of Guelph and Ghibelline factions

Guglielmo Boccanegra the first Captain

His success, and subsequent deposition

The four chief families of Genoa:

Origin of the Spinola,

and Grimaldi

Lords of Monaco

Captains of the Spinola and D'Oria families, and
their power

The abbot of the people

Genoa gives away her liberty
to Henry of Luxemburg

The contract

His visit to Genoa, and death

Popular feeling aroused

Election of the first Doge, Simone Boccanegra

Simone Boccanegra's rule and his power

Simone Boccanegra's death and his tomb

Dante in Liguria, and what he learnt there.

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CHAPTER IV: GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL.

Pisa in her glory

Origin of the rivalry between the Griffin and the Fox—

Benedict VIII's grant—Corsica prefers Genoa

First Lateran council —

Calixtus II. decides against Pisa—Anger of Pisan Archbishop Roger

Discomfiture of Pisa—Peace brought about by Innocent II. and St.
Bernard—Second Pisan war—Frederic Barbarossa, and his dealings
with Genoa

Building of new city walls—Barrisone, a judge of Sardinia,
embroils Genoa and Pisa in war—Lucca and Florence assist Genoa—

Peace for Third Crusade, at which Genoa gains much—Frederic II. and
Pisa against Innocent IV. and Genoa

Pope visits Genoa: his reception in his native town.

His victories, and his death—Desperate state of Pisa
after the Emperor's death—Preparations for the last struggle with Genoa
—Evil omen at the blessing of the fleet—Morosini and his silver arrows

—Genoese armament—Battle of Meloria ; defeat of Pisans—Number of prisoners taken to Genoa—Dismay of Pisa—Desultory warfare for some years, and final overthrow of the port of Pisa by Conrad D'Oria in 1290, and chains taken to Genoa—Final restoration of these

Monument to celebrate this capture

Dante on this victory

Wretched future for Pisa

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CHAPTER V: GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN.

Position of Italian republics in the commercial world

Result of the Crusades

Treaties with Baldwin, Raimond of Toulouse, and Guy de Lusignan form basis of Genoese commerce in Palestine

Result of Venetian and Genoese quarrel at Acre—The Genoese at Antioch and Laodica^a—

Their dealings with the Sultan of Egypt—Treaties of 1177


and 1290—Genoese at Tunis and Tripoli—Philip D'Oria's treachery—

Later dealings with Tripolines—Coral fisheries on Island of Tabarca—

The Lomellini and their wealth—Tabarca eagerly sought for as a haven

—Other ports of Northern Africa—Ceuta, and the origin of "Mahones"

—How early expeditions were organized—Genoa and mediaeval Spain—

Crusades against the Moors—Taking of Almeria, and booty therefrom—

Importance of this Spanish intercourse—Tortosa and Lisbon—Treaties

of commerce with Moorish and Christian kings in Spain—Genoese and

Catalonians—Marauding spirit of the latter—Their adventures under

Roger de Flor, finally defeated by Genoese near Constantinople in 1302—

Genoa and Southern France, Marseilles, etc.—The fairs of Champagne,

and their political significance—Genoa in the Northern seas—Petrarch's

comments on her extended commerce.


CHAPTER VI: GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA.

Three roads eastwards—Importance of Black Sea route—Genoese dealings
with the Byzantine Empire—Emmanuel Comnenus—Overthrow of the
Latin dynasty by Genoese, and treaty of Ninfeo in 1261 with Michael
Paleologus—Islands in Greek Archipelago given to Genoese families—
Pera and Galata, at Constantinople, given to them, and their consequent
monopoly of Black Sea trade—Colonies in the Crimea—Caffa, when
founded, its position, power, and government—The Tatars—Instance
of the power of a citizen of Caffa—Remains of Genoese Caffa—The
Gazzaria in the Black Sea—Crim—Soldaia—Balaclava—Inkermann—
War with Tatars—Kertch—Various commodities of Black Sea com-
merce—The slave trade—Inland towns whereat Genoa traded—Onroad
of the Turks—Genoese lethargy and troubles at home—A few ships sent
to protect Constantinople—Unaccountable conduct of Genoese at
Galata—Fall of Constantinople—Mahomed II. destroys walls of Galata
—Reminiscences of Black Sea commerce in Genoa—Crimean colonies
handed over to the Bank of St. George—Fall of Cafla and all the Black
Sea colonies—Italian language in Levant—Chios under Genoese rule
—The Zaccharia—Simone Vignoso seizes it—His probity—The Giustiniani in Chios—Their government and army—Their kindness to escaped slaves—Jealousy of the Turks—Seizure of the island—Fate of the Giustiniani—The martyr boys ..... 108


CHAPTER VII: THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND.

Earliest Genoese commercial treaties with Cyprus

Genoese galleys convey the Lusignans from Acre to Cyprus—Genoese activity in the island—

Their robberies and disputes

Venetians league with Cypriots against


Genoa—Peter I. of Lusignan—Expedition to Setalia—Peter II.'s coro-


nation, and tragedy thereat—Rage at Genoa—Armament and final con-


quest of the island by Genoese—Horrors of the war—James de Lusignan


succeeds to kingdom of Cyprus in prison at Genoa—-Birth of his son


Janus—Both are tools in the hands of Genoa—Grasping policy of Genoa


and her Bank—Fate of King Janus—Genoa loses power in the island,


which falls into Venetian hands—Early dealings with England—Corre-


spondence with the Plantagenets

Curious document relative to the alleged death of Edward II in Italy: the writer and his family identified


Chaucer's visit to Genoa on an embassy from Edward III.

Probability that he met Petrarch there,
and learnt the tale of the patient Grisaldis.

Dante,
Byron,
Shelley,
on the Genoese coast.

Genoese archers: their organization; their appearance on the field of Crecy; their slaughter

there—Intercourse with England extended

Genoese consul in London

The Pallavicini in England

Sir Horatio and his cunning

Their marriages with the Cromwells

Oliver Cromwell's attachment to Genoa

CHAPTER VIII: GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL.

Petrarch's forebodings unattended to—The affair of Candia—Intensity and
continuity of rivalry for three centuries—Defeat of the Genoese at Mal-
vasia—Simone Grillo elected over Genoese fleet—His victory at Durazzo—
Oberto D'Oria's early renown and influence—The Venetians are jealous
at Genoese success in Black Sea—James of Varagine—Oberto D'Oria's
challenge unaccepted—Venice lays waste the Black Sea colonies—
Lamba D'Oria sent to retaliate—Genoese victory at Curzola—Touching
death of Lamba D'Oria's son—Old Dandolo's end—Lamba D'Oria's
honours—Peace restored—Occupation of Chios causes next dispute—
Greek emperor and King of Aragon join Venice—Terrible battle in the
Bosphorus—Hollow victory for Genoa—Petrarch's account of this
battle—Venetians' defeat—Antonio Grimaldi at Alghero—Pagano D'Oria appointed to the command—Victory over Venetians at Sapienza
—Genoa's factions stand in her way—Position of the two republics


before their final struggle—Tenedos forms a point of dispute—Miserable


dissensions at Constantinople complicate matters—Carlo Zeno and his


document—Pola captured by Luciano D'Oria—On his death Pietro


D'Oria sent from Genoa—Capture of Chioggia by Genoese—Dismay in


Venice—Embassy of Genoese prisoners fails to soften D'Oria's heart—


Insolent message—Preparations for last struggle—Vettor Pisani and


Carlo Zeno together save Venetians from abandoning their town—


D'Oria in his turn besieged in Chioggia—Venice gets allies—Genoese


taken prisoners to the Piazza S. Marco—All traces of Genoese driven


from the Adriatic—Peace restored, and the rivalry virtually at an end . 154


***********************

CHAPTER IX: GENOA AT HOME TILL THE DAYS OF ANDREA D'ORIA,


Principal features of this period—-Dogeship of Antoniotto Adorno—Lord-


ship of Charles VI. of France—Tyranny of the Marshal Boucicault—


Lordship of the Marquis of Monferrato—The Adorni and Fregosi—


Terrible civil discord—Distress in Genoa—Tommaso Campo Fregoso's


dogeship—His success in ruling Genoa—-Fate of Luca Pinelli—The lord-


ship of the Visconti of Milan—Genoa fights Milanese battles—Victory of


Ponza—Capture by Genoese of the King of Aragon—Milanese diplo-


macy—Overthrow of Milanese influence—Lordship of Charles VII. of


France—Archbishop Paolo Fregoso—The Sforza Lordship—Charles


VIII. of France affects Genoa but little—Pisan supplicants for aid—


How received—Louis XII. of France—-His lordship in Genoa—His


visit to Genoa—Differences with the French—The Bianchi and the


Neri—Arrogance of nobles—-The capetli, and reign of terror—Paolo, a


dyer of Novi, elected doge—His salutary measures—Louis XII. invades


Genoa—Rebels abandon their doge—Louis' triumphal entry and harsh


treatment—Paolo da Novi's end—Ottaviano Fregoso's temperate rule


—Charles V. helps Adorni and Fieschi—Horrible siege, and wretched


state of Genoa under an Adorno dogeship—Genoa allotted to Francis I.


after treaty of Madrid—Andrea D'Oria , . . . .178


CHAPTER X: GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES.


Marco Polo as a prisoner in Genoa incites desire for travel—Benedetto Zac-
charia and his exploits—Missionaries and their tales—Luca Tarigo at
the Caspian Sea—Genoese shipbuilding—The S. Niccoli and Gran
Parodiso described, also smaller trading vessels—The Vivaldi expedi-
tion along the African coast—Supposed discovery of the Canaries—
Grounds for this claim—The Madeira—Antonio Uso di Mare's voyage
—His itinerario, and its value in nautical archaeology—The Genoese
family of Pessagno as admirals in Portugal for a century pave the way
for Vasco di Gama's discovery of the Cape of Good Hope—Antonio
di Noli discovers Cape Verde Islands

Christopher Columbus considered from a purely Genoese point of view

His birth and parentage

How his Genoese nationality affected his after career

How it was Genoa did not discover America

How Columbus assisted to ruin Genoa

John Cabot came from Savona and settled in Bristol

Travels of Adorno, S. Stefano, Interiano, and Camilli—Genoese assist in dis-
covering Molucca Islands—Paolo Centurione employed as Russian
discoverer—The Genoese East Indian Company, and their dealings with
Cromwell—Close of Genoa's maritime career .

********************

CHAPTER XI: THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE.

Machiavelli's opinion of it—Curious phenomenon of a republic within a re-

public—Its origin in loans for crusading, and other purposes—The

Mahones—First regular debt incurred by the government in 1148—

System then inaugurated for security to shareholders—The loans

increase in number—Regulations drawn up—" The consuls of the debt"—

Instances of loans—The "Compere of St. George"—New commission of 1339—Further steps towards consolidation—Position of the Bank as

an independent republic—Difficulties in Genoa—-Francesco Vivaldi and

his donstion—His speech, and first ideas of accumulating interest—

Various benefactors—Reorganization in 1407, and the Bank now

thoroughly consolidated—The new constitution given to it—A floating

debt in 1456—Some debts made irredeemable, and some taxes handed

over to the Bank in perpetuity—Cession of colonies to the Bank—Their

mismanagement of them—Old system of auctions for raising the loans

not abandoned till 1675, and title of

"The Bank of St. George"

then regularly adopted—The "monti" or public pawn loans—Difficulties of the

Bank during the last two centuries of its existence—The Austrian


demands—Close of the Bank at the time of the French Revolution—


Vain attempts to reopen it

Origin of the name St. George

The palace of the Bank as it now stands

The foundation

The statues to benefactors therein

The large council hall, and reminiscences of the


old system to be found—The archives—The fresco by Tavarone—The


Porto Franco—Its former importance—The porters' guild—Niccol6


Paganini


CHAPTER XII: HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA.


Sketch of the D'Oria family: Its origin, and its heroes, its palaces, and its
church

Character of Andrea D'Oria

His importance in the politics of the age

His birth, and early life and adventures

Andrea D'Oria assumes command in Corsica

His cruelty

Boarding of a French ship

His only wound.

Four galleys given to him—His conduct at Monaco—His value to the


French cause—His conduct after the battle of Pavia—His dealings with
Pope Clement VII.

His fickleness

Andrea D'Oria marries

Battle of Capri—He leaves the service of France—His conduct in so doing discussed—His treaty with the Emperor Charles V.—Benefits gained thereby


for himself and Genoa

Andrea D'Oria: His love of art

His palace at Fassuolo

Division of Andrea's thirty-years' rule in Genoa—French nearly capture him, and
burn his palace—Charles V.'s first visit to Genoa—What Andrea D'Oria
gains thereout

Andrea D'Oria is made a Prince

War against the Turks

Barbarossa conquered at Corone—Charles V.'s second visit to Genoa

Prince Andrea D'Oria's interview with the French King—The Corsair Dragut, and

Prince Andrea's dealings with him

Prince Andrea, at the age of eighty, conducts an expedition to Algiers—Its failure.


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CHAPTER XIII: THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY.

Importance of this conspiracy

The Fieschi family

Their origin

The Counts of Lavagna

How they came to Genoa

Their policy

Sinibaldo Fieschi, and his extravagance

His widow, and son, Gian Luigi, at Montobbio—

The lessons young Fieschi there received

Gian Luigi Fieschi repairs to Genoa

*******************************
His good looks, and popularity
*******************************

His enmity with Gianettino D'Oria

Some of the accomplices in the conspiracy

Paul III., and the Duke of Piacenza—Verrina—Sacco and Calcagno—Verrina's plans—

Failure of the first schemes

Final plan decided upon

Spanish ambassador not believed by Prince Andrea

Four galleys with armed men on board arrive for the Fieschi

Excuse given to the D'Oria for this arrival—

Armed men assemble in the palace of Vialata

The old tutor Panza and Leonora Fieschi

Extent of D'Orian power exemplified

Gian Luigi and his rival

Nobles invited to Fieschi banquet

He harangues them

Two only refuse to join—Gian Luigi parts with his wife

Fate of Leonora Fieschi

Evil omens on starting

Success of the conspirators at first

Gian Luigi on the D'Orian galleys

*****************
His tragic death
****************

Gianettino D'Oria slain

Prince Andrea escapes

Tumult in the city

The senate take heart

Girolamo Fieschi assumes the leadership of the conspirators; but


has to come to terms—Return of Prince D'Oria—His conduct—Denies


Gian Luigi burial, and wreaks his vengeance on the family—Confiscates


their property, and blows up their palace—Girolamo besieged at Mon-


tobbio—Garrison gives way—Fate of the rebels—Result of Prince


D'Oria's triumph—Sentence passed on the Fieschi—Fate of Ottobuono


Fieschi—Bonfadio, the historian: his annals, and culture—How treated


by the Genoese—His execution ...... 265
CHAPTER XIV.


ANDREA D'ORIA'S LATTER DAYS, AND THE OUTCOME OF HIS


POLICY.


PAGE


Prince Andrea s longevity—The difficulties about his path—Charles V. anxious


to build a fortress in Genoa—Jealousy of the other D'Oria—Giulio Cybo's


conspiracy—The Cybo family—Giulio's character—His part in the Fieschi


plot—His plans for assassinating Prince D'Oriadiscovered—His execution


—Adamo Centurione sent to Spain—The Centurione family—Prince


D'Oria's reforms—The " Garibetto"—The purport of it—Prince Philip of


Spain visits Genoa—Spanish display—Story of peasant—Philip's presents


—He wishes to lodge in the Palazzo Pubblico, but not allowed—His visit


not a success—Quarrels between Spaniards and Genoese—Philip enters


the town but once—His letter to his father—Prince Andrea pursues the


Corsair Dragut, and nearly captures him—Prince Andrea's disaster at


Naples—His last naval exploit—At eighty-four he goes to quell the


Corsican insurrection—His cruelty—Giovandrea D'Oria elected to


Andrea's honours—Prince Andrea beautifies the Church of S. Matteo—


His heir's defeat—Anxiety about him—Prince Andrea's death—His


funeral—The D'Orian burial-places—The monastery of S. Fruttuoso—


The weirdness of the place—The D'Orian tombs—The legend—The


Benedictine monks, and their power there—How it became a D'Orian


monopoly—Prince Andrea restores it—Name of D'Oria no longer cele-


brated—Prince Giovandrea's feebleness—The Portici—Three dema-


gogues—Spanish aid sought to reinstate Prince D'Oria—His influence


lost—Reforms of 1576—Statues to the D'Oria—Absence of statues in


Genoa—Uneventful period—Building of palaces—The Duke of Savoy


has plans on Genoa—Quarrel about Zuccarello—Prince Giovandrea


D'Oria's death—-His dog—Vacchero's conspiracy—His origin and early


career—His object—His accomplices—Rodino betrays him—His death


—Carbone's account of Vacchero—Stone of infamy put up to him . 289


CHAPTER XV.


THE GENOESE IN CORSICA.


Part I. —Corsican heroes—Their vindictive spirit—Early Genoese and Pisan
disputes there^The della Rocca family—II Giudice, the Pisan adherent, a
typical Corsican hero—His end—The Communistic Sect—Arrigo della
Rocca, and his rebellion—The "azionisli," and grasping policy of the
Lomellini—D'lstria carries on the rebellion—French influence first felt—
Siege of Bonifazio—Bravery of Magrone—End of D'lstria—Numerous
claimants for power in the island—The Bank of St. George—Rinuccio
della Rocca's revolt—Niccol6 and Andrea D'Oria succeed in stamping
out rebellion — Policy of the Bank—Sampiero di Bastelica—His early
days—Why he hated Genoa—French assistance—Andrea D'Oria again
successful—Peace of Cateau Cambresis—Desperation of Sampiero—How
he treats his wife—Courts of Europe look askance at him—His bravery in
Corsica—Cruelty of the Genoese—The first Napoleon—Small assistance
from France—Death of Sampiero—Idea of total'extirpation of Corsicans




—Greek colonists—Rebellious condition of Corsica for the succeeding
century and a half—Climax of open war in i729—Harshness of the
governor Pinelli —Ceccaldi and Giafleri—Austrian contingent—Constitu-
tion of i735—British assistance—Desperate condition of the island—Two
celebrated men—Rhumt of Genoese career in Corsica.
Part II.—Extraordinary arrival of Baron Theodor von Neuhoff in Corsica
—His early career and eccentricities—His dealings with Alberoni—Rip-
perda and Law—His Irish wife—How he formed the idea of making
himself King of Corsica—His first acts on his election—How Genoa
treated him—His successes—His promised succour never comes—The
"indifferent?'—His address to his subjects—He repairs to Amsterdam
—How the Dutch receive him—Corsicans still struggle on—French now
assist Genoese; but at length withdraw—Genoese in difficulties—King
Theodore reappears on the scenes—French again join them, and the king
retires to England—Put into prison—Horace Walpole's account of him—
His death, his tombstone, and his son—Corsicans at their last gasp—
Pasquale Paoli—His education, his character, his legislation—Hatred of
Genoese—Refuses their terms—Sale of Corsica to France—Paoli holds
out—Defeated at Porto Nuovo in i769—What we gather from Genoese
archives of his life in England and France—Returns to Corsica—His
cruelty to Genoese prisoners—George III. King of Corsica—Corsica
finally becomes French—Count Guiseppe Gorani's eccentricities . 3i5


CHAPTER XVI.


THE BEGINNING OF THE END.


Genoa chooses the Madonna for her Queen—Ceremony of election—The Em-


peror's unwillingness to admit of the regal state overcome—The doge's


coronation—Disputes between Church and State—The conspiracies of


Balbi and Raggio—Their fate—Great pestilence of i656-57—The


senator Raggio—Charles Emmanuel of Savoy and della Torre make


an attempt on Genoa—Failure of this—End of della Torre—Louis XIV's


schemes on Genoa—His insults—His ambition aroused—His embassy, and


terms sent to Genoa—The bombardment, terror of the inhabitants, ruin


of the palaces, and final submission to Louis' will—The terms—The


doge goes to Versailles—His reception there—Genoa recoups her for-


tunes—Instances of wealth in Genoa at this time—The Albergo dei


Poveri—The Carignano church and bridge—Manufactures of paper and


velvet—Austrian invasion in i746—Misfortune to General Braun's corps


in the Polcevera—General Botta-Adorno's demands—He enters Genoa


and becomes more exorbitant—Indignation of populace—Inertness of


senators—Payment of two instalments—First stone cast by Balila at the


Austrians—Rush of people to arms—Conduct of the senate—The Aus-


trians driven out with great slaughter—Bravery of populace—Carlone's


speech to the doge and council—Senate and people are at variance after


expulsion of Austrians—Destruction of former averted by Lomellini—


French General Boufflers protects Genoese from Austrians—His death—


Due de Richelieu—Rewards given to Balila—Genoa much weakened


by the Austrian invasion ....... 348


CHAPTER XVII.


ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA.


PAGE


Characteristics of Ligurian art—Disadvantages which prevented the Ligurian


from becoming a leading school—The family monopolies—The unappre-


ciative citizens—What is left of early Genoese art—Ludovico Brea the


founder of the school—Specimens of his work—Fazolo and his family—


Ottaviano da Semino and his character—Revival of art at the time of


Andrea D'Oria—Pierino del Vaga and Montorsoli in Genoa—Luca Cam-


biaso—His youth—His style and earlier efforts—His mean appearance—


His unsuccessful suit—Paints at Rome and at the Escurial—His death—


His Last Supper—Lazaro Tavarone and his prolific brush—The Castello


family—Bernardo Castello a friend of Tasso's—Gian Battista Castello,


the miniature-painter—Ludovico Calvi, the mariner-artist—Decay of


Raphaelesque school—Cappellino'seccentricities—BernardoStrozzi, "the


Genoese priest "—His productions—His adventurous career—His death


at Venice—The Vandyke and Rubens revival in Genoa—Vandyke's works


in Genoa—The Castiglione family—-II Grechetto, the second Rembrandt—


The De' Ferrari and Piola families—A Genoese artistic coterie—Carlone


—The chef cTauvre of Liguria and Pellegro Piola—The Piola family-


house, and its family relics—How Pellegro came to paint the picture in


the goldsmiths' street—His tragic fate—Domenico Piola, and others of


this family—Sculpture in Genoa—Antonio della Porta—How foreign


sculptors were summoned—Parodi—The brothers Schiaffino—Engineer-


ing skill of Genoese—The aqueduct, the arcades, the first pier, and


building of the Bank of St. George—Black and white marble edifices—


The Renaissance in Genoa—The palaces—Montorsoli and Alessi—Com-


bination of styles in Genoa—Modern Genoese art 372


CHAPTER XVIII.


THE END.


Rumours of the French Revolution reach Genoa—Attempted neutrality—
H. B. M's. consul, Mr. Drake, and his demands—The affair of the Modesta
—Drake leaves Genoa—French army under Bonaparte approaches—Fay-
poult—Nelson at Genoa—Terms with the Directoire—Revolutionists—
Morando Vitaliani and Filippo D'Oria—Weakness of senate—Increase
of Revolution—Democracy predominant—Faypoult assists them—Senate
in desperation—-The '' Genoese priests," and the counter revolution—
Battle rages in Genoa—D'Oria's death—The poor Turk—Napoleon
becomes imperious—His schemes of reform established—The revolu-
tionists triumphant—Burning of the "Book of Gold" etc.—Wild scenes
and speeches of demagogues—Religious element—The apostles of demo-
cracy—Opposition to the new order of things—-The peasants from the
neighbouring valleys—Bonaparte in Liguria—His reception—Genoa
drawn into the international struggles—Siege of Genoa by the allies—Inci-


PAGE


dent at Casteluccio—Terrible privations of the besieged, and heartrending


scenes of famine and pestilence within the walls—Massena's determina-


tion to hold out, but eventually capitulates on 4th of June, 1800—


Reception of the English—Regency appointed—French after Marengo


again enter Genoa—The Cisalpine Republic—New constitution—Union


with* France determined upon—-The last doge does homage to Napoleon,


and is made prefect of the Genoese department—Napoleon visits Genoa—


Stops in Andrea D'Oria's palace—Oath of allegiance in Cathedral—.


Temporary prosperity—English fleet before Genoa in 1814—No wish


for ablockade—French driven out—Vice-Admiral Pellew, the commissary


of marines—Admiral Bentinck received with every mark of joy—Talk of


restoring old regime—Discussion about it at the Congress of Vienna—


Projects for her future—Finally added to Savoy as a duchy; and she


enters upon a new existence . . . . . 391