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"I due Foscari" is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, based on the play by Lord Byron.
Verdi had considered the Byron play as a subject as early as 1843.
When Verdi proposed such an opera to La Fenice in Venice, it was rejected as unsuitable.
The story included criticism of actions of the Republic of Venice, which was offensive to the great families of Venice that had governed the Republic, including the extant Foscari family.
At the same time, a new opera on the subject of Lorenzino de' Medici, which Verdi proposed for the Teatro Argentina in Rome, was rejected by that house.
I due Foscari was substituted and it was given its premiere performance at the Teatro Argentina in Roma on 3 November 1844.
The first performances in the UK were given in London at the Italian Opera House (Her Majesty's Theatre), Haymarket, on 10 April 1847.
In the US, the opera was first presented in Boston on 10 May 1847.
Paris saw a production in December 1846 at the Théâtre des Italiens, and it was taken up by several major Italian opera houses.
In modern times Foscari has received occasional productions. La Scala presented it in 1988, also with Renato Bruson, a version which is available on DVD. It was performed by the Teatro San Carlo in Naples in 2000 and recorded on DVD. The Royal Opera House presented the opera in June 1995 with Vladimir Chernov and June Anderson in the major roles. Florida's Sarasota Opera included it in March 2008 as part of its "Verdi Cycle". It was presented during the 2008/09 seasons of La Scala and the Bilbao Association of Lovers of Opera (ABAO) in Bilbao, Spain.
Also, concert opera performances have been common. The Opera Orchestra of New York has presented concert versions three times: the first in October 1981 with Renato Bruson in the title role; the second in April 1992 with Vladimir Chernov as the Doge; and the third in December 2007, with Paolo Gavanelli as the Doge.
The Los Angeles Opera presented a new production in September 2012, with the company's general director and tenor Plácido Domingo singing the baritone role of Francesco Foscari for the first time. Performances were conducted by the company's music director, James Conlon. The cast included tenor Francesco Meli as Jacopo Foscari and soprano Marina Poplavskaya as Lucrezia.[4] The production was directed by Thaddeus Strassberger, his debut for the Los Angeles opera.[5]
Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 3 November 1844[6] (Conductor: - ) |
|---|---|---|
| Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice | baritone | Achille De Bassini |
| Jacopo Foscari, his son | tenor | Giacomo Roppa |
| Lucrezia Contarini, Jacopo Foscari's wife | soprano | Marianna Barbieri-Nini |
| Jacopo Loredano, Member of the Council of Ten | bass | Baldassare Miri |
| Barbarigo, a Senator | tenor | Atanasio Pozzolini |
| Pisana, Friend and confidant of Lucrezia | mezzo-soprano | Giulia Ricci |
| Attendant on the Council of Ten | tenor | |
| Servant of the Doge | bass | |
| Members of the Council of Ten and the Junta, Maidservants of Lucrezia, Venetian Ladies, crowd and masked men and women; Jailors, Gondoliers, Pages, and the two sons of Jacopo Foscari | ||
Synopsis
- Place: Venice
- Time: 1457
Act 1
Scene 1: Outside the Council Chamber of the Doge's PalaceMembers of the Council of Ten are waiting to enter the Council Chamber to try the case of Jacopo Foscari, the son of the Doge, who has been accused of murder. Upon the arrival of Loredano (Jacopo's sworn enemy) and his friend Barbarigo, they announce that the Doge has already entered the Chamber. They all enter the Chamber.
Having recently returned from exile, Jacopo is brought from the prison and expresses his love at seeing Venice again: Dal più remoto esilio ("From the most distant place of exile"). When summoned to enter the Chamber and told that he can expect the Council to be merciful, Jacopo explodes in rage: Odio solo ed odio atroce ("Only hatred, cruel hatred, is locked within their breasts"). He enters the Chamber.
Scene 2: A hall in the palace
Lucrezia Contarini, Jacopo's wife, learns from her ladies in waiting that the trial is proceeding in the Council Chamber. She quickly demands to see the Doge, Jacopo's father, but is told that she should pray for Jacopo's freedom. Angrily, she implores heaven to be merciful: Tu al cui sguardi onni possente ("Thou beneath whose almighty glance all men rejoice or weep"). Her friend Pisana enters in tears; she relays the news that Jacopo has been sentenced to further exile and this provokes another furious outburst from Lucrezia: La clemenza! s'aggiunge lo scherno! ("Their mercy? Now they add insult!"). Pisana and the ladies beg her to trust in the mercy of God.
Scene 3: Outside the Council Chamber
The Council of Ten leaves the Chamber proclaiming that the evidence was clearly sufficient to convict Jacopo and that their actions will be seen as just and fair.
Scene 4: The Doge's private room
The Doge, Francesco Foscari, enters and wearily sits down. He expresses anguish at what has happened to his son but, as his father, feels there is nothing he can do to save him: O vecchio cor che batte ("Oh ancient heart that beats in my breast..."). In tears, Lucreza comes in and, when she tries to decry the actions of the Council, Francesco reminds her of his position as upholder of the law of Venice. Angrily, she denounces the law as being filled only with hatred and vengeance and demands that he return her husband to her: Tu pur lo sai che giudice ("You know it all too well"). The scene ends with the Doge lamenting the limits of his power and the conflicts between being both ruler and father, while Lucrezia continues to demand his help. The sight of his tears gives her some hope.
Act 2
Scene 1: The state prisonJacopo is alone in prison and laments his fate. He imagines that he is being attacked by Carmagnola, a famous condottiere (soldier) who was executed in Venice (Non maledirmi o prode ("Mighty warrior, do not curse me"), and he faints. Still delirious, he finds Lucrezia is with him; she tells him of the Council's decision and the punishment of further exile. However, she tries to keep some hope alive and promises to join him in exile if need be.
The Doge arrives and declares that in spite of the fact that he was forced to act severely, he loves his son. Jacopo is comforted - Nel tuo paterno amplesso ("In a father's embrace my sorrow is stilled") - but is further disturbed by the Doge's claim that his duty must override his love of his son.
Loredano arrives to announce the official verdict and to prepare Jacopo for his departure. He is contemptuous of the pleas of the Foscari and orders his men to remove Jacopo from his cell. In a final trio, Jacopo, the Doge, and Lucrezia express their conflicting emotions and, as Jacopo is taken away, father and daughter-in-law leave together.
Scene 2: The Council Chamber
Loredano is adamant: there shall be no mercy and Lucrezia and her children will not be allowed to accompany Jacopo on his banishment. The Doge laments his inability to help, acting, as he must, in the role of Doge before that of father. Lucrezia enters with her two children. Jacopo embraces them while Lucrezia pleads with the councilors to no avail. Jacopo is taken away.
Act 3
Scene 1: The Piazetta of San MarcoWhile the people who have gathered express their joy at being together, Loredano and Barbarigo wait for the galley that will take Jacopo away to exile. He is led out, followed by his wife and Pisana, and expresses his feelings for Lucrezia: All'infelice veglio ("Unhappy woman, unhappy through me alone"). Together, in a huge choral number, Jacopo, Lucrezia, Pisano, Barbarigo, Loredano, and the people of Venice each express their feelings. Jacopo begins: O padre, figli, sposa ("Father, children, wife, I bid you a last farewell"), and the scene ends with Jacopo escorted onto the galley while Lucrezia faints in Pisana's arms.
Scene 2: The Doge's Palace
The grief-stricken Doge expresses his feelings - Egli ore parte! ("Now he is going!") - and pictures himself alone in his old age. Barbarigo brings him proof that his son was in fact innocent, while Lucrezia comes in to announce Jacopo's death: Più non vive... l'innocente / ("He is no more... the innocent"). As she leaves, a servant announces that the Council of Ten wish to meet with the Doge.
The Council, through its spokesman Loredano, announces that it has decided that Francesco, due to age, should give up his position as Doge. Angrily, he denounces their decision: Questa dunque è l'iniqua mercede ("This then is the unjust reward..."). He asks for his daughter-in-law to be brought in and gradually lays down the trappings of his office. When Lucrezia enters and addresses him with the familiar title "Prince", he declares "Prince! That I was; now I am no longer." Just then, the bell of San Marco is heard announcing that a successor has been chosen. As it tolls a second time, Francesco recognizes that the end has come: Quel bronzo feral ("What fatal knell"). As the bell tolls again, he dies; Loredano notes that "I am paid."
Recordings
| Year | Cast (Francesco Foscari, Jacobo Foscari, Lucrezia, Loredano) | Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra | Label[7] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 | Giangiacomo Guelfi, Carlo Bergonzi, Maria Vitale, Pasquale Lombardo | Carlo Maria Giulini, RAI of Milan Orchestra and chorus | Audio CD :Warner Fonit Cat: 8573-83515-2 |
| 1977 | Piero Cappuccilli, José Carreras, Katia Ricciarelli, Samuel Ramey | Lamberto Gardelli, ORF Symphony Orchestra and Chorus | Audio CD: Philips Cat: 475-8697 |
| 1988 | Renato Bruson, Alberto Cupido, Linda Roark-Strummer, Luigi Roni | Gianandrea Gavazzeni, Teatro alla Scala Orchestra and Chorus (Live recording made at two performances at La Scala, 15 & 17 January) | DVD: Opus Arte Cat: OA LS30007 D |
| 2000 | Leo Nucci, Vincenzo La Scola, Alexandrina Pendatchanska, Danilo Rigosa | Nello Santi, Teatro San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus (Audio and video recordings of a performance in the Teatro di San Carlo di Napoli, November 2000). | Audio CD: House of Opera Cat: CDWW 1045; DVD: ArtHaus Musik Cat: 107 001 |
References
- ^ Budden, Julian, The Operas of Verdi, Vol. 1, London: Cassell, 1984, pp.176/177
- ^ Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001, page 982. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
- ^ OONY's performance history
- ^ LA Opera website Retrieved 27 April 2012
- ^ >LA Opera website Retrieved 27 April 2012
- ^ List of singers taken from Budden, p.174, see above
- ^ Recordings on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
- Budden, Julian, The Operas of Verdi, Volume 1: From ' Oberto to Rigoletto. London: Cassell, 1984. ISBN 0-304-31058-1.
- Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
- Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane, Verdi: A Biography, London & New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ISBN 0-19-313204-4
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