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APOLLONIO RODIO
"Argonautica"
Apollonius Rhodius’s "Argonautica", composed in the third century BC, is an epic retelling of GIASONE’s quest for the golden fleece.
It greatly influenced Roman authors such as Catullo, Virgilio, and Ovidio, and was imitated by Valerio Flacco. *************************************************************** APPIANO | |
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"Roman History" I
Appian (first–second century A. D.), a Greek from Antioch, offers a history of the rise of Rome but often shows us events from the point of view of the conquered peoples.
Books on the Spanish, Hannibalic, Punic, Illyrian, Syrian, Mythridatic, and Civil wars are extant. ******************* APPIANO | |
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Roman History II
Appian (first–second century CE), a Greek from Antioch, offers a history of the rise of Rome but often shows us events from the point of view of the conquered peoples. Books on the Spanish, Hannibalic, Punic, Illyrian, Syrian, Mythridatic, and Civil wars are extant.
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Roman History III
Appian (first–second century CE), a Greek from Antioch, offers a history of the rise of Rome but often shows us events from the point of view of the conquered peoples. Books on the Spanish, Hannibalic, Punic, Illyrian, Syrian, Mythridatic, and Civil wars are extant.
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Roman History IV
Appian (first–second century CE), a Greek from Antioch, offers a history of the rise of Rome but often shows us events from the point of view of the conquered peoples. Books on the Spanish, Hannibalic, Punic, Illyrian, Syrian, Mythridatic, and Civil wars are extant.
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 | *************************************************** Catullo. Tibullo.
Catullo (84–54 BC) couples consummate poetic artistry with intensity of feeling. Tibullo (c. 54–19 BC) proclaims love for Delia and Nemesis in elegy. The beautiful verse of the "Pervigilium Veneris" (fourth century A.D.) celebrates a spring festival in honour of the goddess of love.
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"Letters to Attico"
In letters to his friend Attico, Cicerone (106–43 BC) reveals himself as to no other of his correspondents except, perhaps, his brother, and vividly depicts a momentous period in Roman history, marked by the rise of Julius Caesar and the downfall of the Republic.
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In letters to his friend Atticus, Cicero (106–43 BCE) reveals himself as to no other of his correspondents except, perhaps, his brother, and vividly depicts a momentous period in Roman history, marked by the rise of Julius Caesar and the downfall of the Republic.
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 | ************ EURIPIDE Suppliant Women. Electra. Heracles
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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 | ************ EURIPIDE Trojan Women. Iphigenia among the Taurians. Ion
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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Helen. Phoenician Women. Orestes
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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Cyclops. Alcestis. Medea
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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Orations 1-5
The surviving works of the Roman Emperor Julian “the Apostate” (331 or 332–363 CE) include eight Orations; Misopogon (Beard-Hater), assailing the morals of the people of Antioch; more than eighty Letters; and fragments of Against the Galileans, written mainly to show that the Old Testament lacks evidence for the idea of Christianity.
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Phalaris. Hippias or The Bath. Dionysus. Heracles. Amber or The Swans. The Fly. Nigrinus. Demonax. The Hall. My Native Land. Octogenarians. A True Story. Slander. The Consonants at Law. The Carousal (Symposium) or The Lapiths
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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 | ************************************************************** PETRONIO Satyricon SENECA Apocolocyntosis
Petronios’s Satyricon, probably written between 54 and 68 A.D., presents in lurid detail the disreputable adventures of Encolpio, including his attendance at Trimalchione’s wildly extravagant dinner party. The Apocolocyntosis (Pumpkinification), a satire on the death and apotheosis of the emperor Claudio, is attributed to Seneca (c. 4 BCE–54 CE).
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 | ********************* FILOSTRATO Apollonius of Tyana, Volume I
In his Life of Apollonius, Philostratus (second to third century CE) portrays a first-century CE teacher, religious reformer, and perceived rival to Jesus. Apollonius’s letters, ancient reports about him, and a letter by Eusebius (fourth century CE) that is now central to the history of Philostratus’s work add to the portrait.
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Apollonius of Tyana, Volume II
In his Life of Apollonius, Philostratus (second to third century CE) portrays a first-century CE teacher, religious reformer, and perceived rival to Jesus. Apollonius’s letters, ancient reports about him, and a letter by Eusebius (fourth century CE) that is now central to the history of Philostratus’s work add to the portrait.
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 | ******************* PROPERZIO "Elegies"
The passionate and dramatic elegies of Properzio (c. 50–soon after 16 BC) gained him a reputation as one of Rome’s finest love poets.
He portrays the uneven course of his love affair with Cinzia and also tells us much about the society of his time, then in later poems turns to the legends of ancient Rome. | |
 | ********** QUINTO SYIRNEO The Fall of Troy
In The Fall of Troy, Quintus Smyrnaeus (fourth century CE?) seeks to continue in Homer’s style the tale of Troy from the point at which the Iliad closes. Quintus’s fourteen-book epic poem includes the death of Achilles and the making of the Wooden Horse. It ends with the great storm that by the wrath of heaven shattered the departing Achaean fleet.
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Ajax. Electra. Oedipus Tyrannus
Sophocles (497/6–406 BCE), considered one of the world’s greatest poets, forged tragedy from the heroic excess of myth and legend. Seven complete plays are extant, including Oedipus Tyrannus, Ajax, Antigone, and Philoctetes. Among many fragments that also survive is a substantial portion of the satyr drama The Searchers.
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Antigone. The Women of Trachis. Philoctetes. Oedipus at Colonus
Sophocles (497/6–406 BCE), considered one of the world’s greatest poets, forged tragedy from the heroic excess of myth and legend. Seven complete plays are extant, including Oedipus Tyrannus, Ajax, Antigone, and Philoctetes. Among many fragments that also survive is a substantial portion of the satyr drama The Searchers.
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 | ************* TERENZIO The Woman of Andros. The Self-Tormentor. The Eunuch
The six plays by Terenzio (died 159 BC), all extant, imaginatively reformulate Greek New Comedy in realistic scenes and refined Latin.
They include Phormio, a comedy of intrigue and trickery; The Brothers, which explores parental education of sons; and The Eunuch, which presents the most sympathetically drawn courtesan in Roman comedy. | |
 | *********** TERENZIO Phormio. The Mother-in-Law. The Brothers
The six plays by Terenzio (died 159 BC), all extant, imaginatively reformulate Greek New Comedy in realistic scenes and refined Latin. They include Phormio, a comedy of intrigue and trickery; The Brothers, which explores parental education of sons; and The Eunuch, which presents the most sympathetically drawn courtesan in Roman comedy.
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 | *************** The Apostolic Fathers, Volume I Didache
The writings of the Apostolic Fathers (first and second centuries CE) give a rich and diverse picture of Christian life and thought in the period immediately after New Testament times. Some were accorded almost Scriptural authority in the early Church.
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 | *************** The Apostolic Fathers, Volume II
The writings of the Apostolic Fathers (first and second centuries CE) give a rich and diverse picture of Christian life and thought in the period immediately after New Testament times. Some were accorded almost Scriptural authority in the early Church.
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AUGUSTINUS Confessions I
In the Confessions, Augustine (354–430 CE) offers his great autobiography.
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Confessions I
Confessions is a spiritual autobiography of Augustine’s early life, family, associations, and explorations of alternative religious and theological viewpoints as he moved toward his conversion. Cast as a prayer addressed to God, it offers a gripping personal story and a philosophical exploration destined to have broad and lasting impact.
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Confessions II
In the Confessions, Augustine (354–430 CE) offers his great autobiography.
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Theocritus. Bion. Moschus
Theocritus (third century BCE) was the founder of bucolic poetry. The extant poems of Moschus (second century BCE) and Bion (probably second and first centuries BCE) are not really bucolic, but Bion’s Lament for Adonis is floridly brilliant. Pattern poems are also found in the Greek Anthology, a work of many centuries.
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Orations 6-8. Letters to Themistius, To the Senate and People of Athens, To a Priest. The Caesars. Misopogon
The surviving works of the Roman Emperor Julian “the Apostate” (331 or 332–363 CE) include eight Orations; Misopogon (Beard-Hater), assailing the morals of the people of Antioch; more than eighty Letters; and fragments of Against the Galileans, written mainly to show that the Old Testament lacks evidence for the idea of Christianity.
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 | ******** CICERONE On Duties
We know more of Marco Tullio Cicerone (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | ***** SUETONIO Lives of the Caesars I
Enriched by anecdotes, gossip, and details of character and personal appearance, Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius (born c. 70 CE) is a valuable and colorful source of information about the first twelve Roman emperors, Roman imperial politics, and Roman imperial society. Part of Suetonius’s Lives of Illustrious Men (of letters) also survives.
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 | **** DIO CASSIO Roman History I
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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 | **** ORAZIO Odes and Epodes
The poetry of Orazio (born 65 BC) is richly varied, its focus moving between public and private concerns, urban and rural settings, Stoic and Epicurean thought. His Odes cover a wide range of moods and topics. Love and political concerns are frequent themes of the Epodes.
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 | ************** Barlaam and Ioasaph
Barlaam and Ioasaph, a hagiographic novel in which an Indian prince becomes aware of the world’s miseries and is converted to Christianity by a monk, is a Christianized version of the legend of the Buddha. Though often attributed to John Damascene (c. 676–749 CE), it was probably translated from Georgian into Greek in the eleventh century CE.
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 | ***** TACITO Agricola. Germania. Dialogue on Oratory
Tacito (c. 55–c. 120 CE), renowned for concision and psychology, is paramount as a historian of the early Roman empire. Agricola includes Agricola’s career in Britain. Germania is a description of German tribes as known to the Romans. Dialogus concerns the decline of oratory and education.
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 | ***** PLATONE Euthyphro. Apology. Crito. Phaedo. Phaedrus
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Roman History, Volume II
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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 | ***** SUETONIO Lives of the Caesars II
Enriched by anecdotes, gossip, and details of character and personal appearance, Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius (born c. 70 CE) is a valuable and colorful source of information about the first twelve Roman emperors, Roman imperial politics, and Roman imperial society. Part of Suetonius’s Lives of Illustrious Men (of letters) also survives.
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GIULIO CESARE Civil Wars
In his Gallic War and Civil Wars, Caesar (100–44 B) provides vigorous, direct, clear, third-personal, and largely unemotional records of his own campaigns.
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 | *********** CICERONE On Ends
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | ***** OVIDIO Heroides. Amores
In Heroides, Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE) allows legendary women to narrate their memories and express their emotions in verse letters to absent husbands and lovers. Ovid’s Amores are three books of elegies ostensibly about the poet’s love affair with his mistress Corinna.
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 | OVIDIO Metamorphoses I
In his most influential work, the Metamorphoses, Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE) weaves a hexametric whole from a huge range of myths, which are connected by the theme of change and ingeniously linked as the narrative proceeds from earliest creation to transformation in Ovid’s own time.
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 | OVIDIO Metamorphoses II
In his most influential work, the Metamorphoses, Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE) weaves a hexametric whole from a huge range of myths, which are connected by the theme of change and ingeniously linked as the narrative proceeds from earliest creation to transformation in Ovid’s own time.
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 | APULEIO Metamorphoses I
The Metamorphoses (The Golden Ass) of Apuleius (born c. 125 CE) is a romance combining realism and magic. Lucius wants the sensations of a bird, but by pharmaceutical accident becomes an ass. The bulk of the novel recounts his adventures as an animal, but Lucius also recounts many stories he overhears, including that of Cupid and Psyche.
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 | ********** ACHILLE TAZIO Leucippe and Clitophon
Leucippe and Clitophon, written in the second century CE, is exceptional among the ancient romances in being a first-person narrative: the adventures of the young couple are recounted by the hero himself. Achilles Tatius’s style is notable for descriptive detail and for his engaging digressions.
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 | **** PLUTARCO Lives I
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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 | ***** PLUTARCO Lives II
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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History of the Wars, Volume I
History of the Wars by the Byzantine historian Procopius (late fifth century to after 558 CE) consists largely of sixth century CE military history, with much information about peoples, places, and special events. Powerful description complements careful narration. Procopius is just to the empire’s enemies and boldly criticises emperor Justinian.
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Geography, Volume I
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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Geography, Volume II
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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Cyropaedia, Volume I
Cyropaedia, by Xenophon (c. 430–c. 354 BCE), is a historical romance on the education of the sixth century BCE Persian king Cyrus the Elder that reflects Xenophon’s ideas about rulers and government.
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Cyropaedia, Volume II
Cyropaedia, by Xenophon (c. 430–c. 354 BCE), is a historical romance on the education of the sixth century BCE Persian king Cyrus the Elder that reflects Xenophon’s ideas about rulers and government.
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Roman History, Volume III
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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The Downward Journey or The Tyrant. Zeus Catechized. Zeus Rants. The Dream or The Cock. Prometheus. Icaromenippus or The Sky-man. Timon or The Misanthrope. Charon or The Inspectors. Philosophies for Sale
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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 | PLINIO IL GIOVANE Letters I
The Letters of Pliny the Younger (c. 61–c. 112 CE), a polished social document of his times, include descriptions of the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE and the earliest pagan accounts of Christians. The Panegyricus is an expanded, published version of Pliny’s oration of thanks to the Emperor Trajan in 100 CE.
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 | **** PINDARO Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes
Pindar (c. 518–438 BCE), highly esteemed as lyric poet by the ancients, commemorates in complex verse the achievements of athletes and powerful rulers at the four great Panhellenic festivals—the Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian games—against a backdrop of divine favor, human failure, heroic legend, and aristocratic Greek ethos.
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Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia
The two extant poems of Hesiod (eighth or seventh century BCE) are Theogony, in which he charts the history of the divine world, and Works and Days, in which he delivers moral precepts and practical advice for the world of men.
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Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius (121–180 CE), philosopher-emperor, wrote the Meditations (his title was “The matters addressed to himself”) in periods of solitude during military campaigns. His ethical, religious, and existential reflections have endured as an expression of Stoicism, a text for students of that philosophy, and a guide to the moral life.
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 | PLINIO IL GIOVANE Letters II
The Letters of Pliny the Younger (c. 61–c. 112 CE), a polished social document of his times, include descriptions of the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE and the earliest pagan accounts of Christians. The Panegyricus is an expanded, published version of Pliny’s oration of thanks to the Emperor Trajan in 100 CE.
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 | ************** PLAUTO Amphitryon. The Comedy of Asses. The Pot of Gold. The Two Bacchises. The Captives
The comedies of Plauto, who brilliantly adapted Greek plays for Roman audiences c. 205–184 BCE, are the earliest Latin works to survive complete and cornerstones of the European theatrical tradition from Shakespeare and Molière to modern times. Twenty-one of his plays are extant.
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 | ***** PLAUTO Casina. The Casket Comedy. Curculio. Epidicus. The Two Menaechmuses
The comedies of Plautus, who brilliantly adapted Greek plays for Roman audiences c. 205–184 BCE, are the earliest Latin works to survive complete and cornerstones of the European theatrical tradition from Shakespeare and Molière to modern times. Twenty-one of his plays are extant.
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 | SENECA Tragedies I
Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) authored verse tragedies that strongly influenced Shakespeare and other Renaissance dramatists. Plots are based on myth, in keeping with classical tradition, but themes reflect imperial Roman politics. Powerful rhetoric conveys intensity and the perspective is much bleaker than in Seneca’s prose writings.
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 | ************** VIRGILIO Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid I
Virgil (70–19 BCE) was a poet of immense virtuosity and influence. His Eclogues deal with bucolic life and love, his Georgics with tillage, trees, cattle, and bees. His Aeneid is an epic on the theme of Rome’s origins. Poems of the Appendix Vergiliana are traditionally, but in most cases probably wrongly, attributed to Virgil.
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 | ***** VIRGILIO Aeneid II
Virgil (70–19 BCE) was a poet of immense virtuosity and influence. His Eclogues deal with bucolic life and love, his Georgics with tillage, trees, cattle, and bees. His Aeneid is an epic on the theme of Rome’s origins. Poems of the Appendix Vergiliana are traditionally, but in most cases probably wrongly, attributed to Virgil.
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 | ***** PLUTARCO Lives, Volume III:
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Roman History, Volume IV
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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The Greek Anthology, Volume I
The Greek Anthology (Gathering of Flowers) is the name given to a collection over many centuries of about 4500 short Greek poems (called epigrams but usually not epigrammatic) by about 300 composers. Meleager of Gadara (first century BCE), an outstanding contributor, also assembled the Stephanus (Garland), a compilation fundamental to the Anthology.
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The Greek Anthology, Volume I Epigrams
The Greek Anthology contains some 4,500 Greek poems in the sparkling, diverse genre of epigram, written by more than a hundred composers, collected over centuries, and arranged by subject. This Loeb edition replaces the earlier edition by W. R. Paton, with a Greek text and ample notes reflecting current scholarship.
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The Greek Anthology, Volume II
The Greek Anthology (Gathering of Flowers) is the name given to a collection over many centuries of about 4500 short Greek poems (called epigrams but usually not epigrammatic) by about 300 composers. Meleager of Gadara (first century BCE), an outstanding contributor, also assembled the Stephanus (Garland), a compilation fundamental to the Anthology.
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Daphnis and Chloe. Anthia and Habrocomes
Longus’s Daphnis and Chloe (second or early third century CE), in which an idealized pastoral environment provides the setting as a boy and girl discover their sexuality, is one of the great works of world literature. Xenophon’s Anthia and Habrocomes (first century CE) is perhaps the earliest extant novel.
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Enquiry into Plants, Volume I
Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370–c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle’s zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the former, Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties—covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs. His On Odours and Weather Signs are minor treatises.
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On the Natural Faculties
Galen (129–199 CE) crystallized all the best work of the Greek medical schools which had preceded his own time, including Hippocrates’s foundational work six hundred years earlier. It is in the form of Galenism that Greek medicine was transmitted to later ages.
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 | **** GIULIO CESARE The Gallic War
In his Gallic War and Civil Wars, Caesar (100–44 BCE) provides vigorous, direct, clear, third-personal, and largely unemotional records of his own campaigns.
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Nicomachean Ethics
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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 | ***** BOEZIO Theological Tractates. The Consolation of Philosophy
The classical and Christian worlds meet in Boethius (c. 480–524 CE), the last writer of purely literary Latin from antiquity. His Tractates examine the Trinity and incarnation in Aristotelian terms. His Consolation of Philosophy, a dialogue between himself and Philosophy, is theistic in tone but draws on Greek, especially Neoplatonist, sources.
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 | **** SENECA Epistles I
In 124 epistles Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) writes to Lucilius, occasionally about technical problems of philosophy, but more often in a relaxed style about moral and ethical questions, relating them to personal experiences. He thus presents a Stoic philosopher’s thoughts about the good life in a contemporary context.
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 | ***** SENECA Epistles II
In 124 epistles Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) writes to Lucilius, occasionally about technical problems of philosophy, but more often in a relaxed style about moral and ethical questions, relating them to personal experiences. He thus presents a Stoic philosopher’s thoughts about the good life in a contemporary context.
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 | ***** SENECA Epistles III
In 124 epistles Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) writes to Lucilius, occasionally about technical problems of philosophy, but more often in a relaxed style about moral and ethical questions, relating them to personal experiences. He thus presents a Stoic philosopher’s thoughts about the good life in a contemporary context.
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 | ***** SENECA Tragedies II
Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) authored verse tragedies that strongly influenced Shakespeare and other Renaissance dramatists. Plots are based on myth, in keeping with classical tradition, but themes reflect imperial Roman politics. Powerful rhetoric conveys intensity and the perspective is much bleaker than in Seneca’s prose writings.
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 | ***** TEOFRASTO Enquiry into Plants, Volume II
Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370–c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle’s zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the former, Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties—covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs. His On Odours and Weather Signs are minor treatises.
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 | **** PLUTARCO Lives, Volume IV
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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 | **** PROCOPIO History of the Wars, Volume II
History of the Wars by the Byzantine historian Procopius (late fifth century to after 558 CE) consists largely of sixth century CE military history, with much information about peoples, places, and special events. Powerful description complements careful narration. Procopius is just to the empire’s enemies and boldly criticises emperor Justinian.
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Roman History, Volume V: Books 46-50
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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Roman History, Volume VI: Books 51-55
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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The Greek Anthology, Volume III: Book 9: The Declamatory Epigrams
The Greek Anthology (Gathering of Flowers) is the name given to a collection over many centuries of about 4500 short Greek poems (called epigrams but usually not epigrammatic) by about 300 composers. Meleager of Gadara (first century BCE), an outstanding contributor, also assembled the Stephanus (Garland), a compilation fundamental to the Anthology.
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The Greek Anthology, Volume IV: Book 10: The Hortatory and Admonitory Epigrams. Book 11: The Convivial and Satirical Epigrams. Book 12: Strato's Musa Puerilis
The Greek Anthology (Gathering of Flowers) is the name given to a collection over many centuries of about 4500 short Greek poems (called epigrams but usually not epigrammatic) by about 300 composers. Meleager of Gadara (first century BCE), an outstanding contributor, also assembled the Stephanus (Garland), a compilation fundamental to the Anthology.
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The Greek Anthology, Volume V: Book 13: Epigrams in Various Metres. Book 14: Arithmetical Problems, Riddles, Oracles. Book 15: Miscellanea. Book 16: Epigrams of the Planudean Anthology Not in the Palatine Manuscript
The Greek Anthology (Gathering of Flowers) is the name given to a collection over many centuries of about 4500 short Greek poems (called epigrams but usually not epigrammatic) by about 300 composers. Meleager of Gadara (first century BCE), an outstanding contributor, also assembled the Stephanus (Garland), a compilation fundamental to the Anthology.
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Lives, Volume V: Agesilaus and Pompey. Pelopidas and Marcellus
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Hellenica, Volume I: Books 1-4
Hellenica by Xenophon (c. 430–c. 354 BCE) is a history of Greek affairs from 411–362 BCE that begins as a continuation of Thucydides’s account.
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Hellenica, Volume II
Hellenica by Xenophon (c. 430–c. 354 BCE) is a history of Greek affairs from 411–362 BCE that begins as a continuation of Thucydides’s account.
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Anabasis
The Anabasis by Xenophon (c. 430–c. 354 BCE) is an eyewitness account of Greek mercenaries’ challenging “March Up-Country” from Babylon back to the coast of Asia Minor under Xenophon’s guidance in 401 BCE, after their leader Cyrus the Younger fell in a failed campaign against his brother.
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 | **** GIOVENALE PERSIO
Bite and wit characterize two seminal and stellar authors in the history of satirical writing, Persius (34–62 CE) and Juvenal (writing about sixty years later). The latter especially had a lasting influence on English writers of the Renaissance and succeeding centuries.
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 | **** The Exhortation to the Greeks. The Rich Man's Salvation. To the Newly Baptized
Born probably 150 CE in Athens, Clement was a key figure in early Christianity with wide knowledge of Greek literature and culture. His Exhortation to the Greeks to give up their gods and turn to Christ shows familiarity with the mystery cults. The Rich Man’s Salvation is a homily that offers a glimpse of Clement’s public teaching.
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Description of Greece, Volume I
Pausanias (fl. 150 CE), one of the Roman world’s great travelers, sketches in Description of Greece the history, geography, landmarks, legends, and religious cults of all the important Greek cities. He shares his enthusiasm for great sites, describing them with care and an accuracy confirmed by comparison with monuments that still stand today.
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 | **** MARZIALE Epigrams I
In his epigrams, Martial (c. 40–c. 103 CE) is a keen, sharp-tongued observer of Roman scenes and events, including the new Colosseum, country life, a debauchee’s banquet, and the eruption of Vesuvius. His poems are sometimes obscene, in the tradition of the genre, sometimes affectionate or amusing, and always pointed.
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 | **** MARZIALE Epigrams II
In his epigrams, Martial (c. 40–c. 103 CE) is a keen, sharp-tongued observer of Roman scenes and events, including the new Colosseum, country life, a debauchee’s banquet, and the eruption of Vesuvius. His poems are sometimes obscene, in the tradition of the genre, sometimes affectionate or amusing, and always pointed.
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 | **** AUSONIO I
The surviving works of Ausonius (c. 310–c. 395 CE) include much poetry, notably The Daily Round and The Moselle. There is also an address of thanks to Gratian for the consulship. The stated aim of Eucharisticus by Paulinus Pellaeus (376–after 459 CE) is to give thanks for the guidance of providence in its author’s life.
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 | **** CICERONE Letters to Atticus III
In letters to his friend Atticus, Cicero (106–43 BCE) reveals himself as to no other of his correspondents except, perhaps, his brother, and vividly depicts a momentous period in Roman history, marked by the rise of Julius Caesar and the downfall of the Republic.
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 | ****** Lives, Volume VI
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Lives, Volume VII
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Lives, Volume VIII
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Lives, Volume IX
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Lives, Volume X
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Lives, Volume XI
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His forty-six Lives are biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs, one Greek figure and one similar Roman, though the last four lives are single. They not only record careers and illustrious deeds but also offer rounded portraits of statesmen, orators, and military leaders.
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Odyssey, Volume I
The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer (eighth century BCE) are the two oldest European epic poems. The latter tells of Odysseus’s journey home from the Trojan War and the temptations, delays, and dangers he faced at every turn.
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Odyssey, Volume II
The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer (eighth century BCE) are the two oldest European epic poems. The latter tells of Odysseus’s journey home from the Trojan War and the temptations, delays, and dangers he faced at every turn.
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Speeches
As examples of Greek oratory the speeches of Aeschines (390 or 389–314 BCE) rank next to those of Demosthenes, and are important documents for the study of Athenian diplomacy and inner politics. Aeschines’s powerful speeches include Against Timarchus, On the False Embassy, and Against Ctesiphon.
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History of the Wars, Volume III
History of the Wars by the Byzantine historian Procopius (late fifth century to after 558 CE) consists largely of sixth century CE military history, with much information about peoples, places, and special events. Powerful description complements careful narration. Procopius is just to the empire’s enemies and boldly criticises emperor Justinian.
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History of the Peloponnesian War, Volume I
The Peloponnesian War was really three conflicts (431–421, 415–413, and 413–404 BCE) that Thucydides was still unifying into one account when he died some time before 396 BCE. Although unfinished and as a whole unrevised, in brilliance of description and depth of insight this history has no superior.
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History of the Peloponnesian War, Volume II
The Peloponnesian War was really three conflicts (431–421, 415–413, and 413–404 BCE) that Thucydides was still unifying into one account when he died some time before 396 BCE. Although unfinished and as a whole unrevised, in brilliance of description and depth of insight this history has no superior.
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History of the Peloponnesian War, Volume III
The Peloponnesian War was really three conflicts (431–421, 415–413, and 413–404 BCE) that Thucydides was still unifying into one account when he died some time before 396 BCE. Although unfinished and as a whole unrevised, in brilliance of description and depth of insight this history has no superior.
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 | **** TACITO Histories I
Tacitus (c. 55–c. 120 CE), renowned for concision and psychology, is paramount as a historian of the early Roman empire. What survives of Histories covers the dramatic years 69–70. What survives of Annals tells an often terrible tale of 14–28, 31–37, and, partially, 47–66.
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 | **** FRONTO Correspondence I
Fronto (c. 100–176 CE), a much admired orator and rhetorician, was befriended by the emperor Antoninus Pius and taught his adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. His correspondence offers an invaluable picture of aristocratic life and literary culture in the second century.
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 | **** FRONTO Correspondence II
Fronto (c. 100–176 CE), a much admired orator and rhetorician, was befriended by the emperor Antoninus Pius and teacher of his adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. His correspondence offers an invaluable picture of aristocratic life and literary culture in the 2nd century.
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 | ***** LIVIO History of Rome I
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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 | ***** AUSONIO II
The surviving works of Ausonius (c. 310–c. 395 CE) include much poetry, notably The Daily Round and The Moselle. There is also an address of thanks to Gratian for the consulship. The stated aim of Eucharisticus by Paulinus Pellaeus (376–after 459 CE) is to give thanks for the guidance of providence in its author’s life.
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 | ***** SALLUSTIO The War with Catiline. The War with Jugurtha
Sallust’s two extant monographs take as their theme the moral and political decline of Rome, one on the conspiracy of Catiline and the other on the war with Jugurtha. Although Sallust is decidedly unsubtle and partisan in analyzing people and events, his works are important and significantly influenced later historians, notably Tacitus.
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 | **** ERODOTO The Persian Wars I
After personal inquiry and study of hearsay and other evidence, Herodotus (born c. 484 BCE) gives us in his famous history of warfare between the Greeks and the Persians a not uncritical estimate of the best that he could find.
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The Persian Wars II
After personal inquiry and study of hearsay and other evidence, Herodotus (born c. 484 BCE) gives us in his famous history of warfare between the Greeks and the Persians a not uncritical estimate of the best that he could find.
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The Persian Wars III
After personal inquiry and study of hearsay and other evidence, Herodotus (born c. 484 BCE) gives us in his famous history of warfare between the Greeks and the Persians a not uncritical estimate of the best that he could find.
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The Persian Wars IV
After personal inquiry and study of hearsay and other evidence, Herodotus (born c. 484 BCE) gives us in his famous history of warfare between the Greeks and the Persians a not uncritical estimate of the best that he could find.
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The Library I
Attributed to Apollodorus of Athens (born c. 180 BCE), but probably composed in the first or second century BCE, The Library provides a grand summary of Greek myths and heroic legends about the origin and early history of the world and of the Hellenic people.
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The Library II
Attributed to Apollodorus of Athens (born c. 180 BCE), but probably composed in the first or second century BCE, The Library provides a grand summary of Greek myths and heroic legends about the origin and early history of the world and of the Hellenic people.
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 | **** PLATONE Theaetetus. Sophist
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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 | ****** QUINTILIANO The Orator's Education I
Quintilian, born in Spain about 35 CE, became a renowned and successful teacher of rhetoric in Rome. In The Orator’s Education (Institutio Oratoria), a comprehensive training program in twelve books, he draws on his own rich experience. It provides not only insights on oratory, but also a picture of Roman education and social attitudes.
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 | **** QUINTILIANO The Orator's Education II
Quintilian, born in Spain about 35 CE, became a renowned and successful teacher of rhetoric in Rome. In The Orator’s Education (Institutio Oratoria), a comprehensive training program in twelve books, he draws on his own rich experience. It provides not only insights on oratory, but also a picture of Roman education and social attitudes.
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 | ***** QUINTILIANO The Orator's Education III
Quintilian, born in Spain about 35 CE, became a renowned and successful teacher of rhetoric in Rome. In The Orator’s Education (Institutio Oratoria), a comprehensive training program in twelve books, he draws on his own rich experience. It provides not only insights on oratory, but also a picture of Roman education and social attitudes.
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 | ****** QUINTILIANO The Orator's Education IV
Quintilian, born in Spain about 35 CE, became a renowned and successful teacher of rhetoric in Rome. In The Orator’s Education (Institutio Oratoria), a comprehensive training program in twelve books, he draws on his own rich experience. It provides not only insights on oratory, but also a picture of Roman education and social attitudes.
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 | POLIBIO The Histories I
In his history, Polybius (c. 200–118 BCE) is centrally concerned with how and why Roman power spread. The main part of the work, a vital achievement despite the incomplete state in which all but the first five books of an original forty survive, describes the rise of Rome, its destruction of Carthage, and its eventual domination of the Greek world.
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Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron: Alexandra. Aratus: Phaenomena
Callimachus (third century BCE) authored hymns and epigrams. The monodrama Alexandra is attributed to his contemporary, Lycophron. Phaenomena, a poem on star constellations and weather signs by Aratus (c. 315–245 BCE), was among the most widely read in antiquity and one of the few Greek poems translated into Arabic.
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The Dead Come to Life or The Fisherman. The Double Indictment or Trials by Jury. On Sacrifices. The Ignorant Book Collector. The Dream or Lucian's Career. The Parasite. The Lover of Lies. The Judgement of the Goddesses. On Salaried Posts in Great Houses
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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Discourses, Books 1-2
Unlike his predecessors, Epictetus (c. 50–120 CE), who grew up as a slave, taught Stoicism not for the select few but for the many. A student, the historian Arrian, recorded Epictetus’s lectures and, in the Encheiridion, a handbook, summarized his thought.
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Aspis. Georgos. Dis Exapaton. Dyskolos. Encheiridion. Epitrepontes
Menander (?344/3–292/1 BCE), the dominant figure in New Comedy, wrote over 100 plays, of which one complete play, substantial portions of six others, and smaller but interesting fragments have been recovered. The complete play, Dyskolos (The Peevish Fellow), won first prize in Athens in 317 BCE.
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 | ***** LIVIO History of Rome II
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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Lives of the Sophists. Eunapius: Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists
In Lives of the Sophists, Philostratus (second to third century CE) depicts the widespread influence of Sophistic in the second and third centuries CE. Lives of Philosophers and Sophists by Eunapius (born 347 CE) is our only source concerning Neo-Platonism in the latter part of the fourth century CE.
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 | ************ CLAUDIANO On Stilicho's Consulship 1
Claudius Claudianus (c. 370–c. 410 CE) gives us important knowledge of Honorius’s time and displays poetic as well as rhetorical skill, command of language, and diversity. A panegyric on the brothers Probinus and Olybrius (consuls together in 395 CE) was followed mostly by epics in hexameters, but also by elegiacs, epistles, epigrams, and idylls.
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 | ***** CLAUDIANO On Stilicho's Consulship 2
Claudius Claudianus (c. 370–c. 410 CE) gives us important knowledge of Honorius’s time and displays poetic as well as rhetorical skill, command of language, and diversity. A panegyric on the brothers Probinus and Olybrius (consuls together in 395 CE) was followed mostly by epics in hexameters, but also by elegiacs, epistles, epigrams, and idylls.
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 | The Histories, Volume II: Books 3-4
In his history, Polybius (c. 200–118 BCE) is centrally concerned with how and why Roman power spread. The main part of the work, a vital achievement despite the incomplete state in which all but the first five books of an original forty survive, describes the rise of Rome, its destruction of Carthage, and its eventual domination of the Greek world.
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 | The Histories, Volume III: Books 5-8
In his history, Polybius (c. 200–118 BCE) is centrally concerned with how and why Roman power spread. The main part of the work, a vital achievement despite the incomplete state in which all but the first five books of an original forty survive, describes the rise of Rome, its destruction of Carthage, and its eventual domination of the Greek world.
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 | Historia Augusta I
The Historia Augusta (or Scriptores Historiae Augustae) is a series of biographies of Roman emperors, heirs, and claimants from Hadrian to Numerianus (117–284 CE) modeled on Suetonius’s Lives of the Caesars (second century CE). Of uncertain reliability and authorship, it is now attributed by many authorities to one late fourth century CE author.
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 | Historia Augusta II
The Historia Augusta (or Scriptores Historiae Augustae) is a series of biographies of Roman emperors, heirs, and claimants from Hadrian to Numerianus (117–284 CE) modeled on Suetonius’s Lives of the Caesars (second century CE). Of uncertain reliability and authorship, it is now attributed by many authorities to one late fourth century CE author.
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 | CICERONE Tusculan Disputations
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | Greek Lyric I
Sappho, the most famous woman poet of antiquity, whose main theme was love, and Alcaeus, poet of wine, war, and politics, were two illustrious singers of sixth-century BCE Lesbos.
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 | Greek Lyric II
Anacreon (c. 570–485 BCE) was a composer of solo song. The Anacreonta were composed over several centuries. Notable among the earliest writers of choral poetry are the seventh-century BCE Spartans Alcman and Terpander.
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 | Greek Lyric V
Dithyrambic poets of the new school were active from the mid-fifth to mid-fourth century BCE. Anonymous poems include drinking songs, children’s ditties, and cult hymns.
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 | Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound
Aeschylus (c. 525–456 BCE) is the dramatist who made Athenian tragedy one of the world’s great art forms. Seven of his eighty or so plays survive complete, including the Oresteia trilogy and the Persians, the only extant Greek historical drama. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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 | Oresteia: Agamemnon. Libation-Bearers. Eumenides
Aeschylus (c. 525–456 BCE) is the dramatist who made Athenian tragedy one of the world’s great art forms. Seven of his eighty or so plays survive complete, including the Oresteia trilogy and the Persians, the only extant Greek historical drama. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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 | Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics 1 and 3. The Oath. Precepts. Nutriments
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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 | Prognostic. Regimen in Acute Diseases. The Sacred Disease. The Art. Breaths. Law. Decorum. Physician (Ch. 1). Dentition
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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 | On Wounds in the Head. In the Surgery. On Fractures. On Joints. Mochlicon
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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 | Nature of Man. Regimen in Health. Humours. Aphorisms. Regimen 1-3. Dreams. Heracleitus: On the Universe
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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Tristia. Ex Ponto
In the melancholy elegies of the Tristia and the Ex Ponto, Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE) writes from exile in Tomis on the Black Sea, appealing to such people as his wife and the emperor.
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 | ************** VELLEIO PATERCOLO Compendium of Roman History. Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Velleius Paterculus lived in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (30 BCE–37 CE) and wrote a summary of Roman history from the fall of Troy to 29 CE. In 13–14 CE, Emperor Augustus wrote an account of his public life, Res Gestae Divi Augusti, the best preserved copy of which was engraved on the walls of his temple at Ancyra (Ankara).
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 | Ecclesiastical History, Volume I
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea from about 315 CE, was the most important writer in the age of Constantine. His history of the Christian church from the ministry of Jesus to 324 CE is a treasury of information, especially on the Eastern centers.
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 | ********** CICERONE On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Orations II
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who later became also a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and severe control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life.
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 | Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus, and Onasander
The surviving work of Aeneas (fourth century BCE) is on defense against siege. Asclepiodotus (first century BCE) wrote a work on Tactics as though for the lecture room, based on earlier manuals, not personal experience. Onasander’s The General (first century CE) deals with the qualities expected of a general.
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 | **** GIULIANO Letters. Epigrams. Against the Galilaeans. Fragments
The surviving works of the Roman Emperor Julian “the Apostate” (331 or 332–363 CE) include eight Orations; Misopogon (Beard-Hater), assailing the morals of the people of Antioch; more than eighty Letters; and fragments of Against the Galileans, written mainly to show that the Old Testament lacks evidence for the idea of Christianity.
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Pro Archia. Post Reditum in Senatu. Post Reditum ad Quirites. De Domo Sua. De Haruspicum Responsis. Pro Plancio
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | The Histories, Volume IV
In his history, Polybius (c. 200–118 BCE) is centrally concerned with how and why Roman power spread. The main part of the work, a vital achievement despite the incomplete state in which all but the first five books of an original forty survive, describes the rise of Rome, its destruction of Carthage, and its eventual domination of the Greek world.
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 | The Histories V
Polybius’s theme is how and why the Romans spread their power as they did. The main part of his history covers the years 264–146 BC, describing the rise of Rome, the destruction of Carthage, and the eventual domination of the Greek world. It is a vital achievement despite the incomplete survival of all but the first five of forty books.
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 | The Histories VI
For this six-volume edition of The Histories, W. R. Paton’s 1922 translation has been thoroughly revised, the Büttner-Wobst Greek text corrected, and explanatory notes and a new introduction added. All but the first five of forty volumes survive in an incomplete state. Volume VI includes fragments unattributed to particular books of The Histories.
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 | LUCIANO Anacharsis or Athletics. Menippus or The Descent into Hades. On Funerals. A Professor of Public Speaking. Alexander the False Prophet. Essays in Portraiture. Essays in Portraiture Defended. The Goddesse of Surrye
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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 | PLAUTO The Merchant. The Braggart Soldier. The Ghost. The Persian
The comedies of Plauto, who brilliantly adapted Greek plays for Roman audiences c. 205–184 BCE, are the earliest Latin works to survive complete and cornerstones of the European theatrical tradition from Shakespeare and Molière to modern times. Twenty-one of his plays are extant.
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 | **** PLATONE Statesman. Philebus. Ion
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Laches. Protagoras. Meno. Euthydemus
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Lysis. Symposium. Gorgias
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Cratylus. Parmenides. Greater Hippias. Lesser Hippias
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Memorabilia. Oeconomicus. Symposium. Apology
In Memorabilia and in Oeconomicus, a dialogue about household management, we see the philosopher Socrates through the eyes of his associate, Xenophon. In the Symposium, we obtain insight on life in Athens. Xenophon’s Apology is an interesting complement to Plato’s account of Socrates’s defense at his trial.
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 | History of the Peloponnesian War IV
The Peloponnesian War was really three conflicts (431–421, 415–413, and 413–404 BCE) that Thucydides was still unifying into one account when he died some time before 396 BCE. Although unfinished and as a whole unrevised, in brilliance of description and depth of insight this history has no superior.
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 | Iliad I
The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer (eighth century BCE) are the two oldest European epic poems. The former tells of Achilles’s anger over an insult to his honour during the Trojan War, and of its consequences for the Achaeans, the Trojans, and Achilles himself.
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 | Iliad II
The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer (eighth century BCE) are the two oldest European epic poems. The former tells of Achilles’s anger over an insult to his honour during the Trojan War, and of its consequences for the Achaeans, the Trojans, and Achilles himself.
**** LIVIO | |
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History of Rome III
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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 | History of the Wars IV
History of the Wars by the Byzantine historian Procopius (late fifth century to after 558 CE) consists largely of sixth century CE military history, with much information about peoples, places, and special events. Powerful description complements careful narration. Procopius is just to the empire’s enemies and boldly criticises emperor Justinian.
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 | FRONTINO Stratagems. Aqueducts of Rome
Frontinus’s Stratagems, written after 84 CE, gives examples of military stratagems and discipline from Greek and Roman history, for the instruction of Roman officers. The Aqueducts of Rome, written in 97–98, gives some historical details and a description of the aqueducts for the water supply of the city, with laws relating to them.
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 | Roman History VII
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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 | Roman History VIII
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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Roman History, Volume IX
Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), c. 150–235 CE, was born in Bithynia. Little of his Roman History survives, but missing portions are partly supplied from elsewhere and there are many excerpts. Dio’s work is a vital source for the last years of the Roman republic and the first four Roman emperors.
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Acharnians. Knights
Aristophanes (c. 450–c. 386 BCE) has been admired since antiquity for his wit, fantasy, language, and satire. In Acharnians a small landowner, tired of the Peloponnesian War, magically arranges a personal peace treaty; Knights is perhaps the most biting satire of a political figure (Cleon) ever written.
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Birds. Lysistrata. Women at the Thesmophoria
Aristophanes (c. 450–c. 386 BCE) has been admired since antiquity for his wit, fantasy, language, and satire. The protagonists of Birds create a utopian counter-Athens. In Lysistrata wives go on conjugal strike until their husbands end war. Women in Women at the Thesmophoria punish Euripides for portraying them as wicked.
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Frogs. Assemblywomen. Wealth
Aristophanes (c. 450–c. 386 BCE) has been admired since antiquity for his wit, fantasy, language, and satire. Traditional Aeschylus and modern Euripides compete in Frogs. In Assemblywomen, Athenian women plot against male misgovernance. The humor and morality of Wealth made it the most popular of Aristophanes’ plays until the Renaissance.
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On the Nature of Things
Lucrezio lived ca. 99–ca. 55 BCE, but the details of his career are unknown. In his didactic poem De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) he expounds Epicurean philosophy so as to dispel fear of the gods and death, and promote spiritual tranquility.
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Geography, Volume III
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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Hiero. Agesilaus. Constitution of the Lacedaemonians. Ways and Means. Cavalry Commander. Art of Horsemanship. On Hunting. Constitution of the Athenians
Minor works by Xenophon (c. 430–c. 354 BCE) include Hiero, a dialogue on government; Agesilaus, in praise of that king; Constitution of Lacedaemon, on the Spartan system; Ways and Means, on the finances of Athens; and a manual of Horsemanship. The Constitution of the Athenians, though not by Xenophon, is an interesting document on Athenian politics.
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Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Volume I
Diogenes Laertius (probably early third century BCE) compiled his compendium on the lives and doctrines of the ancient philosophers from hundreds of sources. It ranges over three centuries, from Thales to Epicurus, portraying 45 important figures, and is enriched by numerous quotations.
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Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Volume II
Diogenes Laertius (probably early third century BCE) compiled his compendium on the lives and doctrines of the ancient philosophers from hundreds of sources. It ranges over three centuries, from Thales to Epicurus, portraying 45 important figures, and is enriched by numerous quotations.
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The Life. Against Apion
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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Laws, Volume I
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Description of Greece, Volume II
Pausanias (fl. 150 CE), one of the Roman world’s great travelers, sketches in Description of Greece the history, geography, landmarks, legends, and religious cults of all the important Greek cities. He shares his enthusiasm for great sites, describing them with care and an accuracy confirmed by comparison with monuments that still stand today.
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Philippics 1-6
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Letters, Volume I
Basil the Great was born into a family noted for piety. About 360 he founded a convent in Pontus and in 370 succeeded Eusebius in the archbishopric of Caesarea. His reform of monastic life in the east is the basis of modern Greek and Slavonic monasteries.
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History of Rome, Volume IV
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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Laws, Volume II: Books 7-12
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Art of Rhetoric
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Satires. Epistles. The Art of Poetry
The poetry of Horace (born 65 BCE) is richly varied, its focus moving between public and private concerns, urban and rural settings, Stoic and Epicurean thought. In the Satires Horace mocks himself as well as the world. His verse epistles include the Art of Poetry, in which he famously expounds his literary theory.
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Attic Nights, Volume I
Aulus Gellius (ca. 123–170 CE) offers in Attic Nights (Gellius began to write these pieces during stays in Athens) a collection of short chapters about notable events, words and questions of literary style, lives of historical figures, legal points, and philosophical issues that served as instructive light reading for cultivated Romans.
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Geography, Volume IV
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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Moralia, Volume I
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Pro Lege Manilia. Pro Caecina. Pro Cluentio. Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Poetics. Longinus: On the Sublime. Demetrius: On Style
In Poetics, Aristotle (384–322 BCE) treats Greek tragedy and epic. The subject of On the Sublime, attributed to an (unidentifiable) Longinus and probably composed in the first century CE, is greatness in writing. On Style, attributed to an (unidentifiable) Demetrius and perhaps composed in the second century BCE, analyzes four literary styles.
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GELLIO
Attic Nights II
Aulus Gellius (ca. 123–170 CE) offers in Attic Nights (Gellius began to write these pieces during stays in Athens) a collection of short chapters about notable events, words and questions of literary style, lives of historical figures, legal points, and philosophical issues that served as instructive light reading for cultivated Romans.
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Charmides. Alcibiades I and II. Hipparchus. The Lovers. Theages. Minos. Epinomis
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Isaeus
Isaeus (c. 420–350 BCE) composed speeches for others. He shares with Lysias pure Attic and lucidity of style, but his more aggressive and flexible presentation undoubtedly influenced Demosthenes. Of at least fifty attributed orations, there survive eleven on legacy cases and a large fragment dealing with a claim of citizenship.
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The Jewish War, Volume I
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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The Learned Banqueters, Volume I
In The Learned Banqueters (late-2nd century CE), Athenaeus describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature. The work provides quotations from works now lost, and preserves information about wide range of information about Greek culture.
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Letters to Friends, Volume I
Cicero’s letters to friends span the period from 62 BCE, when his political career was at its peak, to 43 BCE, when he was put to death by the victorious Triumvirs.
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Silvae
Greek literary education and Roman political reality are evident in the poetry of Statius (c. 50–96 CE). His Silvae are thirty-two occasional poems. His masterpiece, the epic Thebaid, recounts the struggle for kingship between the two sons of Oedipus. The extant portion of his Achilleid begins an account of Achilles’s life.
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Thebaid, Volume I
Greek literary education and Roman political reality are evident in the poetry of Statius (c. 50–96 CE). His Silvae are thirty-two occasional poems. His masterpiece, the epic Thebaid, recounts the struggle for kingship between the two sons of Oedipus. The extant portion of his Achilleid begins an account of Achilles’s life.
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The Learned Banqueters, Volume II
In The Learned Banqueters (late-2nd century CE), Athenaeus describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature. The work provides quotations from works now lost, and preserves information about wide range of information about Greek culture.
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To Demonicus. To Nicocles. Nicocles or the Cyprians. Panegyricus. To Philip. Archidamus
The importance of Isocrates (436–338 BCE) for the study of Greek civilization of the fourth century BCE is indisputable. Twenty-one discourses by Isocrates survive; these include political essays, treatises on education and on ethics, and speeches for legal cases. Nine letters, more on public than private matters, are also extant.
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The Jewish War, Volume III
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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Geography, Volume V
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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Attic Nights, Volume III
Aulus Gellius (ca. 123–170 CE) offers in Attic Nights (Gellius began to write these pieces during stays in Athens) a collection of short chapters about notable events, words and questions of literary style, lives of historical figures, legal points, and philosophical issues that served as instructive light reading for cultivated Romans.
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On the Republic. On the Laws
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Moral Essays, Volume I
In Moral Essays, Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) expresses his Stoic philosophy on providence, steadfastness, anger, forgiveness, consolation, the happy life, leisure, tranquility, the brevity of life, and gift-giving.
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Letters, Volume II
Basil the Great was born into a family noted for piety. About 360 he founded a convent in Pontus and in 370 succeeded Eusebius in the archbishopric of Caesarea. His reform of monastic life in the east is the basis of modern Greek and Slavonic monasteries.
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Letters to Friends, Volume II
Cicero’s letters to friends span the period from 62 BCE, when his political career was at its peak, to 43 BCE, when he was put to death by the victorious Triumvirs.
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History of the Wars, Volume V
History of the Wars by the Byzantine historian Procopius (late fifth century to after 558 CE) consists largely of sixth century CE military history, with much information about peoples, places, and special events. Powerful description complements careful narration. Procopius is just to the empire’s enemies and boldly criticises emperor Justinian.
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Discourses, Books 3-4. Fragments. The Encheiridion
Unlike his predecessors, Epictetus (c. 50–120 CE), who grew up as a slave, taught Stoicism not for the select few but for the many. A student, the historian Arrian, recorded Epictetus’s lectures and, in the Encheiridion, a handbook, summarized his thought.
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Oppian, Colluthus, and Tryphiodorus
In Fishing, Oppian of Cilicia, who flourished in the latter half of the second century CE, discusses fish and gives angling instructions. The Chase, on hunting, may be the work of a Syrian imitator. Colluthus and Tryphiodorus (properly “Triphiodorus”), epic poets of Egypt, wrote in the second half of the fifth century CE.
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The Civil War (Pharsalia)
In his epic The Civil War, Lucan (39–65 CE) carries us from Caesar’s fateful crossing of the Rubicon, through the Battle of Pharsalus, Pompey’s death, and Cato’s leadership in Africa, to Caesar victorious in Egypt. The poem is also called Pharsalia.
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The Verrine Orations, Volume I
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Moralia, Volume II
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Geography, Volume VI
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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The Learned Banqueters, Volume III
In The Learned Banqueters (late-2nd century CE), Athenaeus describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature. The work provides quotations from works now lost, and preserves information about wide range of information about Greek culture.
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Characters. Herodas: Mimes. Sophron and Other Mime Fragments
Fictionalized faults are the focus of Characters by Theophrastus (c. 370–c. 285 BCE). The Hellenistic poet Herodas wrote mimes in which everyday life is portrayed and character—as opposed to plot—depicted. Mimes by Sophron (fifth century BCE) and anonymous mime fragments also represent that genre.
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On the Creation. Allegorical Interpretation of Genesis 2 and 3
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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On the Cherubim. The Sacrifices of Abel and Cain. The Worse Attacks the Better. On the Posterity and Exile of Cain. On the Giants
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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Physics, Volume I: Books 1-4
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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On the Peace. Areopagiticus. Against the Sophists. Antidosis. Panathenaicus
The importance of Isocrates (436–338 BCE) for the study of Greek civilization of the fourth century BCE is indisputable. Twenty-one discourses by Isocrates survive; these include political essays, treatises on education and on ethics, and speeches for legal cases. Nine letters, more on public than private matters, are also extant.
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Letters to Friends, Volume III: Letters 281-435
Cicero’s letters to friends span the period from 62 BCE, when his political career was at its peak, to 43 BCE, when he was put to death by the victorious Triumvirs.
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Epitome of Roman History
Florus (second century CE) wrote, in brief pointed rhetorical style, a two-book summary of Roman history (especially military) in order to show the greatness and decline of Roman morals. Based chiefly on Livy and perhaps planned to reach Florus’s own times, the extant work ends with Augustus’s reign (30 BCE–14 CE).
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Art of Love. Cosmetics. Remedies for Love. Ibis. Walnut-tree. Sea Fishing. Consolation
In the didactic poetry of Medicamina Faciei Femineae (Face Cosmetics), Ars Amatoria (Art of Love), and Remedia Amoris (Remedies for Love), Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE) demonstrates abstrusity and wit. His Ibis is an elegiac curse-poem. Nux (Walnut-tree), Halieutica (Sea-Fishing), and Consolatio ad Liviam (Poem of Consolation) are poems now judged not to be by Ovid.
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History of Rome, Volume V
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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Timaeus. Critias. Cleitophon. Menexenus. Epistles
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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The Learned Banqueters, Volume IV
In The Learned Banqueters (late-2nd century CE), Athenaeus describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature. The work provides quotations from works now lost, and preserves information about wide range of information about Greek culture.
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Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I
The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian (ca. 95–175 BCE) is the best extant account of Alexander the Great’s adult life. A description of India, and of Nearchus’ voyage thence, was to be a supplement.
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Republic, Volume I
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Orations, Volume I
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who later became also a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and severe control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life.
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Select Letters
The Letters of Augustine (354–430 CE) are important for the study of ecclesiastical history and Augustine’s relations with other theologians.
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Pro Quinctio. Pro Roscio Amerino. Pro Roscio Comoedo. On the Agrarian Law
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Geography, Volume VII
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume I
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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Letters, Volume III
Basil the Great was born into a family noted for piety. About 360 he founded a convent in Pontus and in 370 succeeded Eusebius in the archbishopric of Caesarea. His reform of monastic life in the east is the basis of modern Greek and Slavonic monasteries.
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Lysias
Lysias (c. 458–c. 380 BCE) took the side of democracy against the Thirty Tyrants in 404 BCE. Of a much larger number about thirty complete speeches by him survive. Fluent, simple, and graceful in style yet vivid in description, they suggest a passionate partisan who was also a gentle, humorous man.
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Moralia, Volume III
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Ecclesiastical History, Volume I
Historical works by Bede (672 or 673–735 CE) include his Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Lives of the Abbots of Bede’s monastery, accounts of Cuthbert, and the Letter to Egbert, Bede’s pupil.
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On the Unchangeableness of God. On Husbandry. Concerning Noah's Work As a Planter. On Drunkenness. On Sobriety
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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Ecclesiastical History, Volume II
Historical works by Bede (672 or 673–735 CE) include his Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Lives of the Abbots of Bede’s monastery, accounts of Cuthbert, and the Letter to Egbert, Bede’s pupil.
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Histories: Books 4-5.
Tacitus (c. 55–c. 120 CE), renowned for concision and psychology, is paramount as a historian of the early Roman empire. What survives of Histories covers the dramatic years 69–70. What survives of Annals tells an often terrible tale of 14–28, 31–37, and, partially, 47–66.
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Apology. De Spectaculis. Minucius Felix: Octavius
Tertullian (c. 150–222 CE) founded a Christian Latin language and literature, strove to unite the demands of the Bible with Church practice, defended Christianity, attacked heresy, and pondered morality. Octavius by Minucius, an early Christian writer of unknown date, is a debate between belief and unbelief that depicts Roman religion and society.
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On Architecture, Volume I
On Architecture, completed by Vitruvius sometime before 27 CE and the only work of its kind to survive antiquity, serves not professionals but readers who want to understand architecture. Topics include town planning, building materials, temples, the architectural orders, houses, pavements, mosaics, water supply, measurements, and machines.
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Pro Milone. In Pisonem. Pro Scauro. Pro Fonteio. Pro Rabirio Postumo. Pro Marcello. Pro Ligario. Pro Rege Deiotaro
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Fasti
In Fasti, Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE) sets forth explanations of the festivals and sacred rites that were noted on the Roman calendar, and relates in graphic detail the legends attached to specific dates. The poem is an invaluable source of information about religious practices.
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Moral Essays, Volume II: De Consolatione ad Marciam. De Vita Beata. De Otio. De Tranquillitate Animi. De Brevitate Vitae. De Consolatione ad Polybium. De Consolatione ad Helviam
In Moral Essays, Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) expresses his Stoic philosophy on providence, steadfastness, anger, forgiveness, consolation, the happy life, leisure, tranquility, the brevity of life, and gift-giving.
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Physics, Volume II
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Philostratus the Elder, Imagines. Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Callistratus, Descriptions
Sixty-five descriptions, ostensibly of paintings in a gallery at Naples, are credited to an Elder Philostratus (born c. 190 CE); to a Younger Philostratus, apparently his grandson, seventeen similar descriptions. Fourteen descriptions of statues in stone or bronze attributed to Callistratus were probably written in the fourth century CE.
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Discourses 1-11
Dio Chrysostomus (c. 40–c. 120 CE) was a rhetorician hostile to philosophers, whose Discourses (or Orations) reflect political or moral concerns. What survives of his works make him prominent in the revival of Greek literature in the late first and early second century CE.
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Greek Elegiac Poetry: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC
The Greek poetry of the seventh to the fifth century BCE that we call elegy was composed primarily for banquets and convivial gatherings. Its subject matter consists of almost any topic, excluding only the scurrilous and obscene. Most substantial in this volume is the collection of elegiac verses to which Theognis’s name is attached (the Theognidea).
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Greek Iambic Poetry: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC
The poetry of the seventh to the fifth centuries BCE that the Greeks called iambic seems connected with cult songs used in religious festivals, but its purpose is unclear.
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The Little Carthaginian. Pseudolus. The Rope
The comedies of Plautus, who brilliantly adapted Greek plays for Roman audiences c. 205–184 BCE, are the earliest Latin works to survive complete and cornerstones of the European theatrical tradition from Shakespeare and Molière to modern times. Twenty-one of his plays are extant.
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On the Confusion of Tongues. On the Migration of Abraham. Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? On Mating with the Preliminary Studies
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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Select Letters
The letters of Saint Jerome (c. 345–420 CE) are an essential source for our knowledge of Christian life in the fourth and fifth centuries CE; they also provide insight into one of the most striking and complex personalities of the time.
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Historia Augusta, Volume III: The Two Valerians. The Two Gallieni. The Thirty Pretenders. The Deified Claudius. The Deified Aurelian. Tacitus. Probus. Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus and Bonosus. Carus, Carinus and Numerian
The Historia Augusta (or Scriptores Historiae Augustae) is a series of biographies of Roman emperors, heirs, and claimants from Hadrian to Numerianus (117–284 CE) modeled on Suetonius’s Lives of the Caesars (second century CE). Of uncertain reliability and authorship, it is now attributed by many authorities to one late fourth century CE author.
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Politics
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Ecclesiastical History, Volume II
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea from about 315 CE, was the most important writer in the age of Constantine. His history of the Christian church from the ministry of Jesus to 324 CE is a treasury of information, especially on the Eastern centers.
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Select Papyri, Volume I
This is the first of two volumes giving a selection of Greek papyri relating to private and public business. They cover a period from before 300 BCE to the eighth century CE. Most were found in rubbish heaps or remains of ancient houses or in tombs in Egypt. From such papyri we get much information about administration and social and economic conditions in Egypt, and about native Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Byzantine law, as well as glimpses of ordinary life. This volume contains: Agreements (71 examples); these concern marriage, divorce, adoption, apprenticeship, sales, leases, employment of labourers. Receipts (10). Wills (6). Deed of disownment. Personal letters from men and women, young and old (82). Memoranda (2). Invitations (5). Orders for payment (2). Agenda (2). Accounts and inventories (12). Questions of oracles (3). Christian prayers (2). A Gnostic charm. Horoscopes (2).
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Geography, Volume VIII
In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (c. 64 BCE–c. 25 CE) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate countries. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.
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On the Nature of the Gods. Academics
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Anabasis of Alexander, Volume II
The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian (ca. 95–175 BCE) is the best extant account of Alexander the Great’s adult life. A description of India, and of Nearchus’s voyage thence, was to be a supplement.
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Letters, Volume IV
Basil the Great was born into a family noted for piety. About 360 he founded a convent in Pontus and in 370 succeeded Eusebius in the archbishopric of Caesarea. His reform of monastic life in the east is the basis of modern Greek and Slavonic monasteries.
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Metaphysics, Volume I
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Description of Greece, Volume III
Pausanias (fl. 150 CE), one of the Roman world’s great travelers, sketches in Description of Greece the history, geography, landmarks, legends, and religious cults of all the important Greek cities. He shares his enthusiasm for great sites, describing them with care and an accuracy confirmed by comparison with monuments that still stand today.
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Outlines of Pyrrhonism
The three surviving works by Sextus Empiricus (c. 160–210 CE) are Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Against Dogmatists, and Against Professors. Their value as a source for the history of thought is especially that they represent development and formulation of former skeptic doctrines.
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The Learned Banqueters, Volume V
In The Learned Banqueters (late-2nd century CE), Athenaeus describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature. The work provides quotations from works now lost, and preserves information about wide range of information about Greek culture.
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On Flight and Finding. On the Change of Names. On Dreams
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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Republic, Volume II
The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. Acknowledged masterpieces among his works are the Symposium, which explores love in its many aspects, from physical desire to pursuit of the beautiful and the good, and the Republic, which concerns righteousness and also treats education, gender, society, and slavery.
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Punica, Volume I
Silius Italicus (25–101 CE) composed an epic Punica in 17 books on the Second Punic War (218–202 BCE). Silius’s poem relies largely on Livy’s prose for facts. It also echoes poets, especially Virgil, and employs techniques traditional in Latin epic.
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Punica, Volume II
Silius Italicus (25–101 CE) composed an epic Punica in 17 books on the Second Punic War (218–202 BCE). Silius’s poem relies largely on Livy’s prose for facts. It also echoes poets, especially Virgil, and employs techniques traditional in Latin epic.
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Library of History, Volume I
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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On Architecture, Volume II
On Architecture, completed by Vitruvius sometime before 27 CE and the only work of its kind to survive antiquity, serves not professionals but readers who want to understand architecture. Topics include town planning, building materials, temples, the architectural orders, houses, pavements, mosaics, water supply, measurements, and machines.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume III
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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Select Papyri, Volume II
Greek papyri relating to private and public business in Egypt from before 300 BCE to the eighth century CE inform us about administration; social and economic conditions in Egypt; Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine law. They also offer glimpses of ordinary life.
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On Agriculture
Cato’s second century BCE De Agricultura is our earliest complete Latin prose text, recommends farming for its security and profitability, and advises on management of labor and resources. Varro’s Res rustica (37 BCE) is not a practical treatise but instruction, in dialogue form, about agricultural life meant for prosperous country gentlemen.
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Minor Latin Poets, Volume I
Works such as those of the mime-writer Publilius Syrus, who flourished c. 45 BCE, and Rutilius Namatianus, who gave a graphic account of his voyage from Rome to Gaul in 416 CE, represent the wide variety of theme that lends interest to Latin poetry produced during a period of four and a half centuries.
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Athenian Constitution. Eudemian Ethics. Virtues and Vices
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Argonautica
Gaius Valerius Flaccus flourished c. 70–90 BCE and composed an incomplete epic Argonautica in eight books, on the quest for the Golden Fleece. Valerius effectively rehandles the story already told by Apollonius Rhodius, recalls Virgilian language and thought, displays learning, and alludes to contemporary Rome.
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Metaphysics, Volume II
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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On the Soul. Parva Naturalia. On Breath
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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On Abraham. On Joseph. On Moses
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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The Anecdota or Secret History
In Secret History, the Byzantine historian Procopius (late fifth century to after 558 CE) attacks the sixth century CE emperor Justinian and empress Theodora and alleges their ruinous effect on the Roman empire. Procopius’s pen is particularly sharp in portraying Theodora’s lewdness, duplicity, cruelty, spite, vanity and pride.
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Against Logicians
The three surviving works by Sextus Empiricus (c. 160–210 CE) are Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Against Dogmatists, and Against Professors. Their value as a source for the history of thought is especially that they represent development and formulation of former skeptic doctrines.
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On Medicine, Volume I: Books 1-4
Celsus, a layman, provides in On Medicine more information about the condition of medical science up to his own time (probably first century CE) than any other author. Book 1 is on Greek schools of medicine and dietetics; Book 2 on prognosis, diagnosis, and general therapeutics; Book 3 on internal ailments; Book 4 on local bodily diseases.
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The Verrine Orations, Volume II
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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Remains of Old Latin, Volume I
Extant early Latin writings from the seventh or sixth to the first century BCE include epic, drama, satire, translation and paraphrase, hymns, stage history and practice, and other works by Ennius, Caecilius, Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius, Accius, Lucilius, and other anonymous authors; the Twelve Tables of Roman law; archaic inscriptions.
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History of Rome, Volume IX
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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Poems. Letters: Books 1-2
Extant works by Sidonius (born c. 430 CE) are three long panegyrics in verse, poems addressed to or concerned with friends, and nine books of letters.
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Description of Gree IV
Pausanias (fl. 150 CE), one of the Roman world’s great travelers, sketches in Description of Greece the history, geography, landmarks, legends, and religious cults of all the important Greek cities. He shares his enthusiasm for great sites, describing them with care and an accuracy confirmed by comparison with monuments that still stand today.
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Description of Greece V
Pausanias (fl. 150 CE), one of the Roman world’s great travelers, sketches in Description of Greece the history, geography, landmarks, legends, and religious cults of all the important Greek cities. He shares his enthusiasm for great sites, describing them with care and an accuracy confirmed by comparison with monuments that still stand today.
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Orations III
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who later became also a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and severe control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life.
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 | ****** AMMIANO MARCELLINO History I
Ammiano (c. 325–c. 395 CE), a Greek from Antioch, served many years as an officer in the Roman army, then settled in Rome, where he wrote a Latin history of the Roman Empire. The portion that survives covers twenty-five years in the historian’s own lifetime: the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens.
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 | **** LIVIO History of Rome X
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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 | ****** The Passing of Peregrinus. The Runaways. Toxaris or Friendship. The Dance. Lexiphanes. The Eunuch. Astrology. The Mistaken Critic. The Parliament of the Gods. The Tyrannicide. Disowned
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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Library of History, Volume II
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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 | **** CELSO On Medicine II
Celsus, a layman, provides in On Medicine more information about the condition of medical science up to his own time (probably first century CE) than any other author. Book 5 is on treatment by drugs of general diseases, Book 6 on treatment by drugs of local diseases.
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Moralia, Volume IV
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Moralia, Volume V
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Minor Works
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Minor Attic Orators, Volume I
Antiphon of Athens, born c. 480 BCE, disliked democracy and was an ardent oligarch. Of his fifteen extant works three concern real murder cases. The others are academic exercises. Andocides of Athens, born c. 440 BCE, disliked the extremes of democracy and oligarchy. Of his four extant speeches, Against Alcibiades is doubtful.
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 | ***** CICERONE Pro Sestio. In Vatinium
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | SENECA Moral Essays III
In Moral Essays, Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) expresses his Stoic philosophy on providence, steadfastness, anger, forgiveness, consolation, the happy life, leisure, tranquility, the brevity of life, and gift-giving.
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 | ****** SESTO EMPIRICO Against Physicists. Against Ethicists
The three surviving works by Sextus Empiricus (c. 160–210 CE) are Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Against Dogmatists, and Against Professors. Their value as a source for the history of thought is especially that they represent development and formulation of former skeptic doctrines.
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 | **** TACITO Annals: Books 4-6
Tacitus (c. 55–c. 120 CE), renowned for concision and psychology, is paramount as a historian of the early Roman empire. What survives of Histories covers the dramatic years 69–70. What survives of Annals tells an often terrible tale of 14–28, 31–37, and, partially, 47–66.
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 | **** LIVIO History of Rome XI
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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 | ***** Remains of Old Latin II
Extant early Latin writings from the seventh or sixth to the first century BCE include epic, drama, satire, translation and paraphrase, hymns, stage history and practice, and other works by Ennius, Caecilius, Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius, Accius, Lucilius, and other anonymous authors; the Twelve Tables of Roman law; archaic inscriptions.
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 | **** AMMIANO MARCELLINO History II
Ammianus (c. 325–c. 395 CE), a Greek from Antioch, served many years as an officer in the Roman army, then settled in Rome, where he wrote a Latin history of the Roman Empire. The portion that survives covers twenty-five years in the historian’s own lifetime: the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens.
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Problems, Volume I
Although Problems is an accretion of multiple authorship over several centuries, it offers a fascinating technical view of Peripatetic method and thought.
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Problems, Volume II
Although Problems is an accretion of multiple authorship over several centuries, it offers a fascinating technical view of Peripatetic method and thought. Rhetoric to Alexander provides practical advice to orators and was likely composed during the period of Aristotle’s tutorship of Alexander, perhaps by Anaximenes, another of Alexander’s tutors.
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Orations, Volume IV
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who later became also a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and severe control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life.
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Roman Antiquities, Volume I
The main aim of Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s Roman Antiquities, which began to appear in 7 BCE, was to reconcile Greeks to Roman rule. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole.
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On the Decalogue. On the Special Laws, Books 1-3
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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Moralia, Volume X
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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 | **** TACITO Annals: Books 13-16
Tacitus (c. 55–c. 120 CE), renowned for concision and psychology, is paramount as a historian of the early Roman empire. What survives of Histories covers the dramatic years 69–70. What survives of Annals tells an often terrible tale of 14–28, 31–37, and, partially, 47–66.
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Parts of Animals. Movement of Animals. Progression of Animals
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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 | **** CICERONE In Catilinam
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | **** ARISTOTELE Categories. On Interpretation. Prior Analytics
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume IV
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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The Learned Banqueters, Volume VI
In The Learned Banqueters (late-2nd century CE), Athenaeus describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature. The work provides quotations from works now lost, and preserves information about wide range of information about Greek culture.
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 | ***** PLAUTO Stichus. Three-Dollar Day. Truculentus. The Tale of a Traveling-Bag. Fragments
The comedies of Plautus, who brilliantly adapted Greek plays for Roman audiences c. 205–184 BCE, are the earliest Latin works to survive complete and cornerstones of the European theatrical tradition from Shakespeare and Molière to modern times. Twenty-one of his plays are extant.
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 | ***** Remains of Old Latin III
Extant early Latin writings from the seventh or sixth to the first century BCE include epic, drama, satire, translation and paraphrase, hymns, stage history and practice, and other works by Ennius, Caecilius, Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius, Accius, Lucilius, and other anonymous authors; the Twelve Tables of Roman law; archaic inscriptions.
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 | ***** PLINIO Natural History I
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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 | ***** AMMIANO MARCELLINO History III
Ammianus (c. 325–c. 395 CE), a Greek from Antioch, served many years as an officer in the Roman army, then settled in Rome, where he wrote a Latin history of the Roman Empire. The portion that survives covers twenty-five years in the historian’s own lifetime: the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens.
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 | **** LIVIO History of Rome XII
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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 | ***** VARRONE On the Latin Language I
Of more than seventy works by Varro (116–27 BCE) we have only his treatise On Agriculture and part of his De Lingua Latina (On the Latin Language), a work typical of its author’s interest not only in antiquarian matters but also in the collection of scientific facts, and containing much of very great value to the study of the Latin language.
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 | ***** VARRONE On the Latin Language II
Of more than seventy works by Varro (116–27 BCE) we have only his treatise On Agriculture and part of his De Lingua Latina (On the Latin Language), a work typical of its author’s interest not only in antiquarian matters but also in the collection of scientific facts, and containing much of very great value to the study of the Latin language.
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Greek Mathematical Works, Volume I
Greek mathematics from the sixth century BCE to the fourth century CE is represented by the work of, e.g., Pythagoras; Proclus; Thales; Democritus; Hippocrates of Chios; Theaetetus; Plato; Eudoxus of Cnidus; Aristotle; Euclid; Eratosthenes; Apollonius; Ptolemy; Heron of Alexandria; Diophantus; and Pappus.
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 | **** CELSO On Medicine III
Celsus, a layman, provides in On Medicine more information about the condition of medical science up to his own time (probably first century CE) than any other author. Books VII and Book VIII deal with surgery and present accounts of many operations, including amputation.
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Moralia, Volume VI
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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On the Heavens
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Discourses 12-30
Dio Chrysostomus (c. 40–c. 120 CE) was a rhetorician hostile to philosophers, whose Discourses (or Orations) reflect political or moral concerns. What survives of his works make him prominent in the revival of Greek literature in the late first and early second century CE.
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Library of History, Volume III
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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On the Special Laws, Book 4. On the Virtues. On Rewards and Punishments
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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 | ***** CICERONE Bruto. L'Oratore
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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On Buildings. General Index
In On Buildings, the Byzantine historian Procopius (late fifth century to after 558 CE) describes the churches, public buildings, fortifications, and bridges Justinian erected throughout his empire, from the Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople to city walls at Carthage. The work is richly informative about architecture of the sixth century CE.
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Dionysiaca, Volume I: Books 1-15
The epic Dionysiaca by Nonnos of Panopolis in Egypt (fifth century CE) concerns Dionysus’ earthly career from birth at Thebes to reception on Olympus. In a poem full of mythology, astrology, and magic, Nonnos relates the god’s conquest of the East and also, sensually and explicitly, his amorous adventures.
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The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII
In The Learned Banqueters (late-2nd century CE), Athenaeus describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature. The work provides quotations from works now lost, and preserves information about wide range of information about Greek culture.
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Orations, Volume V
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who later became also a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and severe control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life.
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Roman Antiquities, Volume II
The main aim of Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s Roman Antiquities, which began to appear in 7 BCE, was to reconcile Greeks to Roman rule. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole.
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 | ***** CICERONE On the Orator: Books 1-2
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | **** CICERONE On the Orator: Book 3.
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | **** MANETHO History of Egypt and Other Works
Eight works or parts of works were ascribed to Manetho, a third century BCE Egyptian, all on history and religion and all apparently in Greek. They survive only as quoted by other writers and include the spurious Book of Sôthis. The Kings of Thebes (in Egypt) and the Old Chronicle are doubtful.
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Orations, Volume VI
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who later became also a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and severe control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life.
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 | ***** PLINIO Natural History II
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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 | **** PLINIO Natural History III
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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 | ****** Dionysiaca, Volume II
The epic Dionysiaca by Nonnos of Panopolis in Egypt (fifth century CE) concerns Dionysus’ earthly career from birth at Thebes to reception on Olympus. In a poem full of mythology, astrology, and magic, Nonnos relates the god’s conquest of the East and also, sensually and explicitly, his amorous adventures.
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 | ***** History of Rome, Volume VI
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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 | ****** Dionysiaca III
The epic Dionysiaca by Nonnos of Panopolis in Egypt (fifth century CE) concerns Dionysus’ earthly career from birth at Thebes to reception on Olympus. In a poem full of mythology, astrology, and magic, Nonnos relates the god’s conquest of the East and also, sensually and explicitly, his amorous adventures.
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 | ****** Roman Antiquities III
The main aim of Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s Roman Antiquities, which began to appear in 7 BCE, was to reconcile Greeks to Roman rule. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole.
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Discourses 31-36
Dio Chrysostomus (c. 40–c. 120 CE) was a rhetorician hostile to philosophers, whose Discourses (or Orations) reflect political or moral concerns. What survives of his works make him prominent in the revival of Greek literature in the late first and early second century CE.
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 | ***** Remains of Old Latin IV
Extant early Latin writings from the seventh or sixth to the first century BCE include epic, drama, satire, translation and paraphrase, hymns, stage history and practice, and other works by Ennius, Caecilius, Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius, Accius, Lucilius, and other anonymous authors; the Twelve Tables of Roman law; archaic inscriptions.
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 | ***** Select Papyri, Volume III
Fragments of ancient literature, from the seventh to the third century BCE, found on papyri in Egypt include examples of tragedy; satyr drama; Old, Middle, and New Comedy; mime; lyric, elegiac, iambic, and hexametric poetry.
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 | **** COLUMELLA On Agriculture I
Columella (first century CE) included Cato and Varro among many sources for On Agriculture, but his personal experience was paramount. Written in prose except for the hexameters on horticulture of Book 10, the work is richly informative about country life in first century CE Italy.
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 | ***** Greek Mathematical Works, Volume II
Greek mathematics from the sixth century BCE to the fourth century CE is represented by the work of, e.g., Pythagoras; Proclus; Thales; Democritus; Hippocrates of Chios; Theaetetus; Plato; Eudoxus of Cnidus; Aristotle; Euclid; Eratosthenes; Apollonius; Ptolemy; Heron of Alexandria; Diophantus; and Pappus.
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 | **** FILONE Every Good Man is Free. On the Contemplative Life. On the Eternity of the World. Against Flaccus. Apology for the Jews. On Providence
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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 | **** DIONISIO Roman Antiquities IV
The main aim of Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s Roman Antiquities, which began to appear in 7 BCE, was to reconcile Greeks to Roman rule. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume V
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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Generation of Animals
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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History of Rome, Volume VII
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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History of Alexander, Volume I
Quintus Curtius wrote a history of Alexander the Great in the first or second century CE. The first two of ten books have not survived and material is missing from books 5, 6, and 10. Curtius narrates exciting experiences, develops his hero’s character, moralizes, and provides one of the five extant works that are evidence for Alexander’s career.
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History of Alexander, Volume II
Quintus Curtius wrote a history of Alexander the Great in the first or second century CE. The first two of ten books have not survived and material is missing from books 5, 6, and 10. Curtius narrates exciting experiences, develops his hero’s character, moralizes, and provides one of the five extant works that are evidence for Alexander’s career.
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Natural History, Volume IV
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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Natural History, Volume V
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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Roman Antiquities, V
The main aim of Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s Roman Antiquities, which began to appear in 7 BCE, was to reconcile Greeks to Roman rule. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole.
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Evagoras. Helen. Busiris. Plataicus. Concerning the Team of Horses. Trapeziticus. Against Callimachus. Aegineticus. Against Lochites. Against Euthynus. Letters
The importance of Isocrates (436–338 BCE) for the study of Greek civilization of the fourth century BCE is indisputable. Twenty-one discourses by Isocrates survive; these include political essays, treatises on education and on ethics, and speeches for legal cases. Nine letters, more on public than private matters, are also extant.
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Orations, Volume VII
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who later became also a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and severe control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life.
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Library of History, Volume IV
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Discourses 37-60
Dio Chrysostomus (c. 40–c. 120 CE) was a rhetorician hostile to philosophers, whose Discourses (or Orations) reflect political or moral concerns. What survives of his works make him prominent in the revival of Greek literature in the late first and early second century CE.
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Library of History, Volume IX
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Roman Antiquities, Volume VI
The main aim of Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s Roman Antiquities, which began to appear in 7 BCE, was to reconcile Greeks to Roman rule. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole.
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On the Embassy to Gaius. General Indexes
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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Questions on Genesis
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
| |
 | **** LIVIO History of Rome VIII
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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Against Professors
The three surviving works by Sextus Empiricus (c. 160–210 CE) are Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Against Dogmatists, and Against Professors. Their value as a source for the history of thought is especially that they represent development and formulation of former skeptic doctrines.
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Alciphron, Aelian, and Philostratus: The Letters
The fictitious, highly literary Letters of Alciphron (second century CE) are mostly to invented characters. The Letters of Farmers by Aelian (c. 170–235 CE) portray the country ways of their imagined writers. The Erotic Epistles of Philostratus (perhaps born c. 170 CE) resemble and may have been influenced by those of Alciphron.
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Library of History, Volume V
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Discourses 61-80. Fragments. Letters
Dio Chrysostomus (c. 40–c. 120 CE) was a rhetorician hostile to philosophers, whose Discourses (or Orations) reflect political or moral concerns. What survives of his works make him prominent in the revival of Greek literature in the late first and early second century CE.
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 | ****** On Invention. The Best Kind of Orator. Topics
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
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 | **** PRUDENZIO Against Symmachus 1
Prudentius (born 348 CE) used allegory and classical Latin verse forms in the service of Christianity. His works include the Psychomachia, an allegorical description of the struggle between (Christian) virtues and (pagan) vices; lyric poetry; and—a valuable source on Christian iconography—poetic inscriptions for biblical scenes on the walls of a church.
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Roman Antiquities, Volume VII
The main aim of Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s Roman Antiquities, which began to appear in 7 BCE, was to reconcile Greeks to Roman rule. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole.
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Library of History, Volume VII
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Library of History, Volume X
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Posterior Analytics. Topica
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Natural History, Volume VI
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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Natural History, Volume VII
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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 | ***** PLINIO Natural History IX
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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Minor Attic Orators, Volume II: Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides
Fourth century BCE orators were involved in Athenian resistance to Philip of Macedon. Lycurgus was with Demosthenes in the anti-Macedonian faction. Hyperides was also hostile to Philip and led Athenian patriots after 325 BCE. But Dinarchus favored an oligarchy under Macedonian control and Demades supported the Macedonian cause too.
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 | **** LIVIO History of Rome XIII
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE).
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Meteorologica
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
| |
 | ****** PRUDENZIO Against Symmachus 2
Prudentius (born 348 CE) used allegory and classical Latin verse forms in the service of Christianity. His works include the Psychomachia, an allegorical description of the struggle between (Christian) virtues and (pagan) vices; lyric poetry; and—a valuable source on Christian iconography—poetic inscriptions for biblical scenes on the walls of a church.
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Library of History, Volume VI
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Questions on Exodus
The philosopher Philo, born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and Jewish religious thought.
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 | ***** GIULIO CESARE Alexandrian War. African War. Spanish War
Aulus Hirtius, friend of and military subordinate to Caesar (100–44 BCE), may have written the Alexandrian War. African War and Spanish War are detailed accounts clearly by officers who had shared in the campaigns. All three works provide important information on Caesar’s career.
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 | **** CICERONE "Rhetorica ad Herennium"
The Rhetorica ad Herrenium was traditionally attributed to Cicerone (106–43 BCE), and reflects, as does Cicero’s De Inventione, Hellenistic rhetorical teaching. But most recent editors attribute it to an unknown author.
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 | *** LIVIO History of Rome XIV
The only extant work by Livy (64 or 59 BCE –12 or 17 CE) is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE.
Of its 142 books 1–10, 21–45 (except parts of 41 and 43–45), fragments, and short summaries remain. Livy’s history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE). | |
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Moralia, Volume VII
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Moralia, Volume XII
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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 | ***** COLUMELLA On Agriculture, Volume II
Columella (first century CE) included Cato and Varro among many sources for On Agriculture, but his personal experience was paramount. Written in prose except for the hexameters on horticulture of Book 10, the work is richly informative about country life in first century CE Italy.
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 | **** COLUMELLA On Agriculture, Volume III
Columella (first century CE) included Cato and Varro among many sources for On Agriculture, but his personal experience was paramount. Written in prose except for the hexameters on horticulture of Book 10, the work is richly informative about country life in first century CE Italy.
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Library of History, Volume XI
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume VII
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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City of God, Volume I
City of God by Augustine (354–430 CE) unfolds God’s action in the progress of the world’s history, and propounds the superiority of Christian beliefs over pagan in adversity.
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City of God, Volume II
City of God by Augustine (354–430 CE) unfolds God’s action in the progress of the world’s history, and propounds the superiority of Christian beliefs over pagan in adversity.
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City of God, Volume III
City of God by Augustine (354–430 CE) unfolds God’s action in the progress of the world’s history, and propounds the superiority of Christian beliefs over pagan in adversity.
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City of God, Volume IV
City of God by Augustine (354–430 CE) unfolds God’s action in the progress of the world’s history, and propounds the superiority of Christian beliefs over pagan in adversity.
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City of God, Volume V
City of God by Augustine (354–430 CE) unfolds God’s action in the progress of the world’s history, and propounds the superiority of Christian beliefs over pagan in adversity.
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 | ***** AUGUSTINUS City of God VI
City of God by Augustine (354–430 CE) unfolds God’s action in the progress of the world’s history, and propounds the superiority of Christian beliefs over pagan in adversity.
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 | **** AUGUSTINUS City of God, Volume VII
City of God by Augustine (354–430 CE) unfolds God’s action in the progress of the world’s history, and propounds the superiority of Christian beliefs over pagan in adversity.
| |
 | ***** PLINIO Natural History VIII
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones.
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 | **** PLINIO Natural History X
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge.
Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones. | |
 | **** SIDONIUS Letters: Books 3-9
Extant works by Sidonius (born c. 430 CE) are three long panegyrics in verse, poems addressed to or concerned with friends, and nine books of letters.
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Aetia, Iambi, Hecale and Other Fragments. Hero and Leander
Fragments by Callimachus (third century BCE) include those from the Aetia, Greek aetiological stories; a book of Iambi; and the epic poem Hecale. Hero and Leander by Musaeus (fifth or sixth century CE) is a short epic poem.
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Library of History, Volume VIII
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Library of History, Volume XII
Diodorus’s Library of History, written in the first century BCE, is the most extensively preserved history by an ancient Greek author. The work is in three parts: mythical history to the Trojan War; history to Alexander’s death (323 BCE); and history to 54 BCE. Books 1–5 and 11–20 survive complete, the rest in fragments.
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Moralia, Volume VIII
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Moralia, Volume IX
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Moralia, Volume XI
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Moralia, Volume XIII
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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| 428. |  |
Moralia, Volume XIV
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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Moralia, Volume XV
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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How to Write History. The Dipsads. Saturnalia. Herodotus or Aetion. Zeuxis or Antiochus. A Slip of the Tongue in Greeting. Apology for the "Salaried Posts in Great Houses." Harmonides. A Conversation with Hesiod. The Scythian or The Consul. Hermotimus or Concerning the Sects. To One Who Said "You're a Prometheus in Words." The Ship or The Wishes
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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Dialogues of the Dead. Dialogues of the Sea-Gods. Dialogues of the Gods. Dialogues of the Courtesans
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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Soloecista. Lucius or The Ass. Amores. Halcyon. Demosthenes. Podagra. Ocypus. Cyniscus. Philopatris. Charidemus. Nero
Lucian (c. 120–190 CE), apprentice sculptor then traveling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume VIII
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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 | ******* Minor Latin Poets II
Works such as those of the mime-writer Publilius Syrus, who flourished c. 45 BCE, and Rutilius Namatianus, who gave a graphic account of his voyage from Rome to Gaul in 416 CE, represent the wide variety of theme that lends interest to Latin poetry produced during a period of four and a half centuries.
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Tetrabiblos
In Tetrabiblos, a core text in the history of astrology, the preeminent ancient astronomer Ptolemy (c. 100–178 CE) treats the practical use of astronomical knowledge: making predictions about individuals’ lives and the outcome of human affairs.
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Fables
Babrius’s humorous and pointed fables in Greek verse probably date from the first century CE. From the same period come the lively fables in Latin verse written by Phaedrus, which satirize social and political life in Augustan Rome.
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History of Animals, Volume I
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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History of Animals, Volume II
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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History of Animals, Volume III
Nearly all the works Aristotle (384–322 BCE) prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as: practical; logical; physical; metaphysical; on art; other; or fragments.
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Ennead, Volume I
Plotinus (204/5–270 CE) was the first and greatest of Neoplatonic philosophers. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles.
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Ennead, Volume II
Plotinus (204/5–270 CE) was the first and greatest of Neoplatonic philosophers. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles.
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Ennead, Volume III
Plotinus (204/5–270 CE) was the first and greatest of Neoplatonic philosophers. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles.
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Ennead, Volume IV
Plotinus (204/5–270 CE) was the first and greatest of Neoplatonic philosophers. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles.
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Ennead, Volume V
Plotinus (204/5–270 CE) was the first and greatest of Neoplatonic philosophers. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles.
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Ennead, Volume VI
Plotinus (204/5–270 CE) was the first and greatest of Neoplatonic philosophers. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles.
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On Animals, Volume I
In On the Characteristics of Animals, Aelian (c. 170–after 230 CE) collects facts and fables about the animal kingdom and invites the reader to ponder contrasts between human and animal behavior.
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 | ***** CICERONE Pro Caelio. De Provinciis Consularibus. Pro Balbo
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman.
Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. | |
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On Animals, Volume II
In On the Characteristics of Animals, Aelian (c. 170–after 230 CE) collects facts and fables about the animal kingdom and invites the reader to ponder contrasts between human and animal behavior.
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On Animals, Volume III
In On the Characteristics of Animals, Aelian (c. 170–after 230 CE) collects facts and fables about the animal kingdom and invites the reader to ponder contrasts between human and animal behavior.
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 | **** SENECA Natural Questions I
Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) devotes most of Naturales Quaestiones to celestial phenomena. In Book 1 he discusses fires in the atmosphere; in 2, lightning and thunder; in 3, bodies of water. Seneca’s method is to survey the theories of major authorities on the subject at hand, so his work is a guide to Greek and Roman thinking about the heavens.
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Selected Orations, Volume I
Libanius (314–393 CE), who was one of the last great publicists and teachers of Greek paganism, has much to tell us about the tumultuous world of the fourth century CE. His works include Orations, the first of which is an autobiography, and Letters.
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Selected Orations, Volume II
Libanius (314–393 CE), who was one of the last great publicists and teachers of Greek paganism, has much to tell us about the tumultuous world of the fourth century CE. His works include Orations, the first of which is an autobiography, and Letters.
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 | **** APULEIO Metamorphoses (The Golden Ass) II
The Metamorphoses (The Golden Ass) of Apuleius (born c. 125 CE) is a romance combining realism and magic. Lucius wants the sensations of a bird, but by pharmaceutical accident becomes an ass. The bulk of the novel recounts his adventures as an animal, but Lucius also recounts many stories he overhears, including that of Cupid and Psyche.
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History of the Empire, Volume I
The History of Herodian (born c. 178–179 CE) is one of the few literary historical sources for the period of the Roman empire from the death of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (180 CE) to the accession of Gordian III (238), a period in which we can see turbulence and the onset of revolution.
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History of the Empire, Volume II
The History of Herodian (born c. 178–179 CE) is one of the few literary historical sources for the period of the Roman empire from the death of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (180 CE) to the accession of Gordian III (238), a period in which we can see turbulence and the onset of revolution.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume IX
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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 | ***** SENECA "Natural Questions", II
Seneca (c. 4–65 CE) devotes most of Naturales Quaestiones to celestial phenomena. In Book 1 he discusses fires in the atmosphere; in 2, lightning and thunder; in 3, bodies of water. Seneca’s method is to survey the theories of major authorities on the subject at hand, so his work is a guide to Greek and Roman thinking about the heavens.
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Apollonius of Tyana, Volume III
In his Life of Apollonius, Philostratus (second to third century CE) portrays a first-century CE teacher, religious reformer, and perceived rival to Jesus. Apollonius’s letters, ancient reports about him, and a letter by Eusebius (fourth century CE) that is now central to the history of Philostratus’s work add to the portrait.
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Heros. Theophoroumene. Karchedonios. Kitharistes. Kolax. Koneiazomenai. Leukadia. Misoumenos. Perikeiromene. Perinthia
Menander (?344/3–292/1 BCE), the dominant figure in New Comedy, wrote over 100 plays, of which one complete play, substantial portions of six others, and smaller but interesting fragments have been recovered. The complete play, Dyskolos (The Peevish Fellow), won first prize in Athens in 317 BCE.
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Samia. Sikyonioi. Synaristosai. Phasma. Unidentified Fragments
Menander (?344/3–292/1 BCE), the dominant figure in New Comedy, wrote over 100 plays, of which one complete play, substantial portions of six others, and smaller but interesting fragments have been recovered. The complete play, Dyskolos (The Peevish Fellow), won first prize in Athens in 317 BCE.
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Greek Lyric, Volume IV
Bacchylides wrote masterful choral poetry of many types. Other fifth-century BCE lyricists included Myrtis, Telesilla of Argos, Timocreon of Rhodes, Charixena, Diagoras of Melos, Ion of Chios, Praxilla of Sicyon. More of Boeotian Corinna’s (third-century BCE?) poetry survives than that of any other Greek woman poet except Sappho.
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 | **** CICERONE Letters to Quintus and Brutus
The correspondence of Cicero (106–43 BCE) with his brother, Quintus, and with Brutus is a window onto their world. Two invective speeches linked with Cicero are probably anonymous exercises. The Letter to Octavian likely dates from the third or fourth century CE. The Handbook of Electioneering was said to be written by Quintus to Cicero.
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 | ***** SENECA IL VECCHIO Declamations I
Seneca the Elder (?55 BCE–40 CE) collected ten books devoted to controversiae (some only preserved in excerpt) and at least one (surviving) of suasoriae. Extracts from famous declaimers of Seneca’s illuminate influences on the styles of most pagan (and many Christian) writers of the Empire.
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 | SENECA IL VECCHIO Declamations II
Seneca the Elder (?55 BCE–40 CE) collected ten books devoted to controversiae (some only preserved in excerpt) and at least one (surviving) of suasoriae.
Extracts from famous declaimers of Seneca’s illuminate influences on the styles of most pagan (and many Christian) writers of the Empire. | |
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Critical Essays, Volume I: Ancient Orators. Lysias. Isocrates. Isaeus. Demosthenes. Thucydides
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, born c. 60 BCE, aimed in his critical essays to reassert the primacy of Greek as the literary language of the Mediterranean world. They constitute an important development from the somewhat mechanical techniques of rhetorical handbooks to more sensitive criticism of individual authors.
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"Critical Essays", Volume II: "On Literary Composition". Dinarchus. Letters to Ammaeus and Pompeius
Dionisio d'Alicarnasso, born c. 60 BCE, aimed in his critical essays to reassert the primacy of Greek as the literary language of the Mediterranean world. They constitute an important development from the somewhat mechanical techniques of rhetorical handbooks to more sensitive criticism of individual authors.
*********** CORNELIO NEPOTE | |
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On Great Generals. On Historians
Cornelius Nepos (c. 99–c. 24 BCE) is the earliest biographer in Latin whose work we have.
Extant are parts of his "De Viris Illustribus", including biographies of mostly Greek military commanders and of two Latin historians, Cato and Atticus. | |
 | **** PLOTINO Ennead VI
Plotinus (204/5–270 CE) was the first and greatest of Neoplatonic philosophers. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles.
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 | *************** MANILIO Astronomica
In Astronomica (first century CE), the earliest extant treatise we have on astrology, Manilius provides an account of celestial phenomena and the signs of the Zodiac. He also gives witty character sketches of persons born under particular constellations.
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 | ******* Moralia, Volume XIII
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
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De Causis Plantarum, Volume I
Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370–c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle’s zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the latter, Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. Books 1 and 2 are concerned with generation, sprouting, flowering and fruiting, and the effects of climate.
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Affections. Diseases 1. Diseases 2
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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Diseases 3. Internal Affections. Regimen in Acute Diseases
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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De Causis Plantarum, Volume II
Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370–c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle’s zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the latter, Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. In Books 3 and 4, Theophrastus studies cultivation and agricultural methods.
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De Causis Plantarum, Volume III
Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370–c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle’s zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the latter, Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. In Books 5 and 6, he discusses plant breeding; diseases and other causes of death; and distinctive flavours and odours.
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Greek Lyric, Volume III
The most important poets writing in Greek in the sixth century BCE came from Sicily and southern Italy. They included Stesichorus, Ibycus, and Simonides, as well as Arion, Lasus, and Pratinas.
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Epidemics 2, 4-7
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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 | ************** Autobiography and Selected Letters, Volume I
Libanius (314–393 CE), who was one of the last great publicists and teachers of Greek paganism, has much to tell us about the tumultuous world of the fourth century CE. His works include Orations, the first of which is an autobiography, and Letters.
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Autobiography and Selected Letters, Volume II
Libanius (314–393 CE), who was one of the last great publicists and teachers of Greek paganism, has much to tell us about the tumultuous world of the fourth century CE. His works include Orations, the first of which is an autobiography, and Letters.
***************** ***** MARZIALE | |
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Epigrams III
In his epigrams, Marziale (c. 40–c. 103 CE) is a keen, sharp-tongued observer of Roman scenes and events, including the new Colosseum, country life, a debauchee’s banquet, and the eruption of Vesuvio.
His poems are sometimes obscene, in the tradition of the genre, sometimes affectionate or amusing, and always pointed. | |
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Callirhoe
Chariton’s Callirhoe, subtitled “Love Story in Syracuse,” is a fast-paced historical romance of the first century CE and the oldest extant novel.
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Places in Man. Glands. Fleshes. Prorrhetic 1-2. Physician. Use of Liquids. Ulcers. Haemorrhoids and Fistulas
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
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Fragments
Sophocles (497/6–406 BCE), considered one of the world’s greatest poets, forged tragedy from the heroic excess of myth and legend. Seven complete plays are extant, including Oedipus Tyrannus, Ajax, Antigone, and Philoctetes. Among many fragments that also survive is a substantial portion of the satyr drama The Searchers.
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Children of Heracles. Hippolytus. Andromache. Hecuba
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments
Pindar (c. 518–438 BCE), highly esteemed as lyric poet by the ancients, commemorates in complex verse the achievements of athletes and powerful rulers at the four great Panhellenic festivals—the Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian games—against a backdrop of divine favor, human failure, heroic legend, and aristocratic Greek ethos.
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Historical Miscellany
Aelian’s Historical Miscellany (Varia Historia) is a pleasurable example of light reading for Romans of the early third century. Offering engaging anecdotes about historical figures, retellings of legendary events, and enjoyable descriptive pieces, Aelian’s collection of nuggets and narratives appealed to a wide reading public.
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The Jewish War II
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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Clouds. Wasps. Peace
Aristophanes (c. 450–c. 386 BCE) has been admired since antiquity for his wit, fantasy, language, and satire. Socrates’s “Thinkery” is at the center of Clouds, which spoofs untraditional techniques for educating young men. Wasps satirizes Athenian enthusiasm for jury service. Peace is a rollicking attack on war-makers.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume VI: Books 14-15
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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Jewish Antiquities, Volume II: Books 4-6
The major works of Josephus (c. 37–after 97 CE) are History of the Jewish War, from 170 BCE to his own time, and Jewish Antiquities, from creation to 66 CE. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion.
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 | ************** CICERONE Letters to Attico IV
In letters to his friend Attico, Cicerone (106–43 BC) reveals himself as to no other of his correspondents except, perhaps, his brother, and vividly depicts a momentous period in Roman history, marked by the rise of Giulio Cesare and the downfall of the Republic.
******************* VALERIO MASSIMO | |
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Memorable Doings and Sayings I
Valerius Maximus compiled his handbook of notable deeds and sayings in the reign of Tiberius (14–37 CE). Valerius’s professedly practical work contains a clear moral element and is informative about first-century CE Roman attitudes toward religion and morality.
************ VALERIO MASSIMO | |
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Memorable Doings and Sayings II
Valerio Massimo compiled his handbook of notable deeds and sayings in the reign of Tiberio (14–37 CE).
Valerius’s professedly practical work contains a clear moral element and is informative about first-century CE Roman attitudes toward religion and morality. | |
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"The Orator's Education" V
Quintilian, born in Spain about 35 A. D., became a renowned and successful teacher of rhetoric in Rome. In The Orator’s Education (Institutio Oratoria), a comprehensive training program in twelve books, he draws on his own rich experience. It provides not only insights on oratory, but also a picture of Roman education and social attitudes.
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Bacchae. Iphigenia at Aulis. Rhesus
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer
The earliest poems extant under the title Homeric Hymns date from the seventh century BCE. Comic poems in the Homeric Apocrypha include the Battle of Frogs and Mice (probably not earlier than first century CE). Lives of Homer include a version of The Contest of Homer and Hesiod that dates from the second century BCE.
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Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC
Heroic epic of the eighth to the fifth century BCE includes poems about Hercules and Theseus, as well as the Theban Cycle and the Trojan Cycle. Genealogical epic of that archaic era includes poems that create prehistories for Corinth and Samos. These works are an important source of mythological record.
*********** STAZIO | |
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Thebaid II Achilleid
Greek literary education and Roman political reality are evident in the poetry of Stazio (c. 50–96 CE). His "Silvae" are thirty-two occasional poems. His masterpiece, the epic Thebaid, recounts the struggle for kingship between the two sons of Oedipus. The extant portion of his Achilleid begins an account of Achilles’s life.
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Moralia, XVI
Plutarch (c. 45–120 CE) wrote on many subjects. His extant works other than the Parallel Lives are varied, about sixty in number, and known as the Moralia (Moral Essays). They reflect his philosophy about living a good life, and provide a treasury of information concerning Greco-Roman society, traditions, ideals, ethics, and religion.
****** QUINTILIANO | |
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The Lesser Declamations I
The Lesser Declamations perhaps date from the second century CE and are perhaps derived from Quintilian. The collection originally consisted of 388 sample cases for legal training. 145 survive. Comments and suggestions the instructor adds to his model speeches for fictitious court cases offer insight into Roman law and education.
************ QUINTILIANO | |
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The Lesser Declamations II
The Lesser Declamations perhaps date from the second century A. D. and are perhaps derived from Quintilian.
The collection originally consisted of 388 sample cases for legal training. 145 survive. Comments and suggestions the instructor adds to his model speeches for fictitious court cases offer insight into Roman law and education. | |
 | ***** ARISTOFANE Fragments
Aristophanes (c. 450–c. 386 BCE) has been admired since antiquity for his wit, fantasy, language, and satire. Over forty of his plays were read in antiquity, from which nearly a thousand fragments survive. These provide a fuller picture of the poet’s comic vitality and a wealth of information and insights about his world.
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The Shield. Catalogue of Women. Other Fragments
Though attributed to Hesiod (eighth or seventh century BCE) in antiquity, the Catalogue of Women, a presentation of legendary Greek heroes and episodes according to maternal genealogy; The Shield, a counterpoint to the Iliadic shield of Achilles; and certain poems that survive as fragments were likely not composed by Hesiod himself.
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Fragments: Aegeus-Meleager
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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Fragments
Aeschylus (c. 525–456 BCE) is the dramatist who made Athenian tragedy one of the world’s great art forms. Seven of his eighty or so plays survive complete, including the Oresteia trilogy and the Persians, the only extant Greek historical drama. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus. Other Fragments
Euripides (c. 485–406 BCE) has been prized in every age for his emotional and intellectual drama. Eighteen of his ninety or so plays survive complete, including Medea, Hippolytus, and Bacchae, one of the great masterpieces of the tragic genre. Fragments of his lost plays also survive.
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*********************
We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BC), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.
Le Filippiche sono le 14 orazioni che nel 44 e nel 43 a.C Marco Tullio Cicerone pronunciò contro Marco Antoni. Prendono il nome dalle Filippiche che l'oratore greco Demostene pronunciò nel IV secolo a.C. contro Filippo II di Macedonia, padre di Alessandro Magno. Le orazioni di Cicerone sono volutamente modellate su quelle di Demostene. Ad esse si avvicinano per il vigore e l’impeto polemico e per l’ardore appassionato con cui l’oratore s’impegna con tutte le sue forze in una lotta mortale. Dopo l'assassinio di Cesare e di fronte al potere che Antonio andava acquistando all'interno dello Stato, Cicerone iniziò una violenta campagna denigratoria contro di lui, appoggiando allo stesso tempo il figlio adottivo di Cesare, Ottaviano. Quando però quest'ultimo si alleò con Antonio e Marco Emilio Lepido nel cosiddetto Secondo triumvirato, Cicerone fu punito per i suoi attacchi: raggiunto da dei sicari, fu ucciso. La sua testa e le sue mani furono poi esposti al popolo come monito. | |
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Hellenistic Collection: Philitas. Alexander of Aetolia. Hermesianax. Euphorion. Partheniu
Works by authors such as Philitas of Cos, Alexander of Aetolia, Hermesianax of Colophon, Euphorion of Chalcis and, especially, Parthenius of Nicaea, who composed the mythograpical Sufferings in Love, represent rich inventiveness in Hellenistic prose and poetry from the fourth to the first century BCE.
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Coan Prenotions. Anatomical and Minor Clinical Writing
Of the roughly seventy treatises in the Hippocratic Collection, many are not by Hippocrates (said to have been born in Cos in or before 460 BCE), but they are essential sources of information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body, and he was undeniably the “Father of Medicine.”
***** MACROBIO | |
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Saturnalia I
Macrobio’s Saturnalia, an encyclopedic celebration of Roman culture written in the early fifth century CE, has been prized since the Renaissance as a treasure trove of otherwise unattested lore. Cast in the form of a dialogue it treats diverse topics while showcasing Virgil as master of all human knowledge, from diction to religion.
*************** MACROBIO | |
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Saturnalia II
Macrobius’s Saturnalia, an encyclopedic celebration of Roman culture written in the early fifth century CE, has been prized since the Renaissance as a treasure trove of otherwise unattested lore. Cast in the form of a dialogue, it treats diverse topics while showcasing Virgil as master of all human knowledge, from diction to religion.
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MACROBIO
"Saturnalia" III
Macrobio’s "Saturnalia", an encyclopedic celebration of Roman culture written in the early fifth century A. D., has been prized since the Renaissance as a treasure trove of otherwise unattested lore.
Cast in the form of a dialogue, it treats diverse topics while showcasing Virgilio as master of all human knowledge, from diction to religion. | |
 | ******************* Fragments of Old Comedy I
The era of Old Comedy (c. 485–c. 380 BCE), when theatrical comedy was created and established, is best known through the extant plays of Aristophanes. But the work of many other poets, including Cratinus and Eupolis, the other members, with Aristophanes, of the canonical Old Comic Triad, survives in fragments.
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 | ****** Fragments of Old Comedy II
The era of Old Comedy (c. 485–c. 380 BCE), when theatrical comedy was created and established, is best known through the extant plays of Aristophanes. But the work of many other poets, including Cratinus and Eupolis, the other members, with Aristophanes, of the canonical Old Comic Triad, survives in fragments.
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 | ***** Fragments of Old Comedy III
The era of Old Comedy (c. 485–c. 380 BC), when theatrical comedy was created and established, is best known through the extant plays of Aristophanes.
But the work of many other poets, including Cratinus and Eupolis, the other members, with Aristophanes, of the canonical Old Comic Triad, survives in fragments. | |
 | **** GALENO Method of Medicine I
In Method of Medicine, Galen (129–199 CE) provides a comprehensive and influential account of the principles of treating injury and disease. Enlivening the detailed case studies are many theoretical and polemical discussions, acute social commentary, and personal reflections.
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 | ************ GALENO Method of Medicine, Volume II
In Method of Medicine, Galen (129–199 CE) provides a comprehensive and influential account of the principles of treating injury and disease. Enlivening the detailed case studies are many theoretical and polemical discussions, acute social commentary, and personal reflections.
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 | ************** GALENO Method of Medicine, Volume III: Books 10-14
In Method of Medicine, Galen (129–199 CE) provides a comprehensive and influential account of the principles of treating injury and disease. Enlivening the detailed case studies are many theoretical and polemical discussions, acute social commentary, and personal reflections.
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ATENEO. "The Learned Banqueters", Volume VIII: Book 15. General Indexes
In The Learned Banqueters, Atheneo describes a series of dinner parties at which the guests quote extensively from Greek literature.
The work (which dates to the very end of the second century AD) is amusing reading and of extraordinary value as a treasury of quotations from works now lost. | |
 | ***************************************************** IPPOCRATE "Generation". "Nature of the Child". "Diseases" 4. "Nature of Women and Barrenness"
This volume, the tenth of Hippocrates’ invaluable texts on the practice of medicine in antiquity, provides essential information about human reproduction and reproductive disorders and expounds a general theory of physiology and pathology, in five Greek treatises presented with facing English translation.
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Filostrato’s writings embody the height of the renaissance of Greek literature in the second century A. D.. L'eroico is a vineyard conversation about the beauty, continuing powers, and worship of the Homeric heroes. Gymnastico is the sole surviving ancient treatise on sports, which reshapes conventional ideas about the athletic body.
Essendo l'unico antico trattato sull'agonistica e l'educazione fisica giunto fino a noi, su questi argomenti è ricco di informazioni non ricavabili da altre fonti. Flavio Filostrato descrive sia le gare olimpiche, la loro storia, sia le doti necessarie all'atleta e i sistemi utili per conservarle e accrescerle. |
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