Grice e Cazzaniga: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’iniziazione – You only get first penetrated once – BACCHANALIUM – scuola di Torino – filosofia torinese – filosofia piemontese -- filosofia italiana – Luigi Speranza, pel Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice, The Swimming-Pool Library (Torino). Filosofo torinese. Filosofo piemontese. Filosofo Italiano. Torino, Piemonte. Grice: “I like Cazzaniga – he shows that latitdunial unity is not a myth! He has researched on Cocconato – and he has seriously spoken of the ‘catene d’unione’ – the handshake – which is crosses the longitudinal and latitudinal unities – consider Thatcher: “There’s no such thing as societies; only individuals! The ‘catene d’unione’ is represented most easily by a handshake, but this is in a catena usually a circle – need it be a close circle? It should be! Perhaps Austin and the Play Group formed such a circle!” -- Gian Mario Cazzaniga (Torino), filosofo. Studia a Milano. Si laurea a Pisa con Massolo. Insegna a Pisa. Quaderno Rosso. Il potere operaio. Funzione e conflitto. Forme e classi nella teoria marxista dello sviluppo, Napoli, Liguori); La religione dei moderni, Pisa, ETS); Metamorfosi della sovranità: fra stati nazionali e ordinamenti giuridici mondiali. Società geografica italiana, Roma, Pisa, ETS); La democrazia come sistema simbolico "Belfagor”; Le Muse in loggia. Massoneria e letteratura nel Settecento (Milano, UNICOPLI); Storia d'Italia. Annali: La Massoneria, Torino, Einaudi) Storia d'Italia. Annali 25: Esoterismo, Torino, Einaudi). C., “Massoneria e letteratura: Dalla 'République des lettres' alla lettera- tura nazionale,” in Le muse in Loggia, ed. C. et al. (Milan: Unicopli), C., “Origine ed evoluzione dei rituali carbonari italiani,” in C., La Massoneria, Chi anche in questa fine di millennio continua a nutrire interesse per la storia delle vicende umane, per la storia delle idee e dei tentativi messi in atto per concretarle - soprattutto se le idee in questione sono quelle di libertà, fraternità, uguaglianza - trova in libreria un testo di sicuro interesse: “La religione dei moderni”. Convinto con Eraclito che per trovare oro è necessario scavare molta terra, C. ha dissodato a fondo un terreno a prima vista assai ingrato: l'arcipelago multiforme e delirante della massoneria e delle sue sette. Il risultato è però la dimostrazione di come la nottola di Minerva possa tornare con un bottino non solo erudito, ma capace anzi di rinnovare la nostra stessa auto-comprensione spiccando con metodo il suo volo anche sulle strane isole e penisole culturali in cui vivono illuminati, teofilantropi, filaleti, U.S.D. (leggasi: Uomini Senza Dio) e come diavolo con nome di rigenerazione si sono ribattezzati i mille e mille fratelli costruttori decisi ad erigere una carcere per il vizio e un templi alla virtù. Tra loro spiccano in ogni caso alcuni tra i massimi intellettuali italiani: e anche Lessing, Herder, Goethe, a Mirabeau, Condorcet, Fichte, Heine. Chi indotto da recenti vicende italiche rischiasse di confondere massoneria e piduismo, può finalmente scoprire momenti e figure assai più nobili e rilevanti di questa istituzione e apprende come nella loggia e nato praticamente ogni ideologia - liberalismo, democrazia cristiana, comunismo... - risultati costituitivi della modernità occidentale. A chi si chiedesse cosa e chi ha spinto allo studio dell'ambiente massonico un intellettuale lucido, raffinato e dalla ben nota militanza nel movimento operaio come C., il saggui non manca di rispondere. Da esso emerge netta l'opzione per una filosofia curiosa dei luoghi storico-sociali capaci di generare il nuovo e attenta ai valori della differenza, nutrita da quella passione per le radici culturali del nostro mondo che già aveva indotto C. a esplorare "Fin'amors e cortezia nella poesia trabadorica" quali matrici dello "spirito laico". Nel caso attuale si aggiunge un'indicazione di Marx che, in compagnia di Engels, criticava i "critici-critici" tedeschi alla luce delle esperienze realizzate della critica pratica del cervello sociale messo in moto dalla Rivoluzione Francese. C. stesso segnala il debito con i dioscuri fondatori del moderno partito politico di massa. Lo fa con ironica signorilità citando a conclusione del commento su Bonneville le parole che hanno costituito l'input decisivo per l'avvio di un'indagine che, partita dal Cercle social indicato dalle pagine della Sacra Famiglia quale origine del "movimento rivoluzionario moderno", si è poi allargata all'intero mondo delle logge rivelatosi uno dei luoghi più fecondi dell'attività mito-poietica alla base della "invenzione" del legame sociale, soprattutto allorquando i membri dell'istituzione muratoria si sono fatti "massoneria pubblica", identificando il luogo di rifondazione del legame sociale nel terreno dell'attività politica organizzata. Fenomeno che abbraccia l'Europa e le due Americhe, la massoneria si rivela uno dei più rilevanti tentativi moderni di fornire risposta alla crisi aperta nel fondamento del legame sociale dalle guerre di religione. Per molti cittadini della République des Lettres la massoneria più che società segreta è infatti una società che tratta segreti, terreno embrionale di una nuova possibile convivenza inter-umana, progetto e luogo possibile di rifondazione di quel legame sociale posto in crisi dalla nascita dell'individuo come nuovo protagonista spirituale della storia europea e dalla distinzione tra religione naturale e religioni positive. Con le sue radici giusnaturalistiche e neo-stoiche, dal mondo classico il progetto massonico recupera anzitutto l'idea di cittadinanza, primo grande esperimento riuscito di costruzione artificiale di un legame sociale ispirandosene per costruire, nella situazione di crisi dell'ancien régime, un progetto analogo. Collocandosi da questa prospettiva la ricerca di C. trascende ampiamente la storiografia auto-celebrativa intra-massonica e illumina di nuova luce origine e natura della politica, identificata, in sintonia con Giarrizzo, come una “religione”. L'elezione del mondo delle logge massoniche quale oggetto di analisi avviene cioè in base alla convinzione storica-teorica circa il loro carattere di "laboratorio" di nuove forme del vivere associato, anzitutto a proposito del vero opus magnum ch'esse hanno contribuito ad edificare, ovvero la costruzione di quella forma politica, sostenuta da partiti di massa, che fu lo stato-nazione d’Italia. Che poi la nottola filosofica spicchi il suo volo in condizioni oggi hegelianamente ideali, al tramonto dell'egemonia organizzativa, culturale e morale dei partiti politici di massa, per oltre un secolo protagonisti della democrazia rappresentativa e di una vita politica basata sulla cittadinanza, insieme al tempismo di C. è dimostrazione di come la sua fedeltà al marxismo intelligente non abbia spedito in soffitta neppure quell'Hegel che qui, insieme a Heine, ottiene il tributo di due splendidi saggi. Oggi la storia ha cominciato un capitolo nuovo e l'autore non ha dubbi che si stia voltando pagina. Non condivide però la convinzione che ciò significhi fine della modernità. Se le crepe nella sovranità degli stati nazionali pongono in crisi partiti e sindacati, ovvero "i legami sociali artificiali sui cui la modernità ha costruito la propria storia", la transizione in atto "lungi dall'essere una negazione dei principi costitutivi della modernità, è in realtà "un'affermazione radicale di essa". E la prospettiva indicata da Marx non è affatto radiata in secula seculorum dalla storia. Il comunismo resta all'ordine del giorno, solo che se ne riprospetti il nucleo vivo e fondamentale non costituito né dall'eguaglianza, né dalla giustizia sociale, né tantomeno dal recupero di una dimensione comunitaria solidaristica, ma dalla capacità progettuale collettiva, dal controllo consapevole del ricambio con l'ambiente naturale, dalla possibilità storica che si apre per la società e per i singoli, in rapporto alla rivoluzione scientifica e tecnologica, di essere finalmente padroni del proprio destino. Nessun dubbio per noi che qui l'impeccabile storico di questa religione riveli la sua personale cifra ideologica e la passione per il marxismo. E' l'unico luogo in cui la sua prosa, peraltro sobria, cede a frasi fatte come la padronanza del destino. Una espressione, questa, inerente, più che alla politica, a un ambito filosofico-esistenziale, a tematiche, cioè, con cui questa religione deve forse ancora imparare a cimentarsi. THE MASCULINE CROSS t PHALLIC WORSHIP PHALLIC WORSHIP A DESCRIPTION OF THE MYSTERIES OF THE SEX WORSHIP OF THE ANCIENTS WITH THE HISTORY OF THE MASCULINE CROSS AN ACCOUNT OF PRIMITIVE SYMBOLISM, PHALLICISM, BACCHIC FESTIVALS, SEXUAL RITES, AND THE MYSTERIES OF THE ANCIENT FAITHS LONDON. The present somewhat slight sketch of a most interesting subject, whilst not claiming entire originality, yet embraces the cream, so to speak, of various learned works of great cost, some of which being issuedfor private circulation only, are almost unobtainable. During the past few years several books have been written upon Phallicism in conjunction with other kindred matters, but not devoting themselves entirely to one ancient mystery, the writers have only partially ventilated the subject. The present work seeks to obviate this failing by confining its attention entirely to the Sex Worship or Phallicism of the ancient world. Many of the topics have received only slight treatment, being little more than indicated ; but the work will enable the reader to understand and possess the truth concerning the Phallic Worship of the Ancients. Those who desire to know more, or to authenticate the statements and facts given in this book, should consult the large and important works of Payne Knight, Higgins, Dulaure, Kolle, Inman, and other writers. It was intended to give with this volume a list of works and miscellaneous pieces written on the subject, but the length of the list prevented its being added. PHALLIC WORSHIP NATURE AND SEX WORSHIP Sex Worship has prevailed among all peoples of ancient times, sometimes contemporaneous and often mixed with Star, Serpent, and Tree Worship. The powers of nature were sexualised and endowed with the same feelings, passions, and performing the same functions as human beings. Among the ancients, whether the Sun, the Serpent, or the Phallic Emblem was worshipped, the idea was the same—the veneration of the generative principle. Thus we find a close relationship between the various mythologies of the ancient nations, and by a comparison of the creeds, ideas, and symbols, can see that they spring from the same source, namely, the worship of the forces and operations of nature, the original of which was doubt¬ less Sun worship. It is not necessary to prove that in primitive times the Sun must have been worshipped under various names, and venerated as the Creator, Light, Source of Life, and the Giver of Food. In the earliest times the worship of the generative power was of the most simple and pure character, rude in manner, primitive in form, pure in idea, the homage of man to the supreme power, the Author of life. Afterwards the worship became more depraved, a religion of feeling, sensuous bliss, corrupted by a priesthood who were not slow to take advantage of this state of affairs, and inculcated with it profligate and mysterious ceremonies, union of gods with women, religious prostitution and other degrading rites. Thus it was not long before the emblems lost their pure and simple meaning and became licentious statues and debased objects. Hence we have the depraved ceremonies at the worship of Bacchus, who became, not only the representative of the creative power, but the God of pleasure and licentiousness. The corrupted religion always found eager votaries, willing to be captives to a pleasant bondage by the impulse of physical bliss, as was the case in India and Egypt, and among the Phoenicians, Babylonians, Jews and other nations. Sex worship once personified became the supreme and governing deity, enthroned as the ruling God over all; dissent therefrom was impious and punished. The priests of the worship compelled obedience; monarchs complied to the prevailing faith and became willing devotees to the shrines of Isis and Venus on the one hand, and of Bacchus and Priapus on the other, by appealing to the most animating passion of nature. This is the worship of the reproductive powers, the sexual appointments revered as the emblems of the Creator. The one male, the active creative power; the other the female or passive power ; ideas which were represented by various emblems in different countries. These emblems -were of a pure and sacred character, and used at a time when the prophets and priests spoke plain speech, understood by a rude and primitive people ; although doubtless by the common people the emblems were worshipped themselves, even as at the.present day in Roman Catholic countries the more ignorant, in many cases, actually worship the images and pictures themselves, while to the higher and more intelligent minds they are only symbols of a hidden object of worship. In the same manner, the concealed meaning or hidden truth was to the ignorant and rude people of early times entirely unknown, while the priests and the more learned kept studiously concealed the meaning of the ceremonies and symbols. Thus, the primitive idea became mixed with profligate, debased ceremonies, and lascivious rites, which in time caused the more pure part of the worship to be forgotten. But Phallicism is not to be judged from these sacred orgies, any more than Christianity from the religious excitement and wild excesses of a few Christian sects during the Middle Ages. In a work on the “ Worship of the Generative Powers during the Middle Ages,” the writer traces the superstition westward, and gives an account of its prevalence through¬ out Southern and Western Europe during that period. The worship was very prevalent in Italy, and was invariably carried by the Romans into the countries they conquered, where they introduced their own institutions and forms of worship. Accordingly, in Britain have been found numerous relics and remains; and many of our ancient customs are traced to a Phallic origin. “ When we cross over to Britain,” says the writer, “ we find this worship established no less firmly and extensively in that island; statuettes of Priapus, Phallic bronzes. pottery covered with obscene pictures, are found wherever there are any extensive remains of Roman occupation, as our antiquaries know well. The numerous Phallic figures in bronze found in England are perfectly identical in character with those that occur in France and Italy.” All antiquaries of any experience know the great number of obscene subjects which are met with among the fine red pottery which is termed Samian ware, found so abundantly in all Roman sites in our island. “ They represent erotic scenes, in every sense of the word, with figures of Priapus and Phallic emblems.” The Phallus, or Lingam, which stood for the image of the male organ, or emblem of creation, has been worshipped from time immemorial. Payne Knight describes it as of the greatest antiquity, and as having prevailed in Egypt and all over Asia. The women of the former country carried in their re¬ ligious processions, a movable Phallus of disproportionate magnitude, which Deodorus Siculus informs us signified the generative attribute. It has also been observed among the idols of the native Americans and ancient Scandinavians, while the Greeks represented the Phallus alone, and changed the personified attribute into a distinct deity, called Priapus. Phallus, or privy member (membrum virile), signifies, “ he breaks through, or passes into.” This word survives in German pfahl, and pole in English. Phallus is supposed Phallic Worship ii to be of Phoenician origin, the Greek word pallo, or phallo , “ to brandish preparatory to throwing a missile,” is so near in assonance and meaning to Phallus, that one is quite likely to be parent of the other. In Sanskrit it can be traced to phal, “ to burst,” “ to produce,” “ to be fruitful ” ; then, again, phal is “ a ploughshare,” and is also the name of Siva and Mahadeva, who are Hindu deities. Phallus, then, was the ancient emblem of creation: a divinity who was companion to Bacchus. The Indian designation of this idol was Lingam, and those who dedicated themselves to its service were to observe inviolable chastity. “ If it were discovered,” says Crawford, “ that they had in any way departed from them, the punishment is death. They go naked, and being considered as sanctified persons, the women approach without scruple, nor is it thought that their modesty should be offended by it.” The Phallus and its emblems were representative of the gods Bacchus, Priapus, Hercules, Siva, Osiris, Baal, and Asher, who were all Phallic deities. The symbols were used as signs of the great creative energy or operating power of God from no sense of mere animal appetite, but in the highest reverence. Payne Knight, describing the emblems, says : Forms and ceremonials of a religion are not always to be understood in their direct and obvious sense, but are to be considered as symbolical representations of some hidden meaning extremely wise and just, though the symbols themselves, to those who know not their true signification, may appear in the highest degree absurd and extravagant. It has often happened that avarice and superstition have continued these symbolical representations for ages after their original meaning has been lost and forgotten; they must, of course, appear nonsensical and ridiculous, if not impious and extravagant. Such is the case with the rite now under consideration, than which nothing can be more monstrous and indecent, if considered in its plain and obvious meaning, or as part of the Christian worship ; but which will be found to be a very natural symbol of a very natural and philosophical system of religion, if considered according to its original use and intention.” The natural emblems were those which from their character were most suitable representatives; such as poles, pillars, stones, which were sacred to Hindu, Egyptian, and Jewish divinities. Blavalsky gives an account of the Bimlang Stone, to be found at Narmada and other places, which is sacred to the Hindu deity Siva; these emblem stones were anointed, like the stone consecrated by the Patriarch Jacob. Blavalsky further says that these stones are “ identical in shape, meaning, and purpose with the * pillars ” set up by the several patriarchs to mark their adoration of the Lord God. In fact, one of these patriarchal lithoi might even now be carried in the Sivaitic processions of Calcutta without its Hebrew derivation being suspected.”The Pole was an emblem of the Phallus, and with the serpent upon it, was a representative of its divine wisdom and symbol of life. The serpent upon the tree is the same in character, both are representative of the tree of life. The story of Moses will well illustrate this, when he erected in the wilderness this effigy, which stood as a sign of hope and life, as the cross is used by the Catholics of the present day ; the cross then, as now, being simply an emblem of the Creator, used as a token of resurrection or regeneration. iEsculapius, as the restorer of health, has a rod or Phallus with a serpent entwined.
Tuesday, November 26, 2024
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